Follow-up and Community Care of the Child with Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a recurrent, inflammatory chronic skin disease with exacerbations and remissions. Among the clinical features of AD, skin dryness, itching, and recurrent eczematous skin lesions are prominent. Children with AD should be followed in terms of symptoms and exacerbation triggers, adherence to treatment, treatment responses, and possible side effects of treatment. Patients with AD should be under control in terms of comorbidities, growth-development and nutritional requirements, quality of life, and psychosomatic status. The evaluation of the disease severity is essential for determining the response to treatment and planning of treatment. One of the most important reasons for failure of AD treatment is the patient’s and/or parents’ noncompliance to treatment. Education of patients and their parents about the natural course of the disease and treatment will improve compliance for a successful treatment. A regular and balanced diet is recommended in children with AD. Unnecessary and long-term elimination diets may cause nutritional deficiencies. The decision of an elimination diet should be initiated by specialists after the evaluation of laboratory tests together with the child’s clinical status. Children with AD may be involved in childhood immunization programs. In line with current data, immunizations do not increase the incidence of allergy and AD and do not cause an increase in symptoms in these patients. Physical, psychological, and social effects of AD on children can manifest in school life. Teachers of children with AD should also be educated about the treatment, triggering factors, and preventive measures,\ including diet.

Keywords: Atopic dermatitis, child, education, follow-up, treatment

DOI :10.26650/B/CH32.2024.010.008 IUP :10.26650/B/CH32.2024.010.008 Full Text (PDF)

Atopi̇k Dermati̇ti̇ Olan Çocuğun İzlemi̇ ve Toplumda Bakımı

Sevgi Sipahi Çimen, Cevdet Özdemir

Atopik dermatit (AD), alevlenme ve iyileşmeler ile seyreden, tekrarlayıcı, inflamatuvar kronik cilt hastalığıdır. AD’in klinik özellikleri arasında cilt kuruluğu, kaşıntı ve tekrarlayan egzamatöz deri lezyonları ön plandadır. AD tanısı alan çocukların semptom ve alevlenme tetikleyicileri, tedaviye uyumları, tedavi yanıtları ile gelişebilecek yan etkiler açısından yakın takibi gerekmektedir. Bu çocuklar ayrıca eşlik eden komorbiditeler, büyüme-gelişme ve beslenme gereksinimleri ile yaşam kaliteleri ve psikosomatik durumları açısından da takip altında olmalıdır. AD tanısıyla tedaviye başlanan çocukların izleminde hastalığın şiddetinin belirlenmesi, tedaviye yanıtının değerlendirilmesi ve tedavinin düzenlenmesi için önemlidir. AD tedavisinde başarısızlığın en önemli sebeplerinden biri çocuğun ve/veya ebeveynlerinin tedaviye uyum sorunudur. Çocuk ve ebeveynlerin, hastalığın doğal seyrini iyice öğrenmesi ve tedavinin uygulanabilmesi için gerekli eğitimi almaları, uyumu artırmak ve başarılı bir tedavi için gereklidir. Bütün çocuklarda olduğu gibi düzenli ve dengeli beslenmenin önerildiği AD’i olan çocuklarda, semptomlarla ilişkilendirilerek bazı besinlere karşı gereksiz ve uzun süreli eliminasyon diyetleri uygulanabilmekte, bu durum büyüme çağındaki bu çocuklarda beslenme bozukluklarına ve yetersizliklerine neden olmaktadır. Besin eliminasyon diyeti kararı mutlaka uzman bir hekim tarafından laboratuvar tetkiklerinin çocuğun kliniğiyle birlikte değerlendirilmesi sonrasında eğer uygun ise önerilmelidir. AD’li çocukların çocukluk çağı bağışıklama programlarının aksatılmadan uygulanması gereklidir. Güncel veriler doğrultusunda aşıların alerji ve AD görülme sıklığını arttırmadığı, hastalarda semptom artışına neden olmadığı bildirilmiştir. AD’nin çocuklar üzerindeki fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal etkileri sağlıklı yaşıtlarına göre okul yaşamlarının olumsuz yönde etkilenmesine neden olabilmektedir. Bu olumsuzlukların önüne geçilmesi için AD’li çocukların öğretmenlerine de hastalık ile ilişkili tedavinin uygulanması, diyetin düzenlenmesi ve tetikleyici faktörler açısından uygun çevre düzenlemesi ile ilgili bilgilendirmeler yapılmalıdır.

