References

• American Immigration Council, (2020, May 27) The Impact of COVID-19 on Noncitizens and Across the U.S. Immigration System, Special Report American Immigration Council. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil. org/research/impact-covid-19-us-immigration-system google scholar
• Askitos, N.; Tatsiramos, K.; Verheyden, B. (2020). Lockdown strategies, mobility patterns and COVID-19. Cornell University. 31 May 2020. https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.00531 google scholar
• Bajardi, P.; Poletto, C.; Ramasco, J.; Tizzoni, M.; Colizza, V.; Vespignani, A. (2009). Human mobility networks, travel restrictions, and the global spread of 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Plos One. (https://journals.plos.org/ plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016591 google scholar
• Banelescu-Bogdan,N: Benton, M: Fratzke,S. (2020 March). Coronavirus is spreading across borders but it is not a migration problem. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/coronavi-rus-not-a-migration-problem google scholar
• Bhopal R. Covid-19: undocumented migrants are probably at greatest risk. BMJ. 2020 Apr 28;369:m1673. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1673.PMID: 32345590 No abstract available. google scholar
• Bogoch, I.; Creatore, M.; Cetron, M.; Brownstein, J.; Pesik, N.; Miniota, J.; Tam, T.; Wei, H.; Hay, S.; Anema, A.; Tatem, A.; MacFadden, D.; German, M.; Khan, K.; (2015). Assessment of the potential for interna-tional dissemination of Ebola virus via commercial air travel during the 2014 West African outbreak. The Lancet. 385(9962): 7-9. https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0140673614618286?token=4C-F11A098A29E2532E035E415C2368BF12DC919A9774FCA83414DB75C42D14FF18855D241919E-079CA6E866AC448AB60 google scholar
• Capps, R & Gelatt, J. (2020, May) Barriers to COVID-19 Testing and Treatment: Immigrants without Health Coverage in the United States Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/covid-19-testing-treatment-immigrants-health-insurance google scholar
• Chishti, M & Pierce, S. (2020a). Crisis within a Crisis: Immigration in the US in a Time of COVID-19. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/crisis-within-crisis-immigration-time-covid-19 google scholar
• Chishti, M & Pierce, S. (2020b). The US Stands Alone in Explicitly Basing Coronavirus-linked Immigration Restrictions on Economic Grounds. Migration Information Source. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/ us-alone-basing-immigration-restrictions-economic-concerns-not-public-health google scholar
• Cho SY; Kang JM; Ha, YE; Park GE; Lee JY; Ko, JH; Lee, JY; Kim, JM; Kang, CI; Jo, IJ; Ryu, JG; Choi, JR; Kim, S; Huh, HJ; Ki, CS; Kang, ES; Peck, KR; Dhong, HJ; Song, JH; Chung, DR; Kim, YJ; (2016). MERS-CoV outbreak following a single patient exposure in an emergency room in South Korea: an epidemiological outbreak study. The Lancet. 3;388(10048):994-1001. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30623-7. google scholar
• Chugh, A. (2020, May 22) Will migration change how we think about migration and migrant workers?” World Economic Forum blog, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/covid-19-coronavirus-migration-migrant-workers-immigration-policy-health-securitization-risk-travel-bubbles/ google scholar
• Edelstein, M.; Koser, K.; and Heymann, D. (2014). Health crises and migration. Humanitarian Crises and Migration: Causes, Consequences and Responses. Ed. By Marin, S.; Weerasinghe, S; and Taylor, A.. London and NY: Routledge. google scholar
• Eder,S; Fountain, H; Keller, MH; Xiao, M; Steveso, A. (2020, April 15) 430,000 people have traveled from China to U.S. since Coronavirus surfaced. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/04/us/ coronavirus-china-travel-restrictions.html?auth=login-email&login=email google scholar
• Endeshaw, D & Paravicini, G. (2020, April 13) U.N. says Saudi deportations of Ethiopian migrants risks spreading coronavirus. Reuters.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-ethiopia-migrants/un-says-saudi-deportations-of-ethiopian-migrants-risks-spreading-coronavirus-idUSKCN21V1OT google scholar
• European Asylum Support Office (2020 May). Latest Asylum Trends. EASO. https://www.easo.europa.eu/ latest-asylum-trends google scholar
• Foresti, M. (2020, May 22) Less gratitude, please. How COVID-19 reveals the need for migration reform. Brookings.https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2020/05/22/less-gratitude-please-how-covid-19-reveals-the-need-for-migration-reform/ google scholar
