CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/LS32LS24.2024.005.016   IUP :10.26650/B/LS32LS24.2024.005.016    Full Text (PDF)

Pathogen Transmissions Between Farmed and Wild Fish

Menekşe Didem DemircanEylül Balcıoğlu

Which came first: the chicken or the egg? Like this old conundrum, the spread of pathogenic fish diseases in nature is complex, are they transmitted to the wild population through aquaculture or vice versa? Microorganisms can exist in the natural environment without living organisms, but the presence of living organisms’ existence increases their chances of survival as a food source. Microorganisms, presence in the water, are major component of nutrient cycle but some of them are pathogenic for aquatic organisms (Wommack and Colwell, 2000). Before going into the subject of how pathogen transmission can occur, it would be appropriate to briefly give information about the condition of microorganisms in their natural environment and how the disease occurs in fish. Afterward, addressing the problems that can be encountered in two different environments, aquaculture and wildlife, and exemplifying with the studies in the world will be the way to be followed in terms of understanding the subject.  



References

  • Alberta Environment and Parks. (2018). Whirling Disease Program Report. google scholar
  • Altuntaş, C., & Ogut, H. (2010). Monthly occurrence and prevalence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in whiting Merlangius merlangus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 88(2), 107-113. https://doi. org/10.3354/dao02161 google scholar
  • Anguiano-Beltran, C., Searcy-Bernal, R., & Leonardo Lizarraga-Partida, M. (1998). Pathogenic effects of Vibrio alginolyticus on larvae and postlarvae of the red abalone Haliotis rufescens. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 33(2), 119-122. https://doi.org/10.3354/DAO033119 google scholar
  • Araujo, G. S., Silva, J. W. A. da, Cotas, J., & Pereira, L. (2022). Fish Farming Techniques: Current Situation and Trends. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111598 google scholar
  • Arechavala-Lopez, P., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Bayle-Sempere, J., Uglem, I., & Mladineo, I. (2013). Reared fish, farmed escapees and wild fish stocks—a triangle of pathogen transmission of concern to Mediterranean aquaculture management. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 3(2), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.3354/ aei00060 google scholar
  • Arthur, J. R., Bondad-Reantaso, M. G., & Subasinghe, R. P. (2008). Procedures for the quarantine of live aqu-atic animals: a manual. FAO. Fisheries Technical Paper 502, 74. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search. do?recordID=XF2009438889 google scholar
  • Ayre, K. K., Caldwell, C. A., Stinson, J., & Landis, W. G. (2014). Analysis of Regional Scale Risk of Whirling Disease in Populations of Colorado and Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Using a Bayesian Belief Network Model. Risk Analysis, 34(9), 1589-1605. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12189 google scholar
  • Barber, I. (2007). Parasites, behaviour and welfare in fish. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 104(3-4), 251264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2006.09.005 google scholar
  • Beveridge, M. C. M. (2010). Aquaculture and wildlife interactions. Marine Biodiversity, 66, 372-393. https:// doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511752360.017 google scholar
  • Bondad-Reantaso, M. G., Subasinghe, R. P., Arthur, J. R., Ogawa, K., Chinabut, S., Adlard, R., Tan, Z., & Sha-riff, M. (2005). Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture. Veterinary Parasitology, 132(3-4), 249-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.005 google scholar
  • Bouwmeester, M. M., Goedknegt, | M Anouk, Poulin, | Robert, David, |, & Thieltges, W. (2021). Collateral diseases: Aquaculture impacts on wildlife infections. J ApplEcol, 58, 453-464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13775 google scholar
  • Cengizler, I., Aytac, N., Sahan Azizoglu, A., Ozak, A. A., & Genc, E. (2001). Ecto-endo parasite investigation on mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) captured from the River Seyhan, Turkey. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 18(1-2), 87-90. google scholar
