CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/SS28ET06.2023.006.08   IUP :10.26650/B/SS28ET06.2023.006.08    Full Text (PDF)

Machine Learning Applications In Finance

Elif Kartal

The rise of blockchain technology in recent years has brought a different perspective to the traditional circulation of money in the physical environment and digital banking. Money began to exist in a decentralized form in the virtual environment. The use of technology in finance is an emerging trend. Although this seems like an advantage, it also imposes a great responsibility because financial institutions lagging behind the technology will create risks for the institution and the customers. Therefore, the integration of new methods and techniques in accordance with the current technological innovations and developments of our age in financial processes and the smooth functioning of the processes afterward should be guaranteed. At this point, it is believed that artificial intelligence technologies make essential contributions. Artificial intelligence provides many tasks, such as decision making, automatic inference, estimation/foresight and speech/object recognition in corporate processes that can be performed almost similar to human performance. Moreover, in critical decision-making processes, it is thought that many humanspecific errors can be prevented, and faster and more accurate decisions can be taken. This research aims to examine the applications of machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, in finance, as well as recent related studies in the literature. In this context, process automation, financial predictions in investment, algorithmic trading & highfrequency trading, financial advisory, financial security and financial risk management are examined. In this way, the study’s primary motivation is to provide a different perspective to researchers particularly interested in finance and machine learning, and contribute to progress in the field.


DOI :10.26650/B/SS28ET06.2023.006.08   IUP :10.26650/B/SS28ET06.2023.006.08    Full Text (PDF)

Finansta Makine Öğrenmesi Uygulamaları

Elif Kartal

Blockchain teknolojisinin son yıllarda yükselişi, paranın fiziksel ortamda ve dijital bankacılıkta geleneksel dolaşımına farklı bir bakış açısı getirmiştir. Para, sanal ortamda merkezi olmayan bir biçimde var olmaya başlamıştır. Finansta teknolojinin kullanımı yükselen bir trenddir. Bu bir avantaj gibi görünse de beraberinde büyük bir sorumluluk da getirmektedir, çünkü finansal kurumların teknolojinin gerisinde kalması kurum ve müşteriler için risk oluşturacaktır. Bu nedenle çağımızın güncel teknolojik yenilik ve gelişmelerine uygun yeni yöntem ve tekniklerin finansal süreçlere entegrasyonu ve sonrasında süreçlerin sorunsuz işleyişi garanti altına alınmalıdır. Bu noktada yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin önemli katkılar sağladığına inanılmaktadır. Yapay zekâ, kurumsal süreçlerde neredeyse insan performansına yakın bir şekilde gerçekleştirilebilen karar verme, otomatik çıkarım, tahmin/öngörü, konuşma/nesne tanıma gibi birçok görevin gerçekleştirilmesini sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca yapay zekâ ile kritik karar verme süreçlerinde insana özgü birçok hatanın önlenebileceği, daha hızlı ve daha doğru kararların alınabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yapay zekânın bir alt alanı olan makine öğrenmesinin finans alanındaki uygulamalarını ve literatürdeki ilgili son çalışmaları incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda süreç otomasyonu, yatırımda finansal tahminler, algoritmik ticaret ve yüksek frekanslı ticaret, finansal danışmanlık, finansal güvenlik ve finansal risk yönetimi konuları incelenmiştir. Böylelikle, çalışmanın temel motivasyonunu özellikle finans ve makine öğrenmesi ile ilgilenen araştırmacılara farklı bir bakış açısı kazandırmak ve bu alandaki ilerlemeye katkı sağlamak oluşturmuştur.