Keywords: Atopik dermatit, çocuk, eğitim, izlem, tedavi

References

1. Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, Feldman SR, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(2):338-51. google scholar
2. Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016;387(10023):1109-22. google scholar
3. Deckers IA, McLean S, Linssen S, Mommers M, van Schayck CP, Sheikh A. Investigating international time trends in the incidence and prevalence of atopic eczema 1990-2010: a systematic review of epidemi-ological studies. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e39803. google scholar
4. Ellis CN, Mancini AJ, Paller AS, Simpson EL, Eichenfield LF. Understanding and managing atopic der-matitis in adult patients. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2012;31(3 Suppl):S18-22. google scholar
5. Spergel JM, Paller AS. Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(6 Supp-l):S118-27. google scholar
6. Dogruel D, Bingol G, Altintas DU, Yilmaz M, Kendirli SG. Prevalence of and risk factors for atopic derma-titis: A birth cohort study of infants in southeast Turkey. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2016;44(3):214-20. google scholar
7. Akcay A, Tamay Z, Ergin A, Guler N. Prevalence and risk factors of atopic eczema in Turkish adolescents. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(3):319-25. google scholar
8. Elias PM, Hatano Y, Williams ML. Basis for the barrier abnormality in atopic dermatitis: outside-insi-de-outside pathogenic mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(6):1337-43. google scholar
9. Celebi Sozener Z, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P, Turk M, Gorgulu Akin B, Akdis M, et al. Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease. Allergy. 2022;77(5):1418-49. google scholar
10. Celebi Sozener Z, Ozbey Yucel U, Altiner S, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P, Turk M, et al. The External Exposo-me and Allergies: From the Perspective of the Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis. Front Allergy. 2022;3:887672. google scholar
11. Akdis CA. Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions? Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(11):739-51. google scholar
12. Apfelbacher CJ, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Determinants of eczema: population-based cross-sectional study in Germany. Allergy. 2011;66(2):206-13. google scholar
13. Liang Y, Chang C, Lu Q. The Genetics and Epigenetics of Atopic Dermatitis-Filaggrin and Other Poly-morphisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;51(3):315-28. google scholar
14. Drislane C, Irvine AD. The role of filaggrin in atopic dermatitis and allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;124(1):36-43. google scholar
15. Ozdemir C, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Role of T cells. In: Bieber T, Leung DY, editors. Atopic Dermatitis: Informa; 2009. p. 121-48. google scholar
16. Langan SM, Irvine AD, Weidinger S. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2020;396(10247):345-60. google scholar
17. Karakoc-Aydiner E, Baris S, Ozdemir C. Atopik dermatit ve tanı testleri. Türkiye Klinikleri J Derma-tol-Special Topics. 2011;4:8-12. google scholar
18. Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. . Acta Derm Venereol. 1984;92:40-7. google scholar
19. Eichenfield LF, Hanifin JM, Luger TA, Stevens SR, Pride HB. Consensus conference on pediatric atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49(6):1088-95. google scholar
20. Nelson RW, Geha RS, McDonald DR. Inborn Errors of the Immune System Associated With Atopy. Front Immunol. 2022;13:860821. google scholar
21. Karakoc Aydıner E, Baris S, Ozdemir C. Çocukluklarda atopik dermatit tedavisinde güncel ve gelecek yaklaşımlar. Güncel Pediatri. 2011;9(2):39-43. google scholar
22. Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology. 1993;186(1):23-31. google scholar
23. Hanifin JM, Thurston M, Omoto M, Cherill R, Tofte SJ, Graeber M. The eczema area and severity in-dex (EASI): assessment of reliability in atopic dermatitis. EASI Evaluator Group. Exp Dermatol. 2001;10(1):11-8. google scholar
24. Gaunt DM, Metcalfe C, Ridd M. The Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure in young children: responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference. Allergy. 2016;71(11):1620-5. google scholar
25. Katoh N, Ohya Y, Ikeda M, Ebihara T, Katayama I, Saeki H, et al. Japanese guidelines for atopic dermatitis 2020. Allergol Int. 2020;69(3):356-69. google scholar
