Current Parasitic and Fungal Disease Issues in Marine Aquaculture
Remziye Eda Yardımcı, Emre Turgay, Terje M. Steinum, Süheyla KarataşParasites, which develop complex strategies for living and exploiting their hosts, form the largest group that causes disease in marine fish, including species with direct or indirect life cycles, species-specific as well as those with low host specificity that can infect more than one host. Among the parasites with a wide taxonomy from unicellular (protozoan) to multicellular (metazoan), the most common group in cultured fish is protozoan ectoparasites. In a review study in which the parasitic diseases of the three fish species (sea bass, sea bream, meagre) that are most intensively farmed in Mediterranean aquaculture were evaluated according to the criteria of causing high mortality rates and incidence of epidemics; Cryptocaryon irritans from ciliates, Amyloodinium ocellatum from dinoflagellates, Enteromyxum leii from myxozoa, Sparicotyle chrysophrii from monogeneans, Ceratothoa oestroides from isopods were stated as the main parasitic pathogens (Cascarano et al., 2021). In the same study, Trichodina spp. and Philasterides dicentrarchi from the ciliates; flagellate Ichthyobodo spp.; apicomplexa group coccidiosis agents Cryptosporidium molnari, Eimeria and Goussia species; myxozoa Ceratomyxa and Kudoa species (Kudoa dicentrarchi), Sphaerospora testicularis, Sphaerospora sparis; monogeneans Diplectanum aequans, Diplectanum sciaenae, Encotyllabe spari, Lamellodiscus spp., Lamellodiscus echeneis, Polylabris sp.; nematodes Anisakis sp. and Hysterothylacium sp., copepods Lernanthropus kroyeri and Caligus species are mentioned as minor parasitic pathogens (Cascarano et al., 2021).
References
- Adam, A., (2019). Progress, challenges and opportunities in fish vaccine development. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 90:210-214. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.066. google scholar
- Akbaş, M., (2011). The investigation of parasitic diseases on some sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) and sea bream (Sparus aurata L., 1758) facilities in Aegean region. Süleyman Demirel University, Institute of Sciences, M.Sc. Thesis, Isparta, Turkey, 73 pp. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Akmırza, A., (2003). Arthropod parasite (Lernanthropus brevis Richiardi, 1879) found on the seabass (Dicent-rarchus labrax). Turk J Parasitol, 27: 214-216. (in Turkish). google scholar
- Akmırza, A., (2010). Investigation of the monogenean trematods and crustecean parasites of the cultered and wild marine fishes near Salih Island. J Kafkas Univ Vet Fac, 16 (Suppl. B): 353-360. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Alama-Bermejo, G., Smıa, R., Raga, J.A., Holzer, A.S., (2013). Understanding myxozoan infection dynamics in the sea: Seasonality and transmission of Ceratomyxa puntazzi. Int. J. Parasitol., 43, 771-780. google scholar
- Alaş, A., Öktener A, (2017). Caligus vexator Heller, 1865 including Female and Male Descriptions from the Aegean Sea in Turkey. Sci Parasitol, 18(1-2):16-23. google scholar
- Alvarez-Pellitero, P. (2004). Report about Fish Parasitic Diseases; Options Mediterraneennes B Etudes et Rec-herches: Zaragoza, Spain, pp. 103-130. google scholar
- Alvarez-Pellitero, P., Sitja-Bobadilla A., Franco-Sierra A., Palenzuela O., (1995). Protozoan parasites of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., from different culture systems in Spain. J. Fish Dis., 18,105-115. google scholar
- Alvarez-Pellitero, P., Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., (2002). Cryptosporidium molnari n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptospori-diidae) infecting two marine fish species, Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L. Int. J. Parasitol., 32, 1007-102 google scholar
- Altunel, F. N., (1983). Parasitism on the mullets, I, Ulusal Deniz ve Tatlısu Araştırmaları Kongresi, Ege Univer-sity, Journal of Science Faculty, B 1, 364-378. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Andreou, D., Gozlan, R.E., (2016). Associated disease risk from the introduced generalist pathogen Sphaerothe-cum destruens: management and policy implications. Parasitology, 143, 1204-1210. google scholar
- Andreou, D., Gozlan, R.E., Paley, R., (2009). Temperature influence on production and longevity of Sphaerot-hecum destruens’ zoospores. Parasitology, 95, 1539-1541. google scholar
- Antonelli, L., Foata, J., Quilichini, Y., Marchand, B., (2016). Influence of season and site location on European cultured sea bass parasites in Corsican fish farms using indicator species analysis (IndVal). Parasitol. Res., 115, 561-568. google scholar
- Antonelli, L., Quilichini, Y., Marchand, B., (2010). Sparicotyle chrysophrii (Van Beneden and Hesse 1863) (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea) parasite of cultured Gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (Linnaeus 1758) (Pisces: Teleostei) from Corsica: Ecological and morphological study. Parasitol. Res., 107, 389-398. google scholar
- Arkush, K. D., Frasca Jr. S., Hedrick, R.P. (1998). Pathology associated with the rosette agent, a systemic protist infecting salmonid fishes. J. Aqua. Anim. Health, 10: 1- 11. google scholar