References

  • Abraham, F., Schmukler, S. L., & Tessada, J. (2019). Robo-advisors: Investing through machines. World Bank Research and Policy Briefs, 134881. google scholar
  • Aksoy, B. (2020). Sosyal Sorumlu Yatırım Bağlamında Pay Senedi Getirisinin Makine Öğrenmesi Yöntemleri ile Tahmin Edilmesi: Borsa İstanbul Örneği. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(4), 3859-3878. google scholar
  • Alpaydın, E. (2012). Yapay Öğrenme (1st ed.). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Anyfantaki, S. (2016). The Evolution of Financial Technology (FINTECH). Economic Bulletin, 2016, 47-62. google scholar
  • Aouni, B., Colapinto, C., & La Torre, D. (2014). Financial portfolio management through the goal programming model: Current state-of-the-art. European Journal of Operational Research, 234, 536-545. https://doi.or-g/10.1016/j.ejor.2013.09.040 google scholar
  • Arevalo, A., Nino, J., Hernandez, G., & Sandoval, J. (2016). High-Frequency Trading Strategy Based on Deep Neural Networks. In D.-S. Huang, K. Han, & A. Hussain (Eds.), Intelligent Computing Methodologies (pp. 424-436). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42297-8_40 google scholar
  • Astroza, S., Clandillon, P., & Mjas, A. (2021). Fighting Financial Crime with AI. IBM Itera. google scholar
  • Atkins, S., & Luck, K. (2021). AIfor Banks — Key Ethical andSecurity Risks. https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/busi-ness-law-blog/blog/2021/09/ai-banks-key-ethical-and-security-risks google scholar
  • Balaban, M. E., & Kartal, E. (2018). Veri Madenciliği ve Makine Öğrenmesi Temel Algoritmaları ve R Dili ile Uygulamaları (2nd ed.). Çağlayan Kitabevi. google scholar
  • Bank of Mauritius. (2016, May 18). Types of Financial Frauds. Bank of Mauritius. https://www.bom.mu/sites/ default/files/types-of-financial-frauds_4.pdf google scholar
  • Belanche, D., Casalo Arino, L., & Flavian, C. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in FinTech: Understanding robo-ad-visors adoption among customers. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 119, 1411-1430. https://doi. org/10.1108/IMDS-08-2018-0368 google scholar
  • Cao, L. (2020). AI in finance: A review. Available at SSRN 3647625. google scholar
  • Cao, L. (2022). AI in Finance: Challenges, Techniques, and Opportunities. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 55(3), 1-38. google scholar
  • CFI Team. (2022). Machine Learning (in Finance). Corporate Finance Institute. https://corporatefinanceinstitute. com/resources/knowledge/other/machine-learning-in-finance/ google scholar
  • Chang, J.-W., Yen, N., & Hung, J. C. (2022). Design of a NLP-empowered finance fraud awareness model: The anti-fraud chatbot for fraud detection and fraud classification as an instance. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03512-2 google scholar
  • Chlistalla, M., Speyer, B., Kaiser, S., & Mayer, T. (2011). High-frequency trading. Deutsche Bank Research, 7, 3-4. google scholar
  • Dastile, X., Celik, T., & Potsane, M. (2020). Statistical and machine learning models in credit scoring: A sys-tematic literature survey. Applied Soft Computing, 91, 106263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106263 google scholar
  • Didur, K. (2018, July 11). Machine learning in finance: Why, what & how. Medium. https://towardsdatascience. com/machine-learning-in-finance-why-what-how-d524a2357b56 google scholar
  • Dobbs, A. (2022). AI and AML (pp. 16-21) [White Paper]. TCS BaNCS Research Journal. https://www.tcs.com/ content/dam/tcs-bancs/protected-pdf/AI%20and%20AML.pdf google scholar
  • Fligstein, N., & Roehrkasse, A. (2013, August 9). All the incentives were wrong: Opportunism and the financial crisis. American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, New York, NY. google scholar
  • Gomber, P., & Haferkorn, M. (2015). High frequency trading. In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Third Edition (pp. 1-9). IGI Global. google scholar
