CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/SS32.2022.04.09   IUP :10.26650/B/SS32.2022.04.09    Full Text (PDF)

An Overview of Cognitive Factors in Cockpit: Multitasking, Prospective Memory, and Situation Awareness

Deniz Atalay AtaZehra Nur KurtoğluSevtap Cinan

When the consequences of human-related errors, some of which have been known to be made by highly experienced pilots, are considered, it is apparent that there is a need for a deeper understanding of the cognitive weaknesses that pilots are subjected to when performing cockpit tasks. In this chapter, a selective overview of cognitive factors that are critical for flight crew task performance was provided. We first addressed the cognitive difficulties encountered in cockpit multitasking situations. Multitasking is a fundamental part of cockpit activities as pilots tend to handle multiple tasks concurrently to save time or to compensate for the time lost when dealing with unforeseen issues and setbacks. Next, we considered the role of prospective memory (the ability to plan, suspend and remember to execute intended actions at the appropriate circumstances or time) in a dynamic cockpit environment. Prospective memory is important because routine flow of regular cockpit activities is often interrupted by a variety of events and some tasks or certain aspects of a task have to be postponed and executed at a later time. We then focused on situation awareness (the ability to perceive, comprehend and use task-relevant information in the environment for mental projections) as one of the key factors that influence cockpit performance. The chapter was ended with recommendations for future research and practice in aviation psychology.


DOI :10.26650/B/SS32.2022.04.09   IUP :10.26650/B/SS32.2022.04.09    Full Text (PDF)

Kokpit Ortamına Bilişsel Perspektiften Bir Bakış: Eşzamanlı Görev Yürütme, Prospektif Bellek (İleri Yönelimli Bellek) ve Durum Farkındalığı

Deniz Atalay AtaZehra Nur KurtoğluSevtap Cinan

Günümüzde meydana gelen birçok uçak kazasının temel sebeplerinden biri insan faktörüdür ve son derece deneyimli pilotlar dahi ciddi sonuçları olan hatalar yapabilmektedir. Kazalara insanın nasıl bir etken haline geldiğinin anlaşılması için, kokpit görevlerinin gerektirdiği bilişsel işlevlerin irdelenmesi ve kokpit içerisinde pilotların ne çeşit bilişsel zafiyetler içine düştüklerinin ortaya konulması gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla mevcut bölümde kokpit ortamında pilotlar için son derece kritik öneme sahip birkaç bilişsel faktörün sınırlı kapsamlı bir çerçevede ele alınması hedeflenmiştir. Pilotlar, düzenli kokpit faaliyetlerini yürüttükleri rutin faaliyet akışı içerisindeyken, öngörülemeyen çeşitli aksaklıklarla karşılaştıklarında, zaman baskısıyla kaybettikleri, hatta ileride kaybedebilecekleri zamanı kazanmak için sıklıkla eş zamanlı görev yürütme mecburiyetinde kalırlar. Rutin faaliyet akışının öngörülebilirliğinin bozulması ve ağırlıklı olarak kontrollü süreçlere dayalı yürütülen çoklu görevlerin artması büyük oranda bilişsel yük gerektirir. Bu nedenle okuyacağınız bölümde ilk olarak, kokpit ortamında eş zamanlı görev yürütme esnasında karşılaşılan bilişsel zorluklara değinilmiştir. Ardından rutin faaliyet akışının genellikle çeşitli olaylarla kesintiye uğradığı dinamik kokpit ortamında, yapılmasına niyetlenilmiş fakat öngörülemeyen ya da beklenmeyen sebeplerden ötürü yerine getirilememiş bir görevin, zamanı ve yeri geldiğinde, tekrar hatırlanmasını sağlayan prospektif bellek (ileri yönelimli bellek) ele alınmıştır. Uçuş boyunca etkin kullanıldığı takdirde büyük oranda başarısızlığın önüne geçilmesini sağlayan prospektif belleğe yardımcı etkenlere ve prospektif belleği zayıflatan unsurlara örnek olgular üzerinden bakılıp tartışılmıştır. Son olarak, kokpit performansını etkileyen temel bilişsel faktörlerden biri olan durum farkındalığına (kritik çevresel unsurları doğru anda algılama, yorumlama ve öngörüde bulunarak hareket etme becerisine) odaklanılmıştır. Bölüm, havacılık psikolojisi araştırmacılarına ve havacılık sektörüne öneriler sunularak son bulmuştur.



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