• Guadagno, L. (2020). Migrants and the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Initial Analysis. International Organization for Migration. https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/migrants-and-covid-19-pandemic-initial-analysis google scholar
• Hafuel-Radoshitzkey, M & Heistein A. (2020), Global governance and COVID-19: why international cooperation still matters.” In Challenges of Global Governance Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. google scholar
• Hirschman, R. (2020, July 7) Number of immigrants in Singapore from 2005 to 2019. Statista. https://www. statista.com/statistics/698035/singapore-number-of-immigrants/ google scholar
• Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, Spitters C, Ericson K, Wilkerson S, Tural A, Diaz G, Cohn A, Fox L, Patel A, Gerber SI, Kim L, Tong S, Lu X, Lindstrom S, Pallansch MA, Weldon WC, Biggs HM, Uyeki TM, Pillai SK; Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):929-936. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa2001191. Epub 2020 Jan 31.PMID: 32004427 google scholar
• Human Rights First (2020, July 8) Trump Administration Expands Public Health Pretext to Block Asylum-Seekers [press release] https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/trump-administration-expands-public-health-pretext-block-asylum-seekers google scholar
• Hurst,L. (2020, April10) Germany flies in seasonal workers with strict coronavirus precautions. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/2020/04/10/germany-flies-in-seasonal-workers-with-strict-coronavirus-precautions?fbclid=IwAR3DlzAeb-ps3_IyQmr0mVttqzf8sT_qN982fEj4l2tj6EWw7ndL4ULzp3w google scholar
• International Justice Resource Center. Overview of the Human Rights Framework. International Justice Resource Center www.ijrcenter.org/ihr-reading-room/overview-of-the-human-rights-framework/. google scholar
• International Organization for Migration. (2018). World Migration Report. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/ files/country/docs/china/r5_world_migration_report_2018_en.pdf google scholar
• International Organization for Migration. (2019). Ebola prevention controls intensified at Uganda’s borders. IOM. (August 2). https://www.iom.int/news/ebola-prevention-intensified-ugandas-borders google scholar
• International Organization for Migration (2020a, May 15) COVID-19 Emerging Immigration, Consular and Visa Needs and Recommendations. IOM. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/defaul/issue_brief_2_-_ ibm_052020r.pdf google scholar
• International Organization for Migration. (2020b, June 8) Displacement Tracking Matrix -Covid19 Travel Restrictions Output. IOM. https://migration.iom.int/reports/dtm-covid19-travel-restrictions-output-%E2%80%94-8-june-2020?close=true google scholar
• International Organization for Migration. (2020c, June 19) COVID-19 Analytical Snapshot #48: Internal movements. IOM. https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/documents/covid-19_analytical_snapshot_48_-_ internal_movements_0.pdf google scholar
• Italy. Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport (2020). Coronavirus: De Micheli firma Decreto su autoisolamento a chi rientra in Italia. [Coronavirus: De Micheli signs Decree of quarantine for persons re-entering Italy]. Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport. http://www.mit.gov.it/comunicazione/news/coronavirus/coronavirus-de-micheli-firma-decreto-su-autoisolamento-chi-rientra google scholar
• Kaminski M. (2015 November) All the terrorists are migrants, An Interview with Viktor Orban. Politico.https:// www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-interview-terrorists-migrants-eu-russia-putin-borders-schengen/ google scholar
• Kenny, C. (2020, March 25). Pandemics close borders - and keep them closed. Politico. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/03/25/trump-coronavirus-borders-history-plague-146788 google scholar
• Kessler, G. (2020, April 7) Trump’s claim that he imposed the first ‘China ban’. The Washington Post. https:// www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/07/trumps-claim-that-he-imposed-first-china-ban/ google scholar
• Koh D. Migrant workers and COVID-19, Occup Environ Med. 2020 Jun 8:oemed-2020-106626. doi: 10.1136/ oemed-2020-106626. Online ahead of print.PMID: 32513832 google scholar