  • Grand View Research. (2021). Robotic Process Automation Market Size Report, 2030 (Technology Report GVR-1-68038-145-0). https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/robotic-process-automati-on-rpa-market google scholar
  • Guan, M., & Liu, X.-Y. (2021). Explainable Deep Reinforcement Learning for Portfolio Management: An Em-pirical Approach (arXiv:2111.03995). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2111.03995 google scholar
  • Hakala, K. (2019). Robo-advisors as a form of artificial intelligence in private customers’ investment advisory services [Barchelor’s Degree]. Aalto University, School of Business. google scholar
  • Han, J., Huang, Y., Liu, S., & Towey, K. (2020). Artificial Intelligence for Anti-Money Laundering—A Review and Extension (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 3625415). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3625415 google scholar
  • Harrington, P. (2012). Machine Learning in Action (1st ed.). Manning Publications Co. google scholar
  • Hendershott, T., & Riordan, R. (2009). Algorithmic trading and information. Manuscript, University of Cali-fornia, Berkeley. google scholar
  • Holmlund, P. (2022). The quick start guide to process automation for finance teams. Qvalia. https://qvalia.com/ blog/the-quick-start-guide-to-process-automation-for-finance-teams/ google scholar
  • Hoti, L. (2021). Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Combat Money Laundering in the Banking Sector [Master’s Thesis]. Stockholm University, Department of Computer and Systems Sciences. google scholar
  • Irwin, K. (2022). Bitcoin Investors Lose Record $7.3 Billion in Three Days. Decrypt. https://decrypt.co/103369/ bitcoin-investors-lose-record-7-3-billion-in-three-days google scholar
  • Islam, M. S., & Hossain, E. (2021). Foreign exchange currency rate prediction using a GRU-LSTM hybrid network. Soft Computing Letters, 3, 100009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socl.2020.100009 google scholar
  • Jordan, M. I., & Mitchell, T. M. (2015). Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects. Science, 349(6245), 255-260. google scholar
  • Jung, D., Dorner, V., Glaser, F., & Morana, S. (2018). Robo-Advisory—Digitalization and Automation of Finan-cial Advisory. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 60(1), 81-86. google scholar
  • Jung, D., Glaser, F., & Köpplin, W. (2019). Robo-Advisory: Opportunities and Risks for the Future of Financial Advisory: Recent Findings and Practical Cases. In Contributions to Management Science (pp. 405-427). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95999-3_20 google scholar
  • Kaelbling, L. P., Littman, M. L., & Moore, A. W. (1996). Reinforcement learning: A survey. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 4, 237-285. google scholar
  • Kapoor, N. (2014). Financial Portfolio management: Overview and Decision Making in investment Process. International Journal of Research (IJR), 1, 1362-1370. google scholar
  • Kartal, E., & Özen, Z. (2017). Dengesiz Veri Setlerinde Sınıflandırma. In O. Torkul, S. Gülseçen, Y. Uyaroğlu, G. Çağıl, & M. K. Uçar (Eds.), Mühendislikte Yapay Zeka ve Uygulamaları (1st ed., pp. 109-131). Sakarya Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi Yayınevi. google scholar
  • Kavila, S. D. (2018). Machine Learning For Credit Card Fraud Detection System. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(24), 16819-16824. google scholar
  • Kearns, M., & Nevmyvaka, Y. (2013). Machine learning for market microstructure and high frequency trading. High Frequency Trading: New Realities for Traders, Markets, and Regulators. google scholar
  • Khan, S., & Rabbani, M. R. (2020). Chatbot as Islamic Finance Expert (CaIFE): When Finance Meets Artificial Intelligence. Proceedings of the 2020 4th International Symposium on Computer Science and Intelligent Control, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3440084.3441213 google scholar
  • KMPG. (2018). Robotic Process Automation (RPA). KPMG Consulting Co., Ltd. https://assets.kpmg/content/ dam/kpmg/jp/pdf/jp-en-rpa-business-improvement.pdf google scholar