- Arkush, K.D., Mendoza, L., Adkison, M.A., Hedrick, R.P., (2005). Observations on the life stages of Sphaero-thecum destruens n. g., n. sp., a Mesomycetozoean fish pathogen formerly referred to as the rosette agent J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 50, 430-438. google scholar
- Aravindan, N., Kalavati, C., Aravindan, S., (2007). Protozoan parasites in commercially important shrimp species from northeast coast of Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 10(1):9-20. google scholar
- Athanassopoulou, F., (1992). Ichthyophoniasis in sea bream, Sparus aurata (L.), and rainbow trout, Oncorhyn-chus mykiss (Walbaum), from Greece. J Fish Dis, 15:437-441. google scholar
- Athanassopoulou, F., (1998). A case report of Pleistophora sp. infection in cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in Greece. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 18, 19-21. google scholar
- Athanassopoulou, F., Ragias, V., Vagianou, S., Di Cave, D., Rigos, G., Papathanasiou, G., Georgoulakis, J., (2005). Report of Sparicotyle (Microcotyle) chrysophrii Van Beneden and Hesse 1863, Atrispinum seminalis Euzet and Maillard 1973 and Polylabris tubicirrus Paperna and Kohn 1964 (Monogenea) on captive sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sharp snout sea bream (Diplodus p.). Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 25, 256-261. google scholar
- Bragoni, G., Romestand, B., Trilles, J.P., (1984). Parasitoses a cymothoadien chez le loup Dicentrarchus labrax (Linneaus, 1758) en elevage I. Ecologie parasitaire dans le cas de l’etang de Diana (Haute-Corse) (Isopoda Cymothoidae). Crustaceana, 47:44-51. google scholar
- Beraldo, P., Byadgi, O.V., Massimo, M., Bulfon, C., Volpatti, D., Galeotti, M., (2017). Grave episodio di amy-loodiniosi in giovanili di branzino (Dicentrarchus labrax): analisi dei determinanti di malattia e rilievi ana-tomopatologici. Atti del XXIII Convegno Nazionale Societa Italiana di Patologia Ittica. p30. (in summary) google scholar
- Çağırgan, H., Tokşen, E. (1996) First infestation of Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinoflagellata) from cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) in Turkey. Pendik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 27: 197-205. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Candan, A.; Karataş, S. (2010). Balık Sağlığı. İstanbul: Kalmak Ofset, pp.327. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Cascarano, M.C., Stavrakidis-Zachou, O., Mladineo, I., Thompson, K.D., Papandroulakis, N., Katharios, P., (2021). Mediterranean Aquaculture in a Changing Climate: Temperature Effects on Pathogens and Diseases of Three Farmed Fish Species. Pathogens, 10, 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pathogens10091205 google scholar
- Cecchini, S., Saroglia, M., Berni, P., Cognetti-Varriale, A.M., (1998). Influence of temperature on the life cycle of Diplectanum aequans (Monogenea, Diplectanidae), parasitic on sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). J. Fish Dis., 21, 73-75. google scholar
- Cecchini, S., Saroglia, M., Cognetti-Varriale, A.M., Terova, G., Sabino, G., (2001). Effect of Low Environmental Temperature on Embryonic Development and Egg Hatching of Diplectanum aequans (Monogenea, Diplec-tanidae) Infecting European Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus Iabrax. Fish Pathol., 36, 33-34. google scholar
- Chen, W., Sun, H.Y., Xie, M.Q., Bai, J.S., Zhu, X.Q., Li, A.X., (2008). Development of specific PCR assays for the detection of Cryptocaryon irritans. Parasitol Res, 103:423-427. google scholar
- Ğolak, S., Kolega, M., MejdandZic, D., Zupan, I., Sari, T., Piplovi, E., Mustac, B., (2018). Prevalence and effects of the cymothoid isopod (Ceratothoa oestroides, Risso 1816) on cultured meagre (Argyrosomus regius, Asso 1801) in the Eastern Adriatic Sea. Aquac Res.,49:1001-7. doi: 10.1111/are.13547 7. google scholar
- Colorni, A., Burgess, P., (1997). Cryptocaryon irritans Brown 1951, the cause of ‘white spot disease’ in marine fish: An update. Aquar. Sci. Conserv., 1, 217-238. google scholar
- Colorni, A., (1994). Hyperparasitism of Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinoflagellida: Oodinidae) on Neobenedenia melleni (Monogenea: Capsalidae). Dis Aquat Org, 9: 157-159. google scholar
- Costello, M.J., (2009). The global economic cost of sea lice to the salmonid farming industry. J. Fish Dis., 32: 115-118. google scholar
- Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). Neomonada and the origin of animal and fungi, in: G. H. Coombs, K. Vickerman, M. A. Sleigh & A. Warren (ed.), Evolutionary Relationships Among Protozoa. Chapman & Hall, London, p. 375- 407. google scholar
- Cruz e Silva, M., Freitas, M., Orge, M., (1997). Co-Infection by monogenetic trematodes of the genus Mic-rocotyle V. Beneden and Hesse 1863, Lamellodiscus ignoratus Palombi, 1943, the protozoan Trichodina sp. Ehrenberg, 1838 and the presence of epitheliocystis, Vibrio algynoliticus and V. vulnificus in cultured seabream (Sparus aurata L.) in Portugal. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 17, 40-42. google scholar
- Dan, X.M., Lin, X.T., Yan, Y.X., Teng, N., Tan, Z.L., Li, A.X., (2009). A technique for the preservation of Cr-yptocaryon irritans at low temperatures. Aquaculture, 297(1-4), 112-115. google scholar
- Deardorff, T.L., Overstreet, R.M., (1980). Review of Hysterothylacium and Iheringascaris (both previously Thynnascaris) (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washingt., 93, 1035-1079. google scholar