26. Saini S, Pansare M. New Insights and Treatments in Atopic Dermatitis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019;66(5):1021-33. google scholar
27. Kulthanan K, Tuchinda P, Nitiyarom R, Chunharas A, Chantaphakul H, Aunhachoke K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2021;39(3):145-55. google scholar
28. Caubet JC, Eigenmann PA. Allergic triggers in atopic dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2010;30(3):289-307. google scholar
29. Oszukowska M, Michalak I, Gutfreund K, Bienias W, Matych M, Szewczyk A, et al. Role of primary and secondary prevention in atopic dermatitis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2015;32(6):409-20. google scholar
30. Schneider L, Tilles S, Lio P, Boguniewicz M, Beck L, LeBovidge J, et al. Atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter update 2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(2):295-9 e1-27. google scholar
31. Novak N, Leung DYM. Role of Barrier Dysfunction and Immune Response in Atopic Dermatitis. In: Leung DY, Szefler SJ, Bonilla FA, Akdis CA, Sampson HA, editors. Pediatric Allergy Principles and Practice Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevie; 2016. p. 438-47. google scholar
32. Gong JQ, Lin L, Lin T, Hao F, Zeng FQ, Bi ZG, et al. Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in pa-tients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(4):680-7. google scholar
33. Ersser SJ, Cowdell F, Latter S, Gardiner E, Flohr C, Thompson AR, et al. Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(1):CD004054. google scholar
34. Lundborg M, Holm JH, Sandvik L, Lossius AH, Rehbinder EM, Sitek JC, et al. Multidisciplinary educati-onal programme for caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis- in South East Norway - an observational study. BMC Dermatol. 2020;20(1):20. google scholar
35. Moore EJ, Williams A, Manias E, Varigos G, Donath S. Eczema workshops reduce severity of childhood atopic eczema. Australas J Dermatol. 2009;50(2):100-6. google scholar
36. Futamura M, Masuko I, Hayashi K, Ohya Y, Ito K. Effects of a short-term parental education program on childhood atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013;30(4):438-43. google scholar
37. Ker J, Hartert TV. The atopic march: what’s the evidence? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;103(4):282-9. google scholar
38. Ozdemir C. Allerjik Yürüyüş. Türkiye Klinikleri Pediatrik Bilimler-Özel Konular. 2014;10(2):58-62. google scholar
39. Huang CC, Chiang TL, Chen PC, Lin SJ, Wen HJ, Guo YL. Risk factors for asthma occurrence in children with early-onset atopic dermatitis: An 8-year follow-up study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2018;29(2):159-65. google scholar
40. Paller A, Jaworski JC, Simpson EL, Boguniewicz M, Russell JJ, Block JK, et al. Major Comorbidities of Atopic Dermatitis: Beyond Allergic Disorders. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19(6):821-38. google scholar
41. Silverberg JI. Comorbidities and the impact of atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019;123(2):144-51. google scholar
42. Ferguson AC, Murray AB, Tze WJ. Short stature and delayed skeletal maturation in children with allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1982;69(5):461-6. google scholar
43. Massarano AA, Hollis S, Devlin J, David TJ. Growth in atopic eczema. Arch Dis Child. 1993;68(5):677-9. google scholar
44. Agostoni C, Grandi F, Scaglioni S, Gianni ML, Torcoletti M, Radaelli G, et al. Growth pattern of breastfed and nonbreastfed infants with atopic dermatitis in the first year of life. Pediatrics. 2000;106(5):E73. google scholar
45. Thompson MM, Tofte SJ, Simpson EL, Hanifin JM. Patterns of care and referral in children with atopic dermatitis and concern for food allergy. Dermatol Ther. 2006;19(2):91-6. google scholar
46. Laitinen K, Kalliomaki M, Poussa T, Lagstrom H, Isolauri E. Evaluation of diet and growth in children with and without atopic eczema: follow-up study from birth to 4 years. Br J Nutr. 2005;94(4):565-74. google scholar
47. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9372):1869-71. google scholar
48. Vaughn AR, Foolad N, Maarouf M, Tran KA, Shi VY. Micronutrients in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review. J Altern Complement Med. 2019;25(6):567-77. google scholar
49. Finch J, Munhutu MN, Whitaker-Worth DL. Atopic dermatitis and nutrition. Clin Dermatol. 2010;28(6):605-14. google scholar
