CHAPTER


DOI :10.26650/B/SS10.2020.001.04   IUP :10.26650/B/SS10.2020.001.04    Full Text (PDF)

A Panel Cointegration Study of the Effect of R&D Expenditures on Innovation: The Case of BRICS-T Countries

Hülya Bulut

In academic and intellectual discussions on how to achieve sustainable growth and development in the world, it is stated that it is not easy for countries to gain, develop and maintain competitiveness in the globalization environment and often noted that it will not be possible without Research and Development (R&D) and innovation activities. In this context, this study examines the relationship between R&D expenditures to GDP ratio and global innovation index in the scope of BRICS_T countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey). For this, panel cointegration and causality analyses were applied based on data covering the period 2007-2019. First, horizontal cross-sectional dependence between series was analyzed by the LM CD test developed by Pesaran (2004) and LM adj. test whose deviation was corrected by Pesaran et al. (2008). After cointegration coefficients were determined as heterogeneous, 1st and 2nd generation unit root tests were implemented. 1st generation unit root tests Maddala & Wu (1999), Choi (2001), and Im, Pesaran & Shin (2003) were applied; stationarity was tested by CADF test, one of the 2nd generation unit root tests; Westerlund & Edgerton’s (2007) LM Bootstrap Panel Cointegration test was utilized for detecting long-run relationship between variables. After long-run coefficient estimations were performed through FMOLS, Dumitrescu & Hurlin (2012) causality test was applied. Consequently, the statistically significant positive effect of R&D on global innovation index GII was determined. The highest effect was in China and Russia. Panel-wide, a 4.3% enhancing effect was determined. In addition, two-way causality was detected between the R&D and GII variables.