- De Hoog, G.S., Vicente, V.A., Najafzadeh, M.J., Harrak, M.J., Badali, H., Seyedmousavi, S., (2011). Waterborne Exophiala species causing disease in cold-blooded animals. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 27,46-72. google scholar
- De Vico, G., Cataldi, M., Carella, F., Marino, F., Passantino, A., (2008). Histological, histochemical and morpho-metric changes of splenic melanomacrophage centres (SMMCs) in Sparicotyle infected cultured sea breams (Sparus aurata). Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology, 30: 27-35. google scholar
- Dieguez-Uribeondo, J., Cerenius, L., Söderhall, K. (1996). Physiological characterization of Saprolegnia para-sitica isolates from brown trout. Aquaculture 140, 247-257. google scholar
- Dinçtürk, E., Tanrikul, T.T., Birincioğlu, S.S., (2019). First Report of Saprolegnia parasitica from a Marine Spe-cies: Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) in Brackish Water Conditions. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 70(2), 1503-1510. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.20825 google scholar
- Dinçtürk, E., Tanrikul, T.T., Çulha, S.T., (2018). Fungal and Bacterial Co-Infection of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Linnaeus 1758) in a Recirculating Aquaculture System: Saprolegnia parasitica and Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 33 (3), 67-7. google scholar
- Diamant, A., (1997). Fish to fish transmission of a marine myxosporean. Dis Aquat Org, 30:99-105. google scholar
- Dragesco, A., Dragesco, J., Coste, F., Gasc, C., Romestand, B., Raymond, J.C., Bouix, G., (1995). Philasterides dicentrarchi, n. sp., (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida), a histophagous opportunistic parasite of Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758), a reared marine fish. Eur. J. Protistol., 31, 327-340. google scholar
- Er, A., Kayış, Ş., (2015). Intensity and prevalence of some crustacean fish parasites in Turkey and their molecular identification. Turk J Zool,39: 1142-1150. google scholar
- Ercan, D., Andreou, D., Sana, S., Öntaş, C., Baba, E., Top, N., Karakuş, U., Tarkan, A.S., Gozlan, R.E., (2015). Evidence of threat to European economy and biodiversity following the introduction of an alien pathogen on the fungal-animal boundary. Emerging Mıcrobes & Infections, 4, e52. doi:10.1038/emi.2015.52. google scholar
- Faber, M.N., Holland, J.W., (2019). Secombes, C.J. Vaccination strategies and IgM responses against PKD in rainbow trout. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 91, 423. google scholar
- Faisal, M., Imam, E.A., (1990). Microcotyle chrysophrii (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylea), a pathogen for cul-tured and wild gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. Pathol. Mar. Sci., 283-290. google scholar
- Fioravanti, M.L., Caffara, M., Florio, D., Gustinelli, A., Marcer, F., (2004). Sphaerospora dicentrarchi and S. testicularis (Myxozoa: Sphaerosporidae) in farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from Italy. Folia Parasitologica, 51: 208-210. google scholar
- Fontenla, F., Blanco-Abad, V, Pardo, B.G., Folgueira, I., Noia, M., Gomez-Tato, A., Martmez, P., Leiro, J.M., Lamas, J, (2016). Vaccine-induced modulation of gene expression in turbot peritoneal cells. A microarray approach. Mol. Immunol., 75, 188-199. google scholar
- Franco-Sierra, A., Sitja'-Bobadilla, A., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., (1997). Ichthyophonus infections in cultured marine fish from Spain. Journal of Fish Biology, 51,830-839. google scholar
- Fregeneda Grandes, J.M., Fernandez D^ez, M., Aller Gancedo, J.M., (2001). Experimental pathogenicity in ra-inbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), of two distinct morphotypes of of long-spined Saprolegnia isolates obtained from wild brown trout, Salmo trutta L. and river water. J. Fish Dis.; 24: 351-359. google scholar
- Ghosh, S., Straus, D. L., Good, C., Phuntumart, V., (2021). Development and comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification with quantitative PCR for the specific detection of Saprolegnia spp. Plos one, 16(12), e0250808. google scholar
- Gjurcevic, E., Kuzir, S., Bazdaric, B., Matanovic, K., Debelic, I., Marino, F., Drasner, K., Rosenthal, B.M., (2017). New data on Eimeria dicentrarchi (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a common parasite of farmed Euro-pean sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from the mid-eastern Adriatic. Vet. Arh., 87, 77-86. google scholar
- Gonzalez, L., (1998). The life cycle of Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Chilean marine farms. Aquaculture, 162, 173-186. google scholar
- Gonzalez-Lanza, C., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., Sitja-Bobadilla, A., (1991). Diplectanidae (Monogenea) infestations of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), from the Spanish Mediterranean area. Parasitol. Res., 77, 307-314. google scholar
- Görmez, Ö., Diler, Ö. (2014). In vitro Antifungal activity of essential oils from Tymbra, Origanum, Satureja species and some pure compounds on the fish pathogenic fungus Saprolegnia parasitica. Aquaculture Re-search, 45(7),1196-1201.https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12060 google scholar