  • Chapman, J. M., Kelly, L. A., Teffer, A. K., Miller, K. M., & Cooke, S. J. (2021). Disease ecology of wild fish: Opportunities and challenges for linking infection metrics with behaviour, condition, and survival. Cana-dian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 78(8), 995-1007. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0315 google scholar
  • Clark, T. D., Furey, N. B., Rechisky, E. L., Gale, M. K., Jeffries, K. M., Porter, A. D., Casselman, M. T., Lotto, A. G., Patterson, D. A., Cooke, S. J., Farrell, A. P., Welch, D. W., & Hinch, S. G. (2016). Tracking wild sockeye salmon smolts to the ocean reveals distinct regions of nocturnal movement and high mortality. Ecological Applications, 26(4), 959-978. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0632 google scholar
  • Colorni, A., Diamant, A., Eldar, A., Kvitt, H., & Zlotkin, A. (2002). Streptococcus iniae infections in Red Sea cage-cultured and wild fishes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 49(3), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.3354/ dao049165 google scholar
  • Demircan, D., & Candan, A. (2006). Identification of Vibrio anguillarum by PCR (rpoN Gene) associated with vibriosis in marine fish in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 30(3), 305-310. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/veterinary/vol30/iss3/4/ google scholar
  • Demircan, D., Ekici, A., Tunçelli, G., Tınkır, M., Keskin, İ., & Memiş, D. (2022). Using The Thick-Shelled River Mussel (Unio crassus) Filtering Ability for Water Treatment Process in Aquaculture Systems: an In Vitro Study on Removal of the Bacteria from The Water. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 37(4), 212-219. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE202221136891 google scholar
  • Department of Agriculture, W. and the E. (2020). Aquatic Animal Diseases Significant to Australia: Identification Field Guide 5th Edition. In Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment. http://www.agriculture.gov.au/animal/aquatic/guidelines-and-resources/aquatic_animal_diseases_signifi-cant_to_australia_identification_field_guide google scholar
  • Diamant, A., Banet, A., Ucko, M., Colorni, A., Knibb, W., & Kvitt, H. (2000). Mycobacteriosis in wild rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus associated with cage farming in the Gulf of Eilat, Red Sea. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 39(3), 211-219. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao039211 google scholar
  • DiSalvo, L. H., Blecka, J., & Zebal, R. (1978). Vibrio anguillarum and larval mortality in a California coas-tal shellfish hatchery. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 35(1), 219-221. https://doi.org/10.1128/ aem.35.1.219-221.1978 google scholar
  • Douglas-Helders, G. M., Dawson, D. R., Carson, J., & Nowak, B. F. (2002). Wild fish are not a significant re-servoir for Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis (Page, 1987). Journal of Fish Diseases, 25(10), 569-574. https:// doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2761.2002.00394.X google scholar
  • Ercan, D., Andreou, D., Sana, S., Öntaş, C., Baba, E., Top, N., Karakuş, U., Tarkan, A. S., & Gozlan, R. E. (2015). Evidence of threat to European economy and biodiversity following the introduction of an alien pat-hogen on the fungal-animal boundary. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 4(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/ emi.2015.52 google scholar
  • FAO. (2023). Guidelines on assessing and minimizing the possible impacts from the use of non-indigenous species in aquaculture. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3207en google scholar
  • Fermin, G., & Tennant, P. (2018). Introduction: A Short History of Virology. In P. Tennant, G. Fermin, & J. E. Foster (Eds.), Viruses (pp. 1-16). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811257-1.00001-2 google scholar
  • Garrabou, J., Gomez-Gras, D., Medrano, A., Cerrano, C., Ponti, M., Schlegel, R., Bensoussan, N., Turicchia, E., Sini, M., Gerovasileiou, V., Teixido, N., Mirasole, A., Tamburello, L., Cebrian, E., Rilov, G., Ledoux, J. B., Souissi, J. Ben, Khamassi, F., Ghanem, R., ... Harmelin, J. G. (2022). Marine heatwaves drive recur-rent mass mortalities in the Mediterranean Sea. Global Change Biology, 28(19), 5708-5725. https://doi. org/10.1111/gcb.16301 google scholar