• McKinsey Global Institute. (2016). People on the Move: Global Migration’s Impact and Opportunity. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Employment%20and%20Growth/ Global%20migrations%20impact%20and%20opportunity/MGI-People-on-the-Move-Executive-summary-December-2016.pdf. google scholar
• Montoya-Galvez, C (2020, May 7) 20,000 migrants have been expelled along border under coronavirus directive. google scholar
• CBS NEWS. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-20000-migrants-expelled-border-cdc-order/ google scholar
• Sadarangani SP, Lim PL, Vasoo S. Infectious diseases and migrant worker health in Singapore: a receiving country’s perspective. J Travel Med 2017;24. doi:10.1093/jtm/ tax014. [Epub ahead of print: 01 Jul 2017]. google scholar
• Sandvik, K.B. & Garnier, A (2020 March 27) How will the COVID-19 pandemic reshape refugee and migration governance? Prio blog, 27 https://blogs.prio.org/2020/03/how-will-the-covid-19-pandemic-reshape-refugee-and-migration-governance/ google scholar
• Schwartz, K. (2020a July 7) I am a US citizen. Where do I go? The New York Times https://www.nytimes. com/2020/07/07/travel/american-travelers-restrictions-coronavirus.html google scholar
• Schwartz, K. (2020b, July 16) Thinking of Traveling in the U.S.? These States Have Travel Restrictions. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/travel/state-travel-restrictions.html google scholar
• Singapore. Ministry of Health Singapore. (2020, May 6). 6 May 2020 Daily Report on COVID-19. Ministry of Health Singapore. https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/situation-report google scholar
• Singapore. Minister of Manpower. (2020, May 4). Ministerial Statement by Mrs Josephine Teo, Minister for Manpower, 4 May 2020. https://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/parliament-questions-and-replies/2020/0504-ministerial-statement-by-mrs-josephine-teo-minister-for-manpower-4-may-2020 google scholar
• Statista. 2020. Singapore: Number of Immigrants. https://www.statista.com/statistics/698035/singapore-number-of-immigrants/ google scholar
• Tate, C; Deerwester,J; Hines,M. (2020, July 17) US-Canada, Mexico border closures extended into late August as American COVID-19 cases surge. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/2020/07/17/us-canada-mexico-border-closures-extended-into-late-august/5437557002/ google scholar
• United Nations. (2015, October 21) Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: A/RES/70/1 UN,2015. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld. google scholar
• United Nations (2018, July 11) Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Final Draft. UN https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180711_final_draft_0.pdf google scholar
• United Nations (2020, June). Policy Brief: COVID-19 and People on the Move. https://www.un.org/sites/un2. un.org/files/sg_policy_brief_on_people_on_the_move.pdf google scholar
• United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). International Migration 2019: Report (ST/ESA/SER.A/438). google scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2016, September 18) New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants UNHCR https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/new-york-declaration-for-refugees-and-migrants.html google scholar
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2020a). Figures at a Glance. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr. org/en-us/figures-at-a-glance.html#:~:text=UNHCR%20personnel&text=As%20of%2031%20May%20 2020,and%20sub%20and%20field%20offices. google scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2020b. May 15) Key Legal Considerations on access to territory for persons in need of international protection in the context of the COVID-19 response, https:// www.refworld.org/docid/5e7132834.html google scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees & International Organization for Migration (2020). Access Challenges and Implication of Border Restrictions. IASC. UNHCR and IOM. google scholar
• https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/2020-05/COVID%2019%20-%20Access%20Challenges%20 and%20Implication%20of%20Border%20Restrictions%20%28UNHCR%20and%20IOM%29.pdf google scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020, May 14) COVID-19 measures likely to lead to an increase in migrant smuggling and human trafficking in longer term, UNODC report finds. [press release] http://www. unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2020/May/covid-19-measures-likely-to-lead-to-an-increase-in-migrant-smuggling-and-human-trafficking-in-longer-term--unodc-report-finds.html google scholar