- Grayson, T.H., John, R.J., Wadsworth, S., Greaves, K., Cox, D., Roper, J., Wrathmell, A.B., Gilpin, M.L., Harris, J.E., (1995). Immunization of Atlantic salmon against the salmon louse: Identification of antigens and effects on louse fecundity. J. Fish Biol., 47, 85-94. google scholar
- Harris, P.D., Soleng, A., Bakke, T.A., (2000). Increased susceptibility of salmonids to the monogenean Gyroda-ctylus salaris following administration of hydrocortisone acetate. Parasitology, 120 (1): 57-64. google scholar
- Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., Heo, M.S., (2012). Poly d l-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-encapsulated vaccine on immune system in Epinephelus bruneus against Uronema marinum. Exp. Parasitol., 131, 325-332. google scholar
- Herr, A. R., Ajello, L., Taylor, J. W., Arseculeratne, S. N. & Mendoza, L. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of Rhi-nosporidium seeberi’ s 18S small-subunit ribosomal DNA groups this pathogen among members of the protoctistan mesomycetozoa clade. J. Clin. Microbioi., 37: 2750- 2754. google scholar
- Horton, T., Okamura, B., (2001). Cymothoid isopod parasites in aquaculture: a review and case study of a Tur-kish sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus auratus) farm. Dis Aquat Org.,46:181-188. doi: 10.3354/dao046181 google scholar
- Horton, T., Okamura, B., (2003). Post-haemorrhagic anaemia in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), caused by blood feeding of Ceratothoa oestroides (Isopoda: cymothoidae). J Fish Dis., 26:401-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003. 00476.x google scholar
- Iglesias, R., Parama, A., Alvarez, M.F., Leiro, J., Fernandez, J., Sanmartm, M.L., (2001). Philasterides dicentrar-chi (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) as the causative agent of scuticociliatosis in farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus in Galicia (NW Spain). Dis Aquat Org, 46(1), 47-55. google scholar
- Iglesias, R., Parama, A., Alvarez, M.F., Leiro, J., Aja, C., Sanmartın, M.L., (2003). In vitro growth requirements for the fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida). Vet. Parasitol., 111, 19-30. google scholar
- Iglesias, R., Parama, A., Alvarez, M.F., Leiro, J., Sanmartın, M.L., (2002). Antiprotozoals effective in vitro against the scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi. Dis Aquat Org, 49: 191-197. google scholar
- Imajoh, M., Morimitu, K., Sukeda, M, et al. TaqMan real-time PCR detection and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptocaryon irritans in Nomi Bay, Kochi, Japan. Fish Pathol. 2016; 51: 103- 111. https://doi.org/10.3147/ jsfp.51.103 google scholar
- Isaksen, T.E., (2013). Ichthyobodo Infections on Farmed and wild Fish—Methods for Detection and Identifica-tion of Ichthyobodo spp. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. google scholar
- Jones, M.W., Sommerville, C., Bron, J., (1990). The histopathology associated with the juvenile stage of Lepe-ophterius salmonis on the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., J. Fish Dis., 13, 303-311. google scholar
- Kabata, Z., (1979). Parasitic Copepoda of British fishes, The Ray Society Ed. London, UK. google scholar
- Kalay, M., Dönmez, A.E., Koyuncu, C.E., Genç, E., Şahin, G. (2009). Seasonal variation of Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) infestation in sparid fishes in the Northeast Mediterranean Sea. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Animal Sciences, 33(6): 517-523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/vet-0703-12 google scholar
- Kane, S.N., Mishra, A. Dutta, A.K., (2016). Preface: International Conference on Recent Trends in Physics (ICRTP 2016). J. Phys. Conf. Ser., p. 755. google scholar
- Katharios, P., Garaffo, M., Sarter, K., Athanassopoulou, F., Mylonas, C.C., (2007). A case of high mortality due to heavy infestation of Ceratomyxa diplodae in sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) treated with reproductive steroids. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 27, 43. google scholar
- Kayış, Ş., Ceylan, Y., (2011). First report of Nerocila orbigyni (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cymothoidae) on Solea solea (Teleostei, Soleidae) from Turkish Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 11: 167-169. google scholar
- Kayış, Ş., Yandı, I., Altınok, I., Çapkın, E., (2011). Treatment by vinegar of Philasterides dicentrarchi (Cili-ophora: Scuticociliatida) infestation in cultured juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh 63: 627. google scholar
- Kitancharoen, N., Yuasa, K., Hatai, K., (1996). Effects of pH and temperature on growth of Saprolegnia diclina and S. parasitica isolated from various sources. Mycoscience, 37(4), 385-390. google scholar
- Korun, J., & Akaylı, T., (2004). Kültür levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) balıklarında parazitik bir isopod: Ceratot-hoa oestroides ve sekonder bakteriyel infeksiyonlar olgusu. İstanbul Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 30(2), 123-132. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Korun, J., Tepecik, R.E., (2005). Gill Lesions Caused by Infection of Lernanthropus spp. Blainville, 1822 On Cultured Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) Jour. Fac. Vet. Med. Istanbul Univ., 31(2), 1-8. google scholar