  • Kolte, G., Kini, V., Nair, H., & S, P. S. B. K. (2022). Stock Market Prediction using Deep Learning. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 10(4), 26. google scholar
  • Kumar, M. R., & Gunjan, V. K. (2020). Review of Machine Learning models for Credit Scoring Analysis. Inge-nieria Solidaria, 16(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-6014.2020.01.11 google scholar
  • Leong, K., & Sung, A. (2018). FinTech (Financial Technology): What is it and how to use technologies to create business value in fintech way? International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 9(2), 74-78. google scholar
  • Li, Y., Turkington, D., & Yazdani, A. (2020). Beyond the black box: An intuitive approach to investment predi-ction with machine learning. The Journal of Financial Data Science, 2(1), 61-75. google scholar
  • Lopez-Rojas, E. A., & Axelsson, S. (2012). Money Laundering Detection using Synthetic Data. Annual workshop of the Swedish Artificial Intelligence Society (SAIS), Linköpings Universitet. https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/224952602_Money_Laundering_Detection_using_Synthetic_Data google scholar
  • Mahalakshmi, V., Kulkarni, N., Pradeep Kumar, K. V., Suresh Kumar, K., Nidhi Sree, D., & Durga, S. (2022). The Role of implementing Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Technologies in the financial ser-vices Industry for creating Competitive Intelligence. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 2252-2255. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.577 google scholar
  • Mardanghom, R., & Sandal, H. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Financial Services An analysis of the AI te-chnology and the potential applications, implications, and risks it may propagate in financial services. Norwegian School of Economics. google scholar
  • Markowitz, H. M. (1952). Portfolio selection. Journal of Finance, 7(1), 71-91. google scholar
  • Mashrur, A., Luo, W., Zaidi, N. A., & Robles-Kelly, A. (2020). Machine Learning for Financial Risk Manage-ment: A Survey. IEEE Access, 8, 203203-203223. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3036322 google scholar
  • Müller, L. S., Eich, L. G., Francisco, R., & Barbosa, J. L. V. (2022). ADAM: An intelligent virtual assistant for personal financial management. XVIII Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems, 1-8. https://doi. org/10.1145/3535511.3535560 google scholar
  • N, R., R, S. R., R, V. S., & D, K. P. (2022). Crypto-Currency Price Prediction using Machine Learning. 2022 6th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), 1455-1458. https://doi. org/10.1109/ICOEI53556.2022.9776665 google scholar
  • Nuti, G., Mirghaemi, M., Treleaven, P., & Yingsaeree, C. (2011). Algorithmic trading. Computer, 44(11), 61-69. google scholar
  • nvidia. (2022). State of AI in Financial Services 2022 Trends [Survey Report]. google scholar
  • Ouyang, Z. (2022). A Study of Stock Portfolio Strategy Based on Machine Learning. 2022 7th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2022), 79-87. google scholar
  • Oza, A. (2018). Fraud detection using machine learning (p. 532909) [CS 229 projects]. https://cs229.stanford. edu/proj2018/report/261.pdf google scholar
  • Özdem, H., & Bora, M. P. (2022). Türkiye’de Robotik Süreç Otomasyonu. Bilgisayar Bilimleri ve Teknolojileri Dergisi, 3(1), 1-9. google scholar
  • Patani, J., Nair, S., Mehta, K., Sankhe, A., Kanani, P., & Sanghvi, D. (2020). Financial Portfolio Management using Reinforcement Learning. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29, 9740-9751. google scholar
  • Paul, S., & Lepcha, N. (2019). Financial Frauds and Scams. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_191-1 google scholar
  • Peng, K., & Yan, G. (2021). A survey on deep learning for financial risk prediction. Quantitative Finance and Economics, 5(4), 716-737. https://doi.org/10.3934/QFE.2021032 google scholar
  • Pricope, T.-V. (2021). Deep Reinforcement Learning in Quantitative Algorithmic Trading: A Review (arXiv:2106.00123). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2106.00123 google scholar