  • Garseth, Â. H., Ekrem, T., & Biering, E. (2013). Phylogenetic Evidence of Long Distance Dispersal and Trans-mission of Piscine Reovirus (PRV) between Farmed and Wild Atlantic Salmon. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e82202. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082202 google scholar
  • Genc, E., Genc, M. A., Can, M. F., Genc, E., & Cengizler, I. (2005). A first documented record of gnathiid in-festation on white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) in Iskenderun Bay (north-eastern Mediterranean), Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 21(5), 448-450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2005.00640.x google scholar
  • Gibson-Reinemer, D. K., Chick, J. H., VanMiddlesworth, T. D., VanMiddlesworth, M., & Casper, A. F. (2017). Widespread and enduring demographic collapse of invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Upper Mississippi River System. Biological Invasions, 19(6), 1905-1916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1405-5 google scholar
  • Glover, K. A., S0rvik, A., Karlsbakk, E., Zhang, Z., & Skaala, 0. (2013). Molecular Genetic Analysis of Stomach Contents Reveals Wild Atlantic Cod Feeding on Piscine Reovirus (PRV) Infected Atlantic Salmon Origina-ting from a Commercial Fish Farm. PLoS ONE, 8(4), 60924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060924 google scholar
  • Gonçalves, A. A., & Gagnon, G. A. (2011). Ozone Application in Recirculating Aquaculture System: An Over-view. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 33(5), 345-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2011.604595 google scholar
  • Gozlan, R. E., Andreou, D., Asaeda, T., Beyer, K., Bouhadad, R., Burnard, D., Caiola, N., Cakic, P., Djikanovic, V., Esmaeili, H. R., Falka, I., Golicher, D., Harka, A., Jeney, G., Kovac, V., Musil, J., Nocita, A., Povz, M., Poulet, N., ... Robert Britton, J. (2010). Pan-continental invasion of Pseudorasbora parva: Towards a better understanding of freshwater fish invasions. Fish and Fisheries, 11(4), 315-340. https://doi.or-g/10.1111/J.1467-2979.2010.00361.X google scholar
  • Gozlan, R. E., St-Hilaire, S., Feist, S. W., Martin, P., & Kent, M. L. (2005). Biodiversity: disease threat to Euro-pean fish. Nature, 435(7045), 1046. https://doi.org/10.1038/4351046a google scholar
  • Groner, M. L., Gettinby, G., Stormoen, M., Revie, C. W., & Cox, R. (2014). Modelling the Impact of Temperatu-re-Induced Life History Plasticity and Mate Limitation on the Epidemic Potential of a Marine Ectoparasite. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088465 google scholar
  • Groner, M. L., Hoenig, J. M., Pradel, R., Choquet, R., Vogelbein, W. K., Gauthier, D. T., & Friedrichs, M. A. M. (2018). Dermal mycobacteriosis and warming sea surface temperatures are associated with elevated morta-lity of striped bass in Chesapeake Bay. Ecology and Evolution, 8(18), 9384-9397. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ece3.4462 google scholar
  • Güneydağ, S., Özkan, H., & Ozer, A. (2017). Scolex pleuronectis (Cestoda) Infections in Several Bony Fish Species Collected from Sinop Coasts of the Black Sea. Sinop University Journal of Natural Sciences, 2(1), 150-158. google scholar
  • Hansell, D. A., Carlson, C. A., Repeta, D. J., & Schlitzer, R. (2009). Dissolved organic matter in the ocean a controversy stim ulates new insights. Oceanography, 22(SPL.ISS. 4), 202-211. https://doi.org/10.5670/ oceanog.2009.109 google scholar
  • Hennes, K. P., Suttle, C. A., & Chan, A. M. (1995). Fluorescently labeled virus probes show that natural virus populations can control the structure of marine microbial communities. Applied and Environmental Micro-biology, 61(10), 3623-3627. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.10.3623-3627.1995 google scholar
  • Hillestad, B., Johannessen, S., Melingen, G. O., & Moghadam, H. K. (2021). Identification of a New Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) Variant in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) that can Cause High Morta-lity Even in Genetically Resistant Fish. Frontiers in Genetics, 12(November), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fgene.2021.635185 google scholar