50. Kanda N, Hoashi T, Saeki H. Nutrition and Atopic Dermatitis. J Nippon Med Sch. 2021;88(3):171-7. google scholar
51. Passeron T, Lacour JP, Fontas E, Ortonne JP. Prebiotics and synbiotics: two promising approaches for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children above 2 years. Allergy. 2006;61(4):431-7. google scholar
52. Yan DC, Hung CH, Sy LB, Lue KH, Shih IH, Yang CY, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Control-led Trial Assessing the Oral Administration of a Heat-Treated Lactobacillus paracasei Supplement in Infants with Atopic Dermatitis Receiving Topical Corticosteroid Therapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2019;32(4):201-11. google scholar
53. Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Isolauri E. Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(4):1019-21. google scholar
54. Zhao M, Shen C, Ma L. Treatment efficacy of probiotics on atopic dermatitis, zooming in on infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol. 2018;57(6):635-41. google scholar
55. Huang R, Ning H, Shen M, Li J, Zhang J, Chen X. Probiotics for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:392. google scholar
56. Wollenberg A, Barbarot S, Bieber T, Christen-Zaech S, Deleuran M, Fink-Wagner A, et al. Consensus-ba-sed European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: part II. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(6):850-78. google scholar
57. Hattangdi-Haridas SR, Lanham-New SA, Wong WHS, Ho MHK, Darling AL. Vitamin D Deficiency and Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Disease Severity in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Adults and Children. Nutrients. 2019;11(8). google scholar
58. Kim MJ, Kim SN, Lee YW, Choe YB, Ahn KJ. Vitamin D Status and Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplemen-tation in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2016;8(12). google scholar
59. Xiang J, Wang H, Li T. Comorbidity of Vitamin A and Vitamin D Deficiency Exacerbates the Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children. Dermatology. 2019;235(3):196-204. google scholar
60. Son JH, Park SY, Cho YS, Byun YS, Chung BY, Cho HJ, et al. Two Cases of Successful Treatment of Refractory Chronic Inflammatory Skin Disease, Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis with Oral Alitretinoin. Ann Dermatol. 2017;29(4):503-6. google scholar
61. Yen CH, Dai YS, Yang YH, Wang LC, Lee JH, Chiang BL. Linoleic acid metabolite levels and transepi-dermal water loss in children with atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100(1):66-73. google scholar
62. Kim JE, Yoo SR, Jeong MG, Ko JY, Ro YS. Hair zinc levels and the efficacy of oral zinc supplementation in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94(5):558-62. google scholar
63. Gray NA, Dhana A, Stein DJ, Khumalo NP. Zinc and atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-a-nalysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(6):1042-50. google scholar
64. Nilsson L, Brockow K, Alm J, Cardona V, Caubet JC, Gomes E, et al. Vaccination and allergy: EAACI position paper, practical aspects. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2017;28(7):628-40. google scholar
65. Ayasse M, Ahmed A, McCullum C, Espinosa ML, Paller AS, Silverberg JI. Vaccines do not cause atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2021;39(13):1805-11. google scholar
66. Wollenberg A, Vogel S, Renner ED. [Vaccinations with atopic dermatitis and other chronic inflammatory skin diseases]. Hautarzt. 2010;61(11):985-93; quiz 94. google scholar
67. Li KH, Leong PY, Tseng CF, Wang YH, Wei JC. Influenza Vaccination Is Associated With Lower In-cidental Asthma Risk in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Front Immunol. 2021;12:729501. google scholar
68. Aebi C, Ahmed A, Ramilo O. Bacterial complications of primary varicella in children. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23(4):698-705. google scholar
69. Verbov J, Hart A. Severe varicella in a child with atopic eczema and ichthyosis. Practitioner. 1986;230(1411):15-6. google scholar
70. Leung DY. Infection in atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2003;15(4):399-404. google scholar
71. Kreth HW, Hoeger PH, Members of the VZVADsg. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of live attenuated varicella vaccine in children between 1 and 9 years of age with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Pediatr. 2006;165(10):677-83. google scholar
