Effects of Microbiota on Human Health

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DOI :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.005   IUP :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.005    Full Text (PDF)

Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics on Microbiota

Lütfiye Öksüz

The intestinal microbiota has important functions such as regulating food digestion, chemical metabolism and regulation of the immune system. Dysbiosis (change of bacterial colonization) can occur with loss of certain beneficial bacteria, changing bacterial diversity, or increased pathogens in the microbiome. Dietary regulators used to regulate the microbiota include fermented foods and diets rich in fiber, as well as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Probiotics have functions such as colonization resistance, normalization of impaired microbiota, competitive exclusion, vitamin synthesis, intestinal barrier reinforcement, neutralization of carcinogens. Probiotics can be used in the treatment of diseases such as gastrointestinal system diseases, allergic diseases, and metabolic diseases. Prebiotics are substances that act as nutrients and are selectively used by host microorganisms and probiotic strains that provide health benefits. Substances used as prebiotics consist of various oligosaccharides. The effects of prebiotics on the gastrointestinal system, cardiac metabolism, mental health, cancer development and other systems are known. Synbiotics are known as a combination of probiotics and prebiotics and are defined as “a mixture of living microorganisms and substrates that are selectively used by host microorganisms, conferring health benefits on the host”. Synbiotics can be designed as “complementary synbiotics” or “synergistic synbiotics” in two ways: Probiotics and prebiotics that make up complementary synbiotics must meet the definition criteria, while synergistic synbiotics do not need to meet these criteria. Synbiotics have functions such as maintaining the intestinal microbiota balance, regulating the immune system and preventing bacterial translocation. Postbiotics are defined as “non-viable bacterial products” or “metabolic byproducts of probiotic microorganisms with biological activity in the host”. Examples of postbiotics are butyrate, short-chain fatty acids, muramyl dipeptide, and exopolysaccharides. Interventions in the microbiota with probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics can have significant effects on various metabolic functions. 


Keywords: Human health, microbiota, probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic, postbiotic
DOI :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.005   IUP :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.005    Full Text (PDF)

Probi̇yoti̇k, Prebi̇yoti̇k ve Si̇nbi̇yoti̇kleri̇n Mi̇krobi̇yota Üzeri̇ne Etki̇leri̇

Lütfiye Öksüz

Bağırsak mikrobiyotası, gıda sindiriminin düzenlenmesi, kimyasal metabolizma ve bağışıklık sisteminin düzenlenmesi gibi önemli işlevlere sahiptir. Disbiyoz (bakteriyel kolonizasyon değişikliği), bazı faydalı bakterilerin kaybı, değişen bakteri çeşitliliği veya mikrobiyomdaki patojenlerin artması ile ortaya çıkabilir. Mikrobiyotayı düzenlemek için kullanılan beslenme alışkanlığı düzenleyicileri arasında, fermente gıdalar ve lif açısından zengin beslenme rejimlerinin yanı sıra probiyotikler, prebiyotikler ve sinbiyotikler yer almaktadır. Probiyotikler, yeterli miktarlarda uygulandığında konağa sağlık yararı sağlayan canlı mikroorganizmalardır. Probiyotikler, kolonizasyon direnci, bozulmuş mikrobiyotanın normalleştirilmesi, rekabetle patojenlerin dışlanması, vitamin sentezi, bağırsak bariyeri takviyesi, karsinojenlerin nötralizasyonu gibi fonksiyonlara sahiptir. Probiyotikler gastrointestinal sistem hastalıkları, allerjik ve metabolik hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılabilmektedir. Prebiyotikler, “sağlık yararı sağlayan konak mikroorganizmalar ve probiyotik suşlar tarafından seçici olarak kullanılan ve besin görevi gören maddelerdir. Prebiyotik olarak kullanılan maddeler çeşitli oligosakkaritleri içerir. Prebiyotiklerin gastrointestinal sisteme, kalp metabolizmasına, mental sağlığa, kanser gelişimine ve diğer sistemlere olan etkileri bilinmektedir. Sinbiyotikler ise probiyotik ve prebiyotiklerin birleşimi olarak düşünülebilir ve “konağa sağlık yararı sağlayan, konak mikroorganizmalar tarafından seçici olarak kullanılan canlı mikroorganizmalar ve substratlardan oluşan bir karışım” olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Sinbiyotikler “tamamlayıcı sinbiyotikler ” veya “sinerjik sinbiyotikler” olarak iki şekilde tasarlanabilir: Tamamlayıcı sinbiyotikleri oluşturan probiyotik ve prebiyotiklerin, tanımlama kriterlerini karşılaması gerekirken, sinerjik sinbiyotiklerin bu kriterleri karşılaması gerekmez; ancak hem selektif kullanılabilmeli, hem sağlık yararı sağlamalı, hem de hedef konakta denenmelidir. Sinbiyotiklerin bağırsak mikrobiyotası dengesinin korunması, immün sistemin düzenlenmesi ve bakteriyel translokasyonun önlenmesi gib fonksiyonları vardır. Postbiyotikler, “canlı olmayan bakteriyel ürünler” veya “konakta biyolojik aktiviteye sahip probiyotik mikroorganizmaların metabolik yan ürünleri” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Postbiyotiklere örnek olarak bütirat, kısa zincirli yağ asitleri, muramil dipeptid ve ekzopolisakkaritler gösterilebilir. Probiyotik, prebiyotik, sinbiyotik ve postbiyotiklerle mikrobiyota üzerine yapılan müdahaleler, çeşitli metabolik fonksiyonlar üzerinde önemli etkiler oluşturabilir.


Keywords: İnsan sağlığı, mikrobiyota, probiyotik, prebiyotik, sinbiyotik, postbiyotik

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