  • Innal, D., Ozmen, O., & Genc, E. (2019). Infection of European Eel, Anguilla anguilla with the Nematode An-guillicoloides crassus from Some Estuarine Systems in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19(11), 899-905. google scholar
  • Jansen, P. A., Kristoffersen, A. B., Viljugrein, H., Jimenez, D., Aldrin, M., & Stien, A. (2012). Sea lice as a density-dependent constraint to salmonid farming. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2330-2338. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0084 google scholar
  • Jeffries, K. M., Hinch, S. G., Gale, M. K., Clark, T. D., Lotto, A. G., Casselman, M. T., Li, S., Rechisky, E. L., Porter, A. D., Welch, D. W., & Miller, K. M. (2014). Immune response genes and pathogen presence predict migration survival in wild salmon smolts. Molecular Ecology, 23(23), 5803-5815. https://doi.org/10.1111/ MEC.12980 google scholar
  • Keenleyside, M. H. A. (1979). Diversity and Adaptation in Fish Behaviour (Vol. 11). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81374-0 google scholar
  • Korun, J., Çelik, Y. S., Gökoğlu, M., & Yılmaz, M. (2019). Isolation of Some Gram-negative Bacterial Species from Naturally Infected Silver European Eel Fish (Anguilla anguilla Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 4(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.31797/vetbio.544847 google scholar
  • Kurath, G., & Winton, J. (2011). Complex dynamics at the interface between wild and domestic viruses of fin-fish. Current Opinion in Virology, 1(1), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.05.010 google scholar
  • Madetoja, J., Nystedt, S., & Wiklund, T. (2003). Survival and virulence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in water microcosms. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 43(2), 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01061.x google scholar
  • Makesh, M., Bedekar, M. K., & Rajendran, K. V. (2022). Overview of Fish Immune System. In M. Makesh & K. V. Rajendran (Eds.), Fish immune system and vaccines (pp. 1-16). Springer Nature Singapore. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1268-9_1 google scholar
  • McVicar, A. H., Olivier, G., Traxler, G. S., Jones, S., Kieser, D., & MacKinnon, A.-M. (2006). Cultured and Wild Fish Disease Interactions in the Canadian Marine Environment. In A Scientific Review of the Potential Environmental Effects of Aquaculture in Aquatic Ecosystems.: Vol. IV. google scholar
  • Meyer, A., Sadler, R., Bannister-Tyrrell, M., Gallardo Lagno, A. L., Stegeman, A., & Cameron, A. (2021). Is between-farm water-borne pathogen dissemination an important driver in the epidemiology of salmonid ric-kettsial septicaemia in Chile? Aquaculture, 530, 735751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735751 google scholar
  • Molloy, S. D., Pietrak, M. R., Bouchard, D. A., & Bricknell, I. (2010). Ingestion of Lepeophtheirus salmonis by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.11.038 google scholar
  • Noga, E. (Ed.). (2010). Fish disease—diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848600005378 google scholar
  • Ogut, H., & Altuntas, C. (2014). Survey of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in wild fishes in the southeastern Black Sea. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 109(2), 99-106. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02728 google scholar
  • Ogut, H., Altuntas, C., & Parlak, R. (2013). Viral surveillance of cultured rainbow trout in the eastern Black Sea, Turkey. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 25(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2012.732652 google scholar
  • Ogut, H., & Palm, H. W. (2005). Seasonal dynamics of Trichodina spp. on whiting (Merlangius merlangus) in relation to organic pollution on the eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Parasitology Research, 96(3), 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-005-1346-2/TABLES/3 google scholar
  • Oliva-Teles, A. (2012). Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish. Journal of Fish Diseases, 35(2), 83-108. https:// doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2761.2011.01333.X google scholar
  • Olivier, G. (2002). Disease interactions between wild and cultured fish- Perspectives from the American Nort-heast (Atlantic Provinces). Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 22(2), 103-109. google scholar