- Lablack, L., Rima, M., Georgieva, S., Marzoug, D., Kostadinova, A. (2022). Novel molecular data for mo-nogenean parasites of sparid fishes in the Mediterranean and a molecular phylogeny of the Microcotylidae Taschenberg, 1879. Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases, 2, 100069. google scholar
- Löhmus, M., Björklund, M., (2015). Climate change: What will it do to fish-parasite interactions? Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 116, 397-411. google scholar
- Levy, M.G., Poore, M.F., Colorni, A., Noga, E.J., Vandersea, M.W., Litaker, R.W., (2007). A highly specific PCR assay for detecting the fish ectoparasite Amyloodinium ocellatum. Dis Aquat Org, 73: 219-226. google scholar
- Le Breton, A., (1999). Mediterranean finfish pathologies: present status and new developments in prophylactic method. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 19: 250-253. google scholar
- Manera, M.; Dezfuli, B.S. Lernanthropus kroyeri infections in farmed sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax: Pathologi-cal features. Dis. Aquat. Org. 2003, 57, 177-180. google scholar
- Mendoza, L., Ajello, L., Taylor, J. W. (2001). The taxonomic status of Lacazia loboi and Rhinosporidium seeberi has been finally resolved with the use of molecular tools. Rev. Iberoam. Micol., 18: 95- 98. google scholar
- Mladineo, I., (2004). Monogenean parasites in Adriatic cage-reared fish. Acta Adriat., 45: 65-73. google scholar
- Mladineo, I., (2002). Prevalence of Ceratothoa oestroides (Risso, 1826), a cymothoid isopod parasite, in cul-tured sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L. on two farms in middle Adriatic Sea. Acta Adriat., 43:97-102. doi: 10.3354/dao057097 google scholar
- Mladineo, I. (2003). Life cycle of Ceratothoa oestroides, a cymothoid isopod parasite from sea bass Dicentrar-chus labrax and sea bream Sparus aurata. Dis. Aquat. Org., 57, 97-101. google scholar
- Mladineo, I., Hrabar, J., Trumbi c, Z., Manousaki, T., Tsakogiannis, A., Taggart, J.B., Tsigenopoulos, C.S., (2021). Community Parameters and Genome-Wide RAD-Seq Loci of Ceratothoa oestroides Imply its Transfer between Farmed European Sea Bass and Wild Farm-Aggregating Fish. Pathogens, 10, 100. google scholar
- Mladineo, I., Hrabar, J., Vidjak, O., BoAina, I., Colak, S., Katharios, P., Cascarano, M.C., Keklikoglou, K., Vol-patti, D., Beraldo, P., (2020). Host-Parasite Interaction between Parasitic Cymothoid Ceratothoa oestroides and its Host, Farmed European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Pathogens, 9, 230. google scholar
- Morsy, K., Bashtar, A.R., Abdel-Ghaffar, F., Al-Quraishy, S., (2013). Morphological and phylogenetic description of a new xenoma-inducing microsporidian, Microsporidium aurata nov. sp., parasite of the gilthead seab-ream Sparus aurata from the Red Sea. Parasitol Res., 112(11):3905-15. doi: 10.1007/s00436-013-3580-3. google scholar
- Oliver, G., (1968). Recherches Sur Les Diplectanidae (Monogenean) Parasites De Teleoteens Du Golfe Du Lion I- Diplevtaninae Monticelli, 1903. Vie et Milieu Serie A: Bioligie marine, Tome XIX- Fascicule 1-A, pp. 95-138. google scholar
- Oliver, G., (1969). Recherches Sur Les Diplectanidae (Monogenean) Parasites De Teleoteens Du Golfe Du Lion II-Lamellodiscinae nov. sub-fam. Vie et Milieu Serie A: Bioligie marine, Tome XX- Fascicule 1-A, pp. 43-72. google scholar
- Öktener, A., (2009). Caligus mauritanicus Brian, 1924 a parasite of common cultured dentex, Dentex dentex L. from Aegean Sea and parasites of cultured fishes of Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 41: 417-420 google scholar
- Öktener, A., Trilles, J.P., (2004). Report on Cymothoids (Crustacea, Isopoda) collected from marine fishes in Turkey. Acta Adriatica, 45: 145. google scholar
- Özak, A.A., (2020). Sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) of Turkey, with the discovery of Caligus quadratus Shiino, 1954 in the Mediterranean Sea and the re-description of a rare caligid copepod, Caligus scribae Essafi, Cabral & Raibaut, 1984. Syst Parasitol ,97:779-808 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-020-09953-1 google scholar
- Özdemir, G., Çelik, E.Ş., Yılmaz, S., Gürkan, M., Kaya, H., (2016). Histopathology and Blood Parameters of Bogue Fish (Boops boops, Linnaeus 1758) Parasitized by Ceratothoa oestroides (Isopoda: Cymothoidae). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,16: 585-596. google scholar
- Özer, A., (2020). Deniz balıkları ve parazitleri, İdeal Kültür yayıncılık, ISBN 978-625-7059-04-6. google scholar
- Özer, A., Öztürk, T., (2011). First report of Ceratomyxa sp. (Myxozoa) from Dicentrarachus labrax in the Ae-gean Sea and Caligus minimus (Copepoda) in the Black Sea. 16th National Fisheries Symposium, 25-27 October, Antalya, Turkey. google scholar
- Özer, A., Kornyychuk, Y.M., Öztürk, T., Yurakhno, V., (2015). Comparative Study on Parasite Fauna of the Whiting Merlangius merlangus in the Northern and Southern Zones of the Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15: 285-294. google scholar
- Özer, A., Öztürk, T., Özkan, H., Çam, A., (2014). First Report of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) in the Black Sea in a Potential Reservoir Host Chromis chromis. Fish Pathology, 49(2), 57-60. google scholar
- Öztürk, T., Özer, A., Taşkaya, G., Öz, M., Aral, O., (2010). Ichthyophonus hoferi infection in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 4(4): 304-309. google scholar
