Fungi in the Human Microbiota: Their Role and Importance
Dilek ŞatanaThe human microbiota consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses and fungi. Microbiota members form a highly complex network of interactions between each other and the host. There are many studies on the impact of commensal bacteria on host health and immune mechanisms. However, little is known about the role of commensal fungi within the gut microbiota. Fungi, members of the gut microbiome, are a small but important component of the gut microbiome in humans. Fungal microbiota and metabolites influence gastrointestinal function and contribute to the pathogenesis of digestive diseases. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been reported in neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. C albicans overgrowth in the gut microbiome is consistently seen in many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal graft-versushost disease, C difficile infection, liver disease, asthma, schizophrenia and COVID-19. While it is not fully understood how C albicans contributes to the pathogenesis of such diseases, a well-known mechanism is that C albicans colonization can drive Th17-mediated immune responses and disrupt gut microbiome regulation to exacerbate disease. Fungi present in the human gut induce induction of T helper 17 cells, a key regulator of protective immune responses. Similarly, fungal members of the gut microbiota have been shown to influence the immunological responses of the mammalian host by reducing or promoting local inflammatory responses. It is emphasized that fungi in the human intestinal mycobiota should be further investigated to understand how the group of microorganisms that make up the microbiota contribute to health and disease. In this review, the formation of the intestinal mycobiome, factors affecting the microbiome and the interaction of intestinal fungi (especially Candida and Saccharomyces spp) with host immunity will be discussed.
İnsan Mi̇krobi̇yotasindaki̇ Mantarlar: Rolleri̇ ve Önemi̇
Dilek Şatanaİnsan mikrobiyotası bakteriler, arkealar, virüsler ve mantarlardan oluşur. Mikrobiyota üyeleri, birbirleri ve konakçı arasında oldukça karmaşık bir etkileşim ağı oluşturmaktadır. Komensal bakterilerin konakçı sağlığı ve bağışıklık mekanizması üzerindeki etkisine dair pek çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Ancak, bağırsak mikrobiyotası içindeki komensal mantarların rolü hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bağırsak mikrobiyomu üyesi mantarlar, insanlarda bağırsak mikrobiyomunun küçük ama önemli bir bileşenidir. Mantar mikrobiyotası ve metabolitleri gastrointestinal fonksiyonu etkiler ve sindirim hastalıklarının patogenezine katkıda bulunur. Multipl skleroz, amyotrofik lateral skleroz ve Alzheimer gibi nörolojik hastalıklarda bağırsak mikrobiyota disbiyozu olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bağırsak mikrobiyomunda C albicans artışı, inflamatuar bağırsak hastalığı, bağırsak graft-versus-host hastalığı, C difficile enfeksiyonu, karaciğer hastalığı, astım, şizofreni ve COVID-19 dahil olmak üzere birçok hastalıkta sürekli olarak görülmektedir. C albicans’ın bu tür hastalıkların patogenezine nasıl katkıda bulunduğu tam olarak anlaşılmamış olsa da, C albicans kolonizasyonunun Th17 aracılı bağışıklık tepkilerini yönlendirebileceği ve hastalığı şiddetlendirmek için bağırsak mikrobiyom düzenini bozabileceği iyi bilinen bir mekanizmadır. İnsan bağırsağında bulunan mantarlar, koruyucu bağışıklık tepkilerinin temel düzenleyicisi olan T yardımcı 17 hücrelerinin indüksiyonunu sağlamaktadır. Benzer şekilde, bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki mantar üyelerinin, yerel enflamatuar tepkileri azaltarak veya teşvik ederek memeli konağın immünolojik tepkilerini etkilediği gösterilmiştir. Mikrobiyotayı oluşturan mikrorganizma grubunun sağlık ve hastalığa nasıl katkıda bulunduğunu anlamak için insan barsak mikrobiyotasında yer alan mantarların daha fazla araştırılması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu derlemede bağırsak mikrobiyomunun oluşumu, mikrobiyomu etkileyen faktörler ve bağırsak mantarlarının (özellikle Candida ve Saccharomyces spp) konakçı bağışıklığı ile etkileşimleri ele alınacaktır.
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