72. Kienast AK, Kreth HW, Hoger PH. Varicella vaccination in children with atopic eczema. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2007;5(10):875-80. google scholar
73. Papp KA, Breuer K, Meurer M, Ortonne JP, Potter PC, de Prost Y, et al. Long-term treatment of atopic dermatitis with pimecrolimus cream 1% in infants does not interfere with the development of protective antibodies after vaccination. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(2):247-53. google scholar
74. Stiehm ER, Roberts RL, Kaplan MS, Corren J, Jaracz E, Rico MJ. Pneumococcal seroconversion after vaccination for children with atopic dermatitis treated with tacrolimus ointment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(2 Suppl 2):S206-13. google scholar
75. American Academy of Pediatrics Active and Passive Immunization In. Kimberlin DW, Barnet ED, Lynfield R, Sawyer MH, eds. Red Book-2021 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021. p. 67-86. google scholar
76. Martinez-Cabriales SA, Kirchhof MG, Constantinescu CM, Murguia-Favela L, Ramien ML. Recommen-dations for Vaccination in Children with Atopic Dermatitis Treated with Dupilumab: A Consensus Meeting, 2020. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2021;22(4):443-55. google scholar
77. Kong S, Koo J, Lim SK. Associations between Stress and Physical Activity in Korean Adolescents with Atopic Dermatitis Based on the 2018-2019 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21). google scholar
78. Civelek E, Cakir B, Boz AB, Yuksel H, Orhan F, Uner A, et al. Extent and burden of allergic diseases in elementary schoolchildren: a national multicenter study. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010;20(4):280-8. google scholar
79. Lewis-Jones S. Quality of life and childhood atopic dermatitis: the misery of living with childhood eczema. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60(8):984-92. google scholar
80. Hoffmann I, Diefenbach C, Graf C, Konig J, Schmidt MF, Schnick-Vollmer K, et al. Chronic health condi-tions and school performance in first graders: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194846. google scholar
81. Jansen PW, Verlinden M, Dommisse-van Berkel A, Mieloo CL, Raat H, Hofman A, et al. Teacher and peer reports of overweight and bullying among young primary school children. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):473-80. google scholar
82. Muraro A, Clark A, Beyer K, Borrego LM, Borres M, Lodrup Carlsen KC, et al. The management of the al-lergic child at school: EAACI/GA2LEN Task Force on the allergic child at school. Allergy. 2010;65(6):681-9. google scholar
83. Mitschenko AV, Lwow AN, Kupfer J, Niemeier V, Gieler U. [Atopic dermatitis and stress? How do emo-tions come into skin?]. Hautarzt. 2008;59(4):314-8. google scholar
84. Lind N, Nordin M, Palmquist E, Claeson AS, Millqvist E, Nordin S. Coping and social support in asthma and allergy: the Vasterbotten Environmental Health Study. J Asthma. 2015;52(6):622-9. google scholar
85. Lazarus RS. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress appraisal and coping. New York: Springer; 1984:456. google scholar
86. House JS, Landis KR, Umberson D. Social relationships and health. Science. 1988;241(4865):540-5. google scholar
87. Lakey B, Cohen S. Social support theory and measurement. In: Cohen S, Underwood LG, Gottlieb BH, editors. Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. google scholar
88. Compas BE, Slavin LA, Wagner BM, Vannatta K. Relationship of life events and social support with psychological dysfunction among adolescents. J Youth Adolesc. 1986;15(3):205-21. google scholar
89. European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Patient Resources [16.11.2022]. Erişim: https:// eaaci.org/patients/. google scholar
90. Çocuk Alerji ve Astım Akademisi Derneği. Erişim: https://caaad.org.tr. Son erişm tarihi: 18.09.2022. google scholar
91. Türkiye Ulusal Alerji ve Klinik İmmünoloji Derneği. Erişim: https://www.aid.org.tr. Son erişim tarihi: 18.09.2022. google scholar
92. Türk Pediatrik Dermatoloji Derneği. Erişim: https://www.pediatrikdermatoloji.org. son erişim tarihi: 18.09.2022. google scholar
93. Türk Dermatoloji Derneği. Erişim: https://www.turkdermatoloji.org.tr. Son erişim tarihi: 15.11.2022. google scholar
94. Ong PY, Leung DY. Bacterial and Viral Infections in Atopic Dermatitis: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;51(3):329-37. google scholar