- Padros, F., Crespo, S., (1995). Proliferative epitheliocystis associated with monogenean infection in juvenile seabream Sparus aurata in the north east of Spain. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 15, 42-44. google scholar
- Palenzuela, O., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., (1999). Glomerular disease associated with Polyspo-roplasma sparis (Myxozoa) infections in cultured gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L. (Pisces: Teleostei). Parasitology, 118, 245-256. google scholar
- Pang, K., Hassett, B.T., Shaumi, A., Guo, S., Sakayaroj, J., Chiang, M.W., Yang, C., Jones, E.B.G., (2021). Pathogenic fungi of marine animals: A taxonomic perspective. Fungal Biology Reviews, 38, 92-106. google scholar
- Papapanagiotou, E.P., Trilles, J.P., (2001). Cymothoid parasite Ceratothoa parallela inflicts great losses on cultured gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata in Greece. Dis Aquat Org.,45:237-9. doi: 10.3354/dao045237 google scholar
- Paperna, I., (1977). Epitheliocystis infection in wild and cultured sea bream (Sparus aurata, Sparidae) and grey mullets (Liza ramada, Mugilidae). Aquaculture, 10, 169-176. google scholar
- Paperna, I., Colorni, A., Gordin, H., Kissil, G.W., (1977). Diseases of Sparus aurata in marineculture at Elat. Aquaculture, 10,195-213. google scholar
- Paperna, I., (1980). Study of Caligus minimus (Otto, 1821), (Caligidae Copepoda) infections of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) in Bardawil lagoon. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp., 55(6):687-706. doi: 10.1051/ parasite/1980556687. google scholar
- Pasternak, Z., Diamant, A., Abelson, A., (2007). Co-Invasion of a Red Sea fish and its ectoparasitic monogenean, Polylabris cf. mamaevi into the Mediterranean: Observations on oncomiracidium behavior and infection levels in both seas. Parasitol. Res., 100, 721-727. google scholar
- Pavic, D., Grbin, D., Hudina, S. et al. Tracing the oomycete pathogen Saprolegniaparasitica in aquaculture and the environment. Sci Rep 12, 16646 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16553-0 google scholar
- Piazzon, M.C., Mladineo, I., Dirks, R.P., Santidrian Yebra-Pimentel, E., Hrabar, J., Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., (2021). Ceratothoa oestroides Infection in European Sea Bass: Revealing a Long Misunderstood Relationship. Front. Immunol. 12:645607. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645607 google scholar
- Ragan, M. A., Goggins, C. L., Cawthorn, R. J., Ccrcnius, L., Jamieson, A. V. C., Plourde, S. M., Rand, T. G., Soderhall, K. & Gutell, R. R. 1996. A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 11907- 1 1912. google scholar
- Ragias, V., Tontis, D., Athanassopoulou, F., (2004). Incidence of an intense Caligus minimus Otto 1821, C. pa-geti Russel, 1925, C. mugilis Brian, 1935 and C. apodus Brian, 1924 infection in lagoon cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) in Greece. Aquaculture, 242, 727-733. google scholar
- Rant, T.G., (2000). An unusual form of Ichthyophonus hoferi (Ichthyophonales: Ichthyophonaceae) from yellow-tail flounder Limanda ferruginea from the Nova Scotia shelf. Dis. Aquat. Org., 18: 21-28. google scholar
- Repulles-Albelda, A., Holzer, A.S., Raga, J.A., Montero, F.E., (2012). Oncomiracidial development, survival and swimming behaviour of the monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii (Van Beneden and Hesse, 1863). Aquaculture, 338-341, 47-55. google scholar
- Reversat, J., Silan, P., Maillard, C., (1992). Structure of monogenean populations, ectoparasites of the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Mar. Biol., 112, 43-47. google scholar
- Rensel, J.E., Whyte, J.N.C., (2003). Finfish mariculture and harmful algal blooms. Manual on harmful marine microalgae. Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, vol. 11, pp. 693-722 google scholar
- Picon-Camacho, S.M., Thompson, W.P., Blaylock, R.B., Lotz, J.M., (2013). Development of a rapid assay to detect the dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Veterinary Parasitology, 196(3-4), 265-271. google scholar
- Rigos, G., Fountoulaki, E., Cotou, E., Dotsika, E., Dourala, N., Karacostas, I., (2013). Tissue distribution and field evaluation of caprylic acid against natural infections of Sparicotyle chrysophrii in cage-reared gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Aquaculture, 408-409: 15-19. google scholar
- Rigos, G., Christophilogiannis, P., Yiagnisi, M., Koutsodimou, M., Andriopoulou, K., Nengas, I., Alexis, M. (1999). Myxosporean infetions in Greek mariculture. Aquaculture International, 7:361-364. google scholar
- Saha, H., A.K., Sahu, N.P., Saha, R.K. (2016). Feeding pyridoxine prevents Saprolegnia parasitica infection in fish Labeo rohita. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 59, 382-388. google scholar
- Sanchez-Gartia, N., Padros, F., Raga, J.A., Montero, F.E., (2011). Comparative study of the three attachment mechanisms of diplectanid monogeneans. Aquaculture, 318 (3-4), 290-299. google scholar
- Santos, M.J., (1996). Observations on the parasitofauna of wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) from Portugal. Bull. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 16, 77-79. google scholar