References

  • Aghion, P., Bergeaud, A., Lequien, M., & Melitz, M. J. (2018). The impact of exports on innovation: theory and evidence. NBER Working Series. Paper No: 24600. google scholar
  • Bilbao, B. O. & Rodriquez P. A. (2004). From R&D to innovation and economic growth in the EU. Gatton College of Business and Economics, the University of Kentucky in its journal Growth and Change, 35(4), 434–455. google scholar
  • Bozkurt, C. (2015). R&D expenditures and economic growth relationship in Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(1), 188–198. google scholar
  • Breusch, T. S. & Pegan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification tests in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239–253. google scholar
  • Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20(1), 249–272. google scholar
  • Coe D. T., Helpman, E., & Hoffmaister, A. W. (2008). International R&D spillovers and institutions. IMF Working Paper WP/08/104. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2008/wp08104.pdf google scholar
  • Council on Competitiveness. (1996). Endless Frontier, limited resources: U.S. R&D policy for competitiveness. Council on Competitiveness, Washington. Retrieved from https://www.compete.org/storage/images/ uploads/File/PDF%20Files/Competitiveness_Index_Where_America_Stands_March_2007.pdf google scholar
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. google scholar
  • Enos, J. L. (1962). Invention and innovation in the petroleum refining industry, in US National Bureau of Economic Research (1962), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton: Princeton University Press. google scholar
  • European Commission (2013). The innovation union scoreboard 2013. (European Union). Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius-2013_en.pdf google scholar
  • Fischer, M. M. (2001). Innovation, knowledge creation and systems of innovation. the Annals of Regional Science, 35(2), 199–216. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s001680000034#citeas google scholar
  • Falk, M. (2007). R&D spending in the high-tech sector and economic growth. Research in Economics. Elsevier, 61(3), 140–147. google scholar
  • Godin, B. (2008). Innovation: the history of a category. project on the intellectual history of innovation. Working Paper No: 1. Retrieved from http://www.csiic.ca/PDF/IntellectualNo1.pdf google scholar
  • Groves, H. M. (1974). Tax philosophers. Two hundred years of thought in Great Britain and the United States. The University of Wisconsin Press. google scholar
  • Hagedoorn, J., Link, A. N, & Vonortas, N. S. (2000). Research partnerships. Research Policy, 29(5), 567- 587. google scholar
  • Hale, T., Kahui, V., & Farhat, D. (2015). A modified production possibility frontier for efficient forestry management under the New Zealand emissions trading scheme. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 59(1), 116–132. google scholar
  • Halsmayer, V. & Hoover, K. D. (2016). Solow's Harrod: transforming macroeconomic dynamics into a model of long-run growth. The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 23(4), 561–596. google scholar
  • Holland, M. (1928). Research, Science and Invention, in F. W. Wile (ed.), A Century of Industrial Progress, American Institute of the City of New York. Doubleday, Doran and Co., 312–334. google scholar
  • Hojnik, J. & Ruzzier, M. (2016). Drivers of barriers to eco-innovation: a case study. International Journal of Sustainable Economy, 8(4), 273–294. google scholar
  • Hu, A. G. (2015). Innovation and economic growth in East Asia: an overview. Asian Economic Policy Review, 10(1), 19–37. google scholar
  • Huggins, R. & Thompson, P. (2015). Entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth: a network theory. Small Bus Economics, 5(1), 103–128. google scholar
  • Huňady, J. & Orviská Matej M. (2014). The impact of research and development expenditures on innovation performance and economic growth of the country - the empirical evidence. CBU International Conference on Innovation, Technology Transfer and Education. Retrieved from https://ojs.journals.cz/index.php/ CBUIC/article/view/454/445 google scholar
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53–74. google scholar
  • Janger, J., Schubert, T., Andries, P., Rammer, C., & Hoskens, M. (2017). The EU 2020 innovation indicator: a step forward in measuring innovation outputs and outcomes? Research Policy, 46(1), 30–42. google scholar
  • Kim, L. W. (2011). The economic growth effect of R&D activity in Korea. Korea and the World Economy, 12(1), 25–44. google scholar
  • King, A. D., 2015. Urbanism, colonialism, and the world-economy. Cultural and spatial foundations of the world urban system. Routledge Library Editions: Economic Geography. google scholar
  • Lerner, J. and Stern, S. (2019). Innovation policy and the economy. Volume 19, 1-28. Published by the National Bureau of Economic Research. google scholar
  • Leyden, D. P. (2016). Public-sector entrepreneurship and the creation of a sustainable innovative economy. Small Business Economics, 46(4), 53–564. google scholar
  • Lizuka, M., P. Mawoko, & F. Gault (2015). Innovation for development in Southern & Eastern Africa: challenges for promoting ST&I policy. UNU-MERIT Policy Brief No. 1-2015. google scholar
  • Luthar, S. (2006). Resilience in development: a synthesis of research across five decades. In Risk, Disorder, and Adaption, 3(1), 312–795. google scholar
  • Maclaurin, W. R. (1953). The sequence from invention to innovation and its relation to economic growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 67(1), 97–111. google scholar
  • Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Special Issue, 61(1), 631–652. google scholar
  • Mees, C. E. K. (1920). The organization of industrial scientific research, New York: McGraw-Hill. google scholar
  • Nunes, P. M., Serrasqueiro, Z., & Leitao, J. (2012). Is there a linear relationship between R&D intensity and growth? Empirical evidence of non-high-tech vs high-tech SMEs. Research Policy, 41(1), 36–53. google scholar
  • OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, (2005). Oslo Manual, 2005. Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data. 3rd Edition. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. CESifo Working Papers, no.1233, 255–260. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah A., & Yamagata T. (2008). A bias-adjusted lm test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105–127. google scholar
  • Pesaran, M. H. & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142 (1), 50–93. google scholar
  • Rojas, M. G. A., Solis, E. R. R. & Zhu, J. J. (2018). Innovation and network multiplexity: R&D and the concurrent effects of two collaboration networks in an emerging economy. Research Policy, 47(6), 1111– 1124. google scholar
  • Sauvé, S., Bernard, S., & Sloan, P., (2016). Environmental sciences, sustainable development and circular economy: alternative concepts for trans-disciplinary research. Environmental Development, 17. Pp: 48-56. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283171393_Environmental_sciences_ sustainable_development_and_circular_economy_Alternative_concepts_for_trans-disciplinary_research google scholar
  • Samimi, A. J. & Alerasoul, S. M. (2009). R&D and economic growth: new evidence from some developing countries. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(4), 3464–3469. google scholar
  • Segerstrom, P. S. (2000). The long-run growth effects of R&D subsidies. Journal of Economic Growth, 5(3), 277–305. google scholar
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (2003). Capitalism, socialism, and democracy. Taylor & Francis e-Library. google scholar
  • The Regulation on Application and Control for Supporting Research, Development and Design Activities published in the Official Gazette dated 10.08.2016 and numbered 29797. Retrieved from http://www.gib. gov.tr/fileadmin/beyannamerehberi/taxincentives.pdf google scholar
  • The Law on Supporting Research and Development Activities dated 28.02.2008 and numbered 5746. Retrieved from http://www.gib.gov.tr/fileadmin/beyannamerehberi/taxincentives.pdf google scholar
  • The Law on Technology Development Zones dated 26.06.2001 and numbered 4691. Retrieved from http:// www.gib.gov.tr/fileadmin/beyannamerehberi/taxincentives.pdf google scholar
  • Tiryaki, T. (2014). İnovasyon ve Türkiye’de inovasyon hakkında. Retrieved from https://docplayer.biz. tr/955838-Inovasyon-yenilesim-ve-turkiye-de-inovasyon-hakkinda.html google scholar
  • Westerlund, J. & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economic Letters, 97(3), 185– 190. google scholar


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.