• United Nations Security Council, Resolution 2532 (2020) Adopted by the Security Council on 1 July 2020. https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2532(2020) google scholar
• United Nations. World Food Programme. (2020, July 17) New report shows hunger is due to soar as coronavirus obliterates lives and livelihoods. UN WFP https://www.wfp.org/news/new-report-shows-hunger-due-soar-coronavirus-obliterates-lives-and-livelihoods google scholar
• UN World Tourism Organization. (2020, April 28) 100% OF GLOBAL DESTINATIONS NOW HAVE COVID-19 TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS, UNWTO REPORTS. UNWTO. https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-travel-restrictions google scholar
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2020, June 16) Fact Sheet: DHS Measures on the Border to Limit the Further Spread of Coronavirus. DHS. https://www.dhs.gov/news/2020/06/16/fact-sheet-dhs-measures-border-limit-further-spread-coronavirus google scholar
• U.S. Department of State. (2020, October 19). “COVID-19 Related Travel Restrictions across the U.S. Borders with Canada and Mexico.” Travel Restrictions Fact Sheet. https://mx.usembassy.gov/travel-restrictions-fact-sheet/ google scholar
• U.S. White House. (2020, January 31) “Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and on Immigrants of Persons who Pose a Risk of Transmitting 2019 Novel Coronavirus.” ( January 31) https://www.whitehouse. gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-suspension-entry-immigrants-nonimmigrants-persons-pose-risk-transmitting-2019-novel-coronavirus/ google scholar
• World Bank. (2019). Leveraging Economic Migration for Development: A Briefing for the World Bank Board. Washington, DC: World Bank. 2019. pp. xvii. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/labormarkets/brief/ migration-and-remittances google scholar
• World Bank. (2020). World Bank predicts sharpest decline of remittances in recent history. World Bank Press Release. (April 22.) https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/22/world-bank-predicts-sharpest-decline-of-remittances-in-recent-history#:~:text=WASHINGTON%2C%20April%2022%2C%20 2020%20%E2%80%94,COVID%2D19%20pandemic%20and%20shutdown.5 google scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2005) Strengthening Health Security by Implementing the International Health Regulations (2005). https://www.who.int/ihr/procedures/pheic/en/ google scholar
• World Health Organization (2006, October). Constitution of the World Health Organization. WHO Basic Documents, Forty-fifth edition, Supplement. WHOwww.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf. google scholar
• World Health Organization. (2009). Influenza A (H1N1)—update 64. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_09_04/ en/index.html google scholar
• World Health Organization. (2014a). Statement at the 1st meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee on the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. WHO Media Centre. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ ebola-20140808/en/ google scholar
• World Health Organization. (2014b). WHO declares end of Ebola outbreak in Nigeria. WHO Media Centre. https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/nigeria-ends-ebola/en/#:~:text=The%20Ebola%20 virus%20was%20introduced,people%2C%20of%20whom%207%20died. google scholar
• WHO. (2019). WHO applauds Rwanda’s Ebola preparedness efforts. WHO. (July 24) https://www.who.int/ news-room/detail/24-07-2019-who-applauds-rwanda-s-ebola-preparedness-efforts google scholar
• World Health Organization. (2020a). Rolling Updates on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). https://www.who. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen google scholar
• World Health Organization (2020b). Updated WHO Recommendations for International Traffic in relation to COVID-19 outbreak. https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/updated-who-recommendations-for-international-traffic-in-relation-to-covid-19-outbreak/ google scholar
• World Bank (2020b, April 22) World Bank Predicts Sharpest Decline of Remittances in Recent History [press release] https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/04/22/world-bank-predicts-sharpest-decline-of-remittances-in-recent-history#:~:text=WASHINGTON%2C%20April%2022%2C%202020%20 %E2%80%94,COVID%2D19%20pandemic%20and%20shutdown. google scholar