- Sanz, F., (1992). Mortality of cultured seabream (Sparus aurata) caused by an infection with a trematode of the genus Microcotyle. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol., 12, 186. google scholar
- Sarusic, G., (1999). Preliminary report of infestation by isopod Ceratothoa oestroides (Risso, 1826), in marine cultured fish. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol., 19,110-112. google scholar
- Souza, N.A., (2015). Resposta metabolica da ostra Crassostrea gigas na presença do parasite Amyloodinium ocellatum, MSc thesis in Aquaculture and Fisheries. Universidade do Algarve, 45p. google scholar
- Shivam, S., El-Matbouli, M., Kumar, G., (2021). Development of Fish Parasite Vaccines in the OMICs Era: Progress and Opportunities. Vaccines, 9(2),179. google scholar
- Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., (2003). Experimental transmission of Cryptosporidium molnari (Api-complexa: Coccidia) to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Parasitol. Res., 91, 209-214. google scholar
- Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., (1992). Light and electron microscopic description of Sphaerospora dicentrarchi n. sp. (Myxosporea: Sphaerosporidae) from wild and cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L. J. Protozool., 39, 273-281. google scholar
- Sitja-Bobadilla, A., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., (1993). Population dynamics of Sphaerospora dicentrarchi Sitja-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1992 and S. testicularis Sitja-Bobadilla et Alvarez-Pellitero, 1990 (Myxosporea: Bivalvu-lida) infections in wild and cultured Mediterranean Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Parasitology, 106, 39-45. google scholar
- Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., (1990). Sphaerospora testicularis sp. nov. (Myxosporea: Sphaerospo-ridae) in wild and cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), from the Spanish Mediterranean area. J. Fish Dis., 13, 193-203. google scholar
- Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., De Felipe, M.C., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., (2006). In vivo and in vitro treatments against Spari-cotyle chrysophrii (Monogenea: Microcotylidae) parasitizing the gills of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquaculture, 261, 856-864. google scholar
- Sitja-Bobadilla, A., Diamant A., Palenzuela O., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., (2007). Effect of host factors and experi-mental conditions on the horizontal transmission of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) to gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., and European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). J. Fish Dis.,30, 243-250. google scholar
- Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., Padros, F., Aguilera, C., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., (2005). Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium molnari in Spanish gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) cultures: From hatchery to market size. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 131-139. google scholar
- Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., Palenzuela, O., (2012). Enteromyxum species. In Fish Parasites. Pathobiology and Protec-tion; CABI: Wallingford, CT, USA, 2012; Volume 163, p. 76. google scholar
- Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., Palenzuela, O., Alvarez-Pellitero, P., (1996). Light microscopic description of Eimeria sparis sp. nov. and Goussia sparis sp. nov. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) from Sparus aurata L. (Pisces: Teleostei). Parasitol. Res., 82, 323-332. google scholar
- Sitjâ-Bobadilla, A., Estensoro, I., Palenzuela, O., (2021). Enteromyxum leei. İn: Fish parasites: A handbook of protocols for their isolation, culture and transmission: 127-142. google scholar
- Smirnov, M., Ofek, T., Hershko, H., Ron, T.B., (2022). Common and newly discovered pathogens in the Israeli Mediterranean Sea mariculture. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 74. google scholar
- Spanggaard, B., Huss, H.H, (1996). Growth of the fish parasite Ichthyophonus hoferi under food relevant con-ditions. International journal of Food Science and Technology, 31(5), 427-432. google scholar
- Spanggaard, B., Huss, H.H, Bresciani, J., (1995). Morphology of Ichthyophonus hoferi assessed by light and scanning electron microscopy. J. Fish Dis., 18(6), 567-577. google scholar
- Sterud, E., (2002). Parasites of wild sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax from Norway. Dis. Aquat. Org., 48, 209-212. google scholar
- Stueland, S., Hatai, K., Skaar, I., (2005). Morphological and physiological characteristics of Saprolegnia spp. strains pathogenic to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J. Fish Dis., 28, 445-453. google scholar
