Effects of Microbiota on Human Health

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DOI :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.002   IUP :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.002    Full Text (PDF)

Virobiota and Virome

Gülşah Tunçer

The microbiota can be defined as all microorganisms living in the human body, including approximately 90 trillion bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic microorganisms, and viruses. While the term “virobiota” refers to the community of viruses within a host, and “virom” refers to the entire set of genes from this virobiota, these definitions are sometimes used interchangeably. The human virome consists of endogenous viral elements, eukaryotic viruses that infect eukaryotic cells such as bacteria, fungi, and archaea, prokaryotic viruses, and primarily plant-derived viruses obtained from the environment and diet. Bacteriophages, which are viruses specific to bacteria, are the primary components of the virome. Eukaryotic viruses constitute a small fraction of the gut virome. Particularly, regions of the human body, especially where the gut is present, carry the highest viral load. The gut virome plays a role in the metabolism of toxins and nutrients, metabolic pathways, maintenance of the gut barrier, and immune regulation. The relationship between the gut virome and diseases can be explained by the prevalence of specific virotypes in the environment and changes in diversity. Numerous studies have been published demonstrating the connection between changes in the gut virome and inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, HIV infection, liver diseases, malignancy, and COVID-19. In recent years, with the implementation of next-generation sequencing and metagenomic sequencing methods, the “dark matter” of the gut virome has started to be uncovered. These advancements have led to intensified research efforts to fully uncover the role of the human virome in diseases.


Keywords: Viroma, virobiota, dysbiosis, bacteriophage, eukaryotic virus
DOI :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.002   IUP :10.26650/B/LS34CH11CH22/2024.011.002    Full Text (PDF)

Virobiyota ve Virom

Gülşah Tunçer

Mikrobiyota, insan vücudunda yaşayan tüm mikroorganizmalar (yaklaşık 90 trilyon bakteri, arkea, ökaryotik mikroorganizma ve virus) olarak tanımlanabilir. Konakta yer alan virus topluluğu “virobiyota” ve virobiyotadaki tüm gen kümesi “virom” olarak tanımlanmasına karşın, bu tanımlamalar kimi zaman birbirlerinin yerine kullanılmaktadır. İnsan viromu, endojen viral elementler, bakteri, mantar ve arkea gibi ökaryotik hücreleri infekte eden ökaryotik viruslar, prokaryotik viruslar (bakteriyofaj) ve öncelikle çevre ve diyetten türetilen bitki viruslarından oluşur. Bakteriye spesifik viruslar olan bakteriyofajlar viromun asıl bileşenidir. Ökaryotik viruslar, barsak viromunun küçük bir kısmını oluşturur. İnsan vücudunda özellikle barsakların bulunduğu bölgeler en yüksek virus yüküne sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, ağız boşluğu, burun ya da vagina gibi mukozaların bulunduğu bölgelerde miktar daha düşük, ancak önemli bir grubu oluşturmaktadır. Barsak viromu; toksik maddelerin ve besinlerin metabolizması, metabolik yollar, barsak bariyerinin sağlanması, immün regülasyonda görev alır. Barsak viromuyla hastalıkların ilişkisi; ortamda belirli virotiplerin yoğun olması ve çeşitlilikte değişiklikle açıklanabilir. Barsak virom değişikliği ile inflamatuar barsak hastalığı, tip 1 ve 2 diyabetes mellitus, obezite, HIV infeksiyonu, karaciğer hastalıkları, malignite ve COVID-19 ilişkisini gösteren pek çok araştırma yayınlanmıştır. Son zamanlarda, yeni nesil dizileme, metagenomik dizileme yöntemlerinin uygulanması sayesinde, “karanlık alan” olarak adlandırılan barsak viromu açığa çıkmaya başlamıştır. Bu gelişmeler, insan viromunun hastalıklardaki rolünü tam anlamıyla ortaya çıkarmaya yönelik çalışmaların yoğunlaşmasını sağlamıştır.


Keywords: Virom, virobiyota, disbiyoz, bakteriyofaj, ökaryotik virus

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