95. Serrano L, Patel KR, Silverberg JI. Association between atopic dermatitis and extracutaneous bacterial and mycobacterial infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):904-12. google scholar
96. Narla S, Silverberg JI. Association between childhood atopic dermatitis and cutaneous, extracutaneous and systemic infections. Br J Dermatol. 2018;178(6):1467-8. google scholar
97. Droitcourt C, Vittrup I, Dupuy A, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP. Risk of systemic infections requiring hospitali-zation in children with atopic dermatitis: a Danish retrospective nationwide cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2021;185(1):119-29. google scholar
98. Dabade TS, Davis DM, Wetter DA, Hand JL, McEvoy MT, Pittelkow MR, et al. Wet dressing therapy in conjunction with topical corticosteroids is effective for rapid control of severe pediatric atopic dermatitis: experience with 218 patients over 30 years at Mayo Clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(1):100-6. google scholar
99. Long CC, Finlay AY. The finger-tip unit--a new practical measure. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1991;16(6):444-7. google scholar
100. Siegels D, Heratizadeh A, Abraham S, Binnmyr J, Brockow K, Irvine AD, et al. Systemic treatments in the management of atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2021;76(4):1053-76. google scholar
101. Ozdemir C. Monoclonal antibodies in allergy; updated applications and promising trials. Recent Pat Inf-lamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2015;9(1):54-65. google scholar
102. Ozdemir C. Monoclonal antibodies in allergy; current applications and promising trials. Recent Pat Inf-lamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2009;3(3):201-10. google scholar
103. Gooderham MJ, Hong HC, Eshtiaghi P, Papp KA. Dupilumab: A review of its use in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(3 Suppl 1):S28-S36. google scholar
104. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. DUPIXENT. (dupilumab). Highlights of prescribing information. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2022. Erişim: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/la-bel/2022/761055s042lbl.pdf. Son erişim tarihi: 18.09.2022. google scholar
105. Dupixent. European Medicines Agency. | Erişim: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ dupixent#authorisation-details-section. Son erişim tarihi: 19.09.2022. google scholar
106. Summary of Product Charactesitics. Erişim: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-informa-tion/dupixent-epar-product-information_en.pdf. Son erişim tarihi: 19.09.2022. google scholar
107. Torrelo A, Ortiz J, Alomar A, Ros S, Pedrosa E, Cuervo J. Health-related quality of life, patient satisfaction, and adherence to treatment in patients with moderate or severe atopic dermatitis on maintenance therapy: the CONDA-SAT study. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104(5):409-17. google scholar
108. Yaghmaie P, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL. Mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(2):428-33. google scholar
109. Kwon JA, Park EC, Lee M, Yoo KB, Park S. Does stress increase the risk of atopic dermatitis in ado-lescents? results of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS-VI). PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e67890. google scholar
110. Yang EJ, Beck KM, Sekhon S, Bhutani T, Koo J. The impact of pediatric atopic dermatitis on families: A review. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36(1):66-71. google scholar
111. Warschburger P, Buchholz HT, Petermann F. Psychological adjustment in parents of young children with atopic dermatitis: which factors predict parental quality of life? Br J Dermatol. 2004;150(2):304-11. google scholar
112. Ballardini N, Kramer MS, Oken E, Henderson AJ, Bogdanovich N, Dahhou M, et al. Associations of atopic dermatitis and asthma with child behaviour: Results from the PROBIT cohort. Clin Exp Allergy. 2019;49(9):1235-44. google scholar
113. Sandhu JK, Wu KK, Bui TL, Armstrong AW. Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Suicidality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155(2):178-87. google scholar

Follow-Up and Community Care of the Child With a Chronic Disease

CHAPTER

Follow-up and Community Care of the Child with Atopic Dermatitis

Atopi̇k Dermati̇ti̇ Olan Çocuğun İzlemi̇ ve Toplumda Bakımı

References

SHARE