  • Özak, A. A. (2020). Sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) of Turkey, with the discovery of Caligus quadratus Shiino, 1954 in the Mediterranean Sea and the re-description of a rare caligid copepod, Caligus scribae Essafi, Cab-ral & Raibaut, 1984. Systematic Parasitology, 97(6), 779-808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-020-09953-1 google scholar
  • Özak, A. A., Demirkale, İ., & Cengizler, İ. (2012). Two new records of Myxobolus bütschli, 1882 (Myxozoa, Myxosporea, Myxobolidae) species from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 36(2), 191-199. https://doi. org/10.3906/zoo-1007-30 google scholar
  • Özak, A. A., Demirkale, İ., & Yanar, A. (2012). First Record of Two Species of Parasitic Copepods on Immigrant Pufferfishes (Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae) Caught in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. 12, 675-681. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v12_3_16 google scholar
  • Özak, A. A., Sakarya, Y., & Boxshall, G. A. (2019). Caligus adanensis sp. nov. (Copepoda: Caligidae Burmeister, 1835) parasitic on garfish, Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1760), from the eastern Mediterranean Sea, off the Turkish coast. Marine Biodiversity, 49(4), 1877-1890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-019-00949-9 google scholar
  • Ozer, A., & Erdem, O. (1999). The relationship between occurrence of ectoparasites, temperature and culture conditions: A comparison of farmed and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) in the sinop region of Northern Turkey. Journal of Natural History, 33(4), 483-491. https://doi.org/10.1080/002229399300209 google scholar
  • Özer, A., & Erdem, O. (1998). Ectoparasitic protozoa fauna of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) caught in the sinop region of turkey. Journal of Natural History, 32(3), 441-454. https://doi. org/10.1080/00222939800770231 google scholar
  • Özesen Çolak, S. (2013). The helminth community of the sand smelt (Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810) from Lake Iznik, Turkey. Journal of Helminthology, 87(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X11000770 google scholar
  • Plumb, J. A., & Hanson, L. A. (2011). Health Maintenance and Principal Microbial Diseases of Cultured Fishes (John A. Plumb & Larry A. Hanson (Eds.); 3rd ed.). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470958353 google scholar
  • Rees, E. E., Ibarra, R., Medina, M., Sanchez, J., Jakob, E., Vanderstichel, R., & St-Hilaire, S. (2014). Transmis-sion of Piscirickettsia salmonis among salt water salmonid farms in Chile. Aquaculture, 428-429, 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.031 google scholar
  • Richards, T. A., Jones, M. D. M., Leonard, G., & Bass, D. (2012). Marine fungi: Their ecology and mole-cular diversity. Annual Review of Marine Science, 4, 495-522. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-mari-ne-120710-100802 google scholar
  • Roberts, R. J., & Ellis, A. E. (2012). The Anatomy and Physiology of Teleosts. In R. J. Roberts (Ed.), Fish Pathology (4th ed., pp. 17-61). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch2 google scholar
  • Ruane, N., Geoghegan, F., & Cinneide, M. O. (2007). Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus and Its Impact on the Irish Salmon Aquaculture and Wild Fish Sectors . Marine Environment & Health Series No.30 ISSN NO : 1649-0053. google scholar
  • Şahin Taner, G., Keskin, E., & Yavuzcan Yıldız, H. (2022). A Note on Thaparocleidus caecus (Mizelle & Kritsky, 1969) (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) Detected with Morphological and Molecular Tools in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) Imported into Turkey. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 37(2), 119-122. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE20221036406 google scholar
  • Sana, S., Hardouin, E. A., Gozlan, R. E., Ercan, D., Tarkan, A. S., Zhang, T., & Andreou, D. (2017). Origin and invasion of the emerging infectious pathogen Sphaerothecum destruens. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 6(8), e76. https://doi.org/10.1038/EMI.2017.64/SUPPL_FILE/TEMI_A_12040173_SM0001.JPG google scholar
  • Sana, S., Williams, C., Hardouin, E. A., Blake, A., Davison, P., Pegg, J., Paley, R., Zhang, T., & Andreou, D. (2018). Phylogenetic and environmental DNA insights into emerging aquatic parasites: implications for risk management. International Journal for Parasitology, 48(6), 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpa-ra.2017.11.002 google scholar