  • Puschmann, T. (2017). FinTech. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(1), 69-76. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12599-017-0464-6 google scholar
  • Raghavan, P., & Gayar, N. (2019). Fraud Detection using Machine Learning and Deep Learning. 334-339. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCIKE47802.2019.9004231 google scholar
  • Rehman, M., Khan, G. M., & Mahmud, S. A. (2014). Foreign Currency Exchange Rates Prediction Using CGP and Recurrent Neural Network. IERI Procedia, 10, 239-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ieri.2014.09.083 google scholar
  • Ruiz, E. P. (2021). Combating money laundering with machine learning [Master’s Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Industrial Engineering and Management]. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/ diva2:1588831/FULLTEXT01.pdf google scholar
  • Sachan, S., Yang, J.-B., Xu, D.-L., Benavides, D. E., & Li, Y. (2020). An explainable AI decision-support-system to automate loan underwriting. Expert Systems with Applications, 144, 113100. google scholar
  • Sebastiâo, H., & Godinho, P. (2021). Forecasting and trading cryptocurrencies with machine learning under changing market conditions. Financial Innovation, 7(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-020-00217-x google scholar
  • Shearer, C. (2000). The CRISP-DM model: The new blueprint for data mining. Journal of Data Warehousing, 5 (4), 13-22. google scholar
  • Suryanarayana, S. V., Balaji, G. N., & Rao, G. V. (2018). Machine learning approaches for credit card fraud detection. Int. J. Eng. Technol, 7(2), 917-920. google scholar
  • Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT press. google scholar
  • Tank, A. (2022). The basics of financial process automation. The Jotform Blog. https://www.jotform.com/blog/ financial-process-automation/ google scholar
  • TDK. (2022). Portföy. TDK Güncel Türkçe Sözlük. https://sozluk.gov.tr/?kelime=portföy google scholar
  • Teles, G., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., Saleem, K., Kozlov, S., & Rabelo, R. A. L. (2020). Machine learning and deci-sion support system on credit scoring. Neural Computing and Applications, 32(14), 9809-9826. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00521-019-04537-7 google scholar
  • Theate, T., & Ernst, D. (2021). An application of deep reinforcement learning to algorithmic trading. Expert Systems with Applications, 173, 114632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.114632 google scholar
  • Trivedi, S. K. (2020). A study on credit scoring modeling with different feature selection and machine learning approaches. Technology in Society, 63, 101413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101413 google scholar
  • UiPath. (2022). Automating Finance & Accounting How robotic process automation (RPA) will transform F&A. Automating Finance & Accounting. https://start.uipath.com/rs/995-XLT-886/images/Automating-Finan-ce-and-Accounting-How-robotic-process-automation-rpa-will-transform-F%26A.pdf?mkt_tok=OTk1LV-hMVC04ODYAAAGCXqqFGwRkM-ag7JrBzFaEdO6uKBuqaSmutzcRVX4KkTbi0koPs7zlKurh432M-so8TrQh7G7pX2FUXSu0mbg8sUC0TGwM37E-AAJ6H8UoCoF4 google scholar
  • Wehle, H.-D. (2017, July 24). Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and AI: What’s the Difference? google scholar
  • Wirth, R., & Hipp, J. (2000). Crisp-dm: Towards a standard process model for data mining. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Practical Applications of Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 1, 29-40. google scholar
  • Yazıcı, S. (2019). The Analysis of FinTech Ecosystem in Turkey. Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 8(4), Article 4. google scholar
  • Zheng, X., Zhu, M., Li, Q., Chen, C., & Tan, Y. (2019). FinBrain: When finance meets AI 2.0. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 20(7), 914-924. google scholar
  • Zhou, Z.-H. (2021). Machine Learning. Springer Nature. google scholar


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.