- Timur, G., Timur, M., Karataş, S., Akayli, T., (1999). Ichtyophonus hoferi ile İnfekte Olmuş Kültür Levreklerinde (Dicentrarcus labrax) Görülen Pasteurellosis Hastalığı Üzerinde Bir Çalışma. İst. Üniv. Su Ürün. Fakültesi Su Ürün. Derg., pp.447-453. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Tokşen, E., (1999). Metazoan gill parasites of cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and sea bass (Di-centrarchus labrax L.) in Aegean Sea coast and their treatment. Ege University, Institute of Sciences, Ph.D. Thesis, İzmir, Turkey, 157 pp. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Tokşen, E., (2000). İzmir’de bir çipura (Sparus aurata) İşletmesinde İlk Kez Görülem Ichthybodo spp. Enfeksiyonu ve Tedavisi. Türkiye Parazioloji Dergisi, 24(3), 321-325. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Tokşen, E., (2004). The effect of formaldehyde baths on Trichodina spp. of juvenile sea bream (Sparus aurata L., 1758). Ege University Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 21, 31-33. google scholar
- Tokşen, E., Buchmann, K., Bresciani, J., (2007). Occurrence of Benedenia sciaenae van Beneden, 1856 (Mo-nogenea: Capsalidae) in cultured meagre (Argyrosomus regius Asso, 1801) (Teleost: Sciaenidae) from wes-tern Turkey. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol., 27(6), 250-253. google scholar
- Tokşen, E., Çilli, E., (2010). Occurrence of parasites in cultured common dentex (Dentex dentex L.) from İzmir, Turkey. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol., 30(3), 92-98. google scholar
- Türe, M., (2021). Molecular identification of Uronema marinum (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia) in cul-tured turbot (Psetta maxima) larvae. VetRes Forum.; 12(1): 121-124. doi: 10.30466/vrf.2020.110220.2614 google scholar
- Turgay E., Steinum T. M., Gül, A.E., Karatas, S., (2015). An outbreak of scuticociliatosis in cultured common dentex (Dentex dentex) in Turkey. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol., 35(3), 104-111. google scholar
- Uluköy, G., Kubilay, A. (2005). Sea lice (Caligus minimus Otto, 1821, Copepoda: Caligidae) infestation in cultured seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L 1758). Türk Sucul Yaşam Dergisi (September 28-30), p. 526. (in Turkish) google scholar
- Vagianou, S., Athanassopoulou, F., Ragias, V., Di Cave, D., Leontidis, L., Golomazou, E., (2004). Prevalence and pathology of ectoparasites of Mediterranean fish, reared under three different environmental and aquaculture conditions in Greece. J Hell Vet Med Soc.,55, 203-16. doi: 10.12681/jhvms.15147 google scholar
- Van West, P., De Bruijn, I., Minor, K.L., Phillips, A.J., Robertson, E.J., Wawra, S., Bain, J., Anderson, V.L., Secombes, C.J., (2010). The putative RxLR effector protein SpHtp1 from the fish pathogenic oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica is translocated into fish cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 310(2):127-37. doi: 10.1111/ j.1574-6968.2010. 02055.x google scholar
- Van West, P., (2006). Saprolegnia parasitica, an oomycete pathogen with a fishy appetite: new challenges for an old problem. Mycologist, 20, 99-104. google scholar
- Vaughan, D.B., Grutter, A.S., Hutson, K.S., (2018). Cleaner shrimp are a sustainable option to treat parasitic disease in farmed fish. Scientific Reports, 8, 13959. google scholar
- Villar-Torres, M., Montero, F.E., Raga, J.A., Repulles-Albelda, A., (2018). Come rain or come shine: Environ-mental effects on the infective stages of Sparicotyle chrysophrii, a key pathogen in Mediterranean aquacul-ture. Parasit. Vectors, 11, 558. google scholar
- Watanabe, Y., Zenke, K., Itoh, N., Yozhinaga, T., (2021). Functional analysis of the proteases overexpressed during the invasive and parasitic stages of Cryptocaryon irritans and their potential as vaccine antigens. Aquaculture, 540, 736657. google scholar
- Whang, I., Kang, H., Lee, J., (2013). Identification of scuticociliates (Pseudocohnilembus persalinus, P. lon-gisetus, Uronema marinum and Miamiensis avidus) based on the cox1 sequence. Parasitol. Int. 62, 7-13. google scholar
- White, V. C., Morado, J. F., Crosson, L. M., Vadopalas, B., Friedman, C.S., (2013). Development and validation of a quantitative PCR assay for Ichthyophonus spp. Dis Aquat Org, 104, 69-81. google scholar
- Wuderman, B.M., (2019). The Evalution and Development of Diagnostic Tools for the Detection of Ichthyop-honus hoferi in Fish host tissue samples. Master Thesis, University of the Western Cape. google scholar
- Wong, W.L., Tan, W.B., Lim, L.H.S., (2007). Sodium dodecyl sulphate as a rapid clearing agent for studying the hard parts of monogeneans and nematodes. Journal of Helminthology, 80(1), 87-90. google scholar
- Xie, X., Zheng, C., Zahid, A., Kong, J., Bushra, Qian D., Yin, F., Lou, B., (2021). Updating specific PCR primer for detection of Cryptocaryon irritans from reared Larimichthys polyactis. Experimental Parasitology, 223, 108081. google scholar
- Yambot, A.V., Song, Y.L., (2006). Immunization of grouper, Epinephelus coioides, confers protection against a protozoan parasite, Cryptocaryon irritans. Aquaculture, 260, 1-9. google scholar
- Yardımcı, B., Pekmezci, G.Z., Didinen, B.I., Metin, S., (2016). Ichthyobodo spp. Infection in Meagre (Argyro-somus regius) from Turkey: Parasitological and Pathological Findings. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 40: 48-50. DOI: 10.5152/tpd.2016.4577 google scholar
- Yavuzcan, H., Otgucuoglu, Ö., (2018). Ectoparasites of Sea Bass and Sea Bream Mariculture in Turkey, FABA. google scholar
- Yeler, S., (1998). Investigation of the parasites of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) under culture conditions in Bodrum. Ankara University, Institute of Sciences, M.Sc. Thesis, Ankara, Turkey, 47 pp. (in Turkish) google scholar