  • Sauer, D. J., Heidinger, B. J., Kittilson, J. D., Lackmann, A. R., & Clark, M. E. (2021). No evidence of phy-siological declines with age in an extremely long-lived fish. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 9065. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-021-88626-5 google scholar
  • Smith, S. A. (Ed.). (2019). Fish Diseases and Medicine (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi. org/10.1201/9780429195259 google scholar
  • Starliper, C. E., & Morrison, P. (2000). Bacterial pathogen contagion studies among freshwater bivalves and salmonid fishes. Journal of Shellfish Research, 19(1), 251-258. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abst-ract/20013118629 google scholar
  • Tamer, C., Isıdan, H., Kalaycı, G., Ozan, E., Ozkan, B., & Albayrak, H. (2022). Determination of VP2 sequen-ce-based virulence motifs and phylogenetic analysis of domestic Turkish IPNV isolates. Journal of Fish Diseases, 45(2), 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13558 google scholar
  • Tang, K. F. J., Bondad-Reantaso, M. G., Surachetpong, W., Dong, H. T., Fejzic, N., Wang, Q., Wajsbrot, N., & Hao, B. (2021). Tilapia lake virus disease strategy manual. In FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1220. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7293en google scholar
  • Tanrıkul, T. T., & Çağırgan, H. (2001). Doğadaki Kefal Balıklarında Görülen Pasteurellosis Salgını. E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 18(4), 509-512. http://jfas.ege.edu.tr/ google scholar
  • Teixeira Alves, M., & Taylor, N. G. H. (2020). Models suggest pathogen risks to wild fish can be mitigated by acquired immunity in freshwater aquaculture systems. Scientific Reports 2020 10:1, 10(1), 1-12. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64023-2 google scholar
  • Tel, O. Y., İrgare, G., Karahan, M., & Keskin, O. (2007). Şanlıurfa Balıklıgöl Balıklarından Aeromonas hydrop-hila İzolasyonu ve Antibiyotik Duyarlılıklarının saptanması. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 18(1-2), 1-4. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/evmd/issue/65693/1088384 google scholar
  • Timur, G., & Timur, T. (1985). Eğridir gölü sudak (Stizostedion lucioperca L. 1758) balıklarında yüksek mor-taliteye neden olan bakteriyel hemorajik septisemi hastalığı üzerinde bir araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000000330 google scholar
  • Toksen, E., Buchmann, K., & Bresciani, J. (2007). Occurrence of Benedenia sciaenae van Beneden, 1856 (Monogenea: Capsalidae) in cultured meagre (Argyrosomus regius Asso, 1801) (Teleost: Sciaenidae) from western Turkey. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 27(6), 250-253. google scholar
  • Turgay, E., Yardımcı, R. E., & Karatas, S. (2019). Benedenia sp. Infestation Along with Motile Aeromonas Septicemia in Common Stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758). European Journal of Biology, 78(1), 1-4. http://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/journal/ejb/article/first-report-on-the-occurrence-of-invasive-macrophy-te-elodea-canadensis-michx-in-sapanca-lake google scholar
  • Wommack, K. E., & Colwell, R. R. (2000). Virioplankton: Viruses in Aquatic Ecosystems. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 64(1), 69-114. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.64.1.69-114.2000 google scholar
  • Yanez, J. M., Houston, R. D., & Newman, S. (2014). Genetics and genomics of disease resistance in salmonid species. In Frontiers in Genetics (Vol. 5, Issue NOV, p. 415). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fgene.2014.00415 google scholar
  • Yardımcı, R. E., Ürkü, Ç., & Yardımcı, C. H. (2018). Büyükçekmece Havzası Balıklarının Parazit Faunası Üzerine Bir Ön Araştırma. Erzincan Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(2), 158-167. https:// doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.410806 google scholar
  • Yildiz, H. Y. (2005). Infection with metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in ornamental fish imported into Turkey. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 25(5), 244-246. google scholar


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.