Effects of Microbiota on Human Health

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DOI :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.004   IUP :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.004    Full Text (PDF)

Human Genitourinary Tract Microbiome

Fatma Erdem

The human body is colonized by microorganisms (microbiome) and its impact on health is increasingly reconized. The urogenital microbiota (urinary, periurethral, vaginal, penile) has a potential preventive and protective role for uropathogen-induced infections (urinary system infection, urethritis) and non-microorganism-related conditions (bladder cancer, recurrent pregnancy loss, etc.). Metagenomic analysis using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has facilitated the characterization of the microbiome, providing detailed information about microbial populations and the discovery of non-culturable microorganisms. quantitative characterization of the microbiome. The urinary microbiota distribution in men and women differs due to the difference in the anatomical structure and structure of the urine content is diffrent among men and women (such as calcium density in women, creatinine density in men). Urinary microbiota also changes with age due to changing hormones, changing diet and changing hygiene conditions. The majority of urinary microbiota belongs to the order Firmicutes (65% in males, 73% in females). The phylum of Firmicutes (15% male - 19% female) is followed by Bacteroidetes (10% male - 3% female) and Proteobacteria (8% male - 3% female). By metagenomic sequencing method, viruses and (bacterial viruses) bacteriophages can also be detected in the urinary tract (urinary viroma). Human papilloma virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, BK and JC polyomavirus, herpesvirus and anellovirus are viruses detected in the urinary tract. BK and JK viruses, which can be found latent in the urine without symptoms in healthy individuals, cause nephropathy, hemorrhagic cystitis and leukoencephalopathy in immunosuppressed individuals. The female reproductive system (FRT) consists of the vulva, vagina (lower urogenital system), endometrium, fallopian tubes and ovaries (upper urogenital system). The normal female genital tract (FGT) microbiome plays an important role in preventing preterm birth and reducing the transmission rate of sexually transmitted diseases. Sperm fluid interacts directly with the FGT microbiota and ultimately determines the ability to conceive and delivery rates. In this chapter, it is aimed to evaluate the normal distribution of the urogenital microbiome, to discuss the relationship between the microbiome and diseases, and to evaluate the contribution of microbiota-containing biological therapeutics (probiotics, etc.) to the prevention of urogenital system diseases as an alternative of current treatments (antimicrobial, anticancer treatments). A holistic view of the urogenital microbiome will also be a guide for urogenital microbiome studies. 


Keywords: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), urogenital microbiota, probiotic, metagenomic analysis, urinary tract infection, recurrent pregnancy loss
DOI :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.004   IUP :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.004    Full Text (PDF)

İnsan Ürogeni̇tal Si̇stem Mi̇krobi̇yomu

Fatma Erdem

İnsan vücudu sağlık üzerindeki etkisi giderek daha fazla kabul gören; mikroorganizmalarla kolonizedir. Ürogenital mikrobiyota (üriner, periüretral, vajinal, penil) üropatojen kaynaklı enfeksiyonlar (üriner sistem enfeksiyonu, üretrit) ve mikroorganizma ilişkili olmayan hastalıklar (mesane kanseri, tekrarlayan gebelik kayıpları v.b.) için önleyici ve koruyucu potansiyel bir role sahiptir. Yeni nesil dizileme (NGS) yöntemleri ile yapılan metagenomik analizler, mikrobiyomun karakterizasyonunu kolaylaştırmış, mikrobiyal popülasyonlar hakkında detaylı bilgiye ulaşmayı ve kültürü yapılamayan mikroorganizmaların keşfedilmesini sağlamıştır. Anatomik yapının farklılığı, idrar içeriğinin değişen yapısı (kadınlarda kalsiyum yoğunluğu, erkeklerde kreatinin yoğunluğu gibi) nedenlerle kadın ve erkeklerde üriner mikrobiyota dağılımı farklılık göstermektedir. Üriner mikrobiyota, değişen hormonlar, değişen diyet düzeni ve değişen hijyen koşulları nedeniyle yaşla birlikte de değişim göstermektedir. Mikrobiyotanın büyük çoğunluluğunu Firmicutes filumu (erkeklerde %65, kadınlarda %73) oluşturmaktadır. Firmicutes filumunu (%15 erkek - %19 kadın) sırasıyla Bacteroides (%10 erkek - %3 kadın) ve Proteobacteria (%8 erkek - %3 kadın) filumları takip etmektedir Metagenomik dizileme yöntemi ile üriner mikrobiyotada bulunan virüs ve bakteriyofajları (bakteri virüslari) da tespit edilebilmektedir (üriner virom). Human papillomavirus, molluscum contagiosum virus, BK and JC polyomavirus, Herpesvirus and Anellovirus üriner sistemde tespit edilen virüslerdir. Sağlıklı bireylerde bulgu vermeden idrarda latent olarak bulunabilen BK ve JK virüs immunsuprese bireylerde nefropati, hemorajik sistit ve lökoensefalopati tablosuna yol açmaktadır. Bu yazıda, ürogenital mikrobiyom normal dağılımının değerlendirilmesi, mikrobiyomun hastalıklarla ilişkisinin tartışılması ve aynı zamanda, mikrobiyota içerikli biyolojik terapotiklerin (probiyotikler v.b) ürogenital sistem hastalıklardan korunma ve mevcut tedavilere (antimikrobiyal, antikanser tedaviler) katkısını değerlendirmek amaçlanmışıtr. Ürogenital mikrobiyoma bütünsel bakış, ürogenital mikrobiyom çalışmaları için de yol gösterici olacaktır. 


Keywords: Yeni Nesil Dizileme (NGS), ürogenital mikrobiyota, probiyotik, metagenomik analiz, üriner sistem enfeksiyonu, takrarlayan gebelik kaybı

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