Medical Informatics

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DOI :10.26650/B/ET07.2022.012.05   IUP :10.26650/B/ET07.2022.012.05    Full Text (PDF)

Medical Ontologies

Dilek Yargan, Aziz Fevzi Zambak

Medicine is a complex discipline that bears on manifold disciplines in the life sciences. Therefore, data sources for medical informatics are not limited to health and hospital records, and medical literature; these sources include gene studies, clinical reports, pharmacology studies, and other studies in the life sciences. For this reason, the primary issue of medical informatics is the integration of data, the volume of which is increasing day by day, and which is derived from a wide variety of sources and produced in various formats. Data integration requires a lingua franca, i.e., data standardization, in medical informatics. Moreover, it should be ensured that the data are machinereadable so that the conditions of machine inferencing, which enables scientific discoveries, are met in order to establish data-driven endeavors in medicine. Thus, with the support of various technologies, information retrieval and extraction, knowledge management, and knowledge production can be undertaken in medical and clinical studies. Ontologies used in information systems for decades promise to achieve these five goals of medical informatics: data standardization, data integration, information retrieval and extraction, knowledge management, and scientific knowledge production. Medical ontologies are effective technologies that are widely used in many different applications in biomedical information and knowledge management systems. They are employed to represent biomedical knowledge with reference to reality in computable formats. In order to better understand medical ontologies, it is necessary to understand ontologies as philosophy, ontologies as science, and ontologies as technique. Furthermore, their contribution to the development of medical ontologies should be appreciated: An understanding of ontology as philosophy is necessary for the correct understanding of important categories in medicine and the correct classification of reality related to medicine. Medical ontologies as science, on the other hand, should be up-to-date and benefit from the wisdom of the philosophy of medicine. Enriched theoretically by these two types of ontologies, medical ontologies, which are ontologies as technique used in medical informatics, are obtained at last. 


Keywords: medical ontology, applied ontology, data standardization, knowledge production, knowledge representation
DOI :10.26650/B/ET07.2022.012.05   IUP :10.26650/B/ET07.2022.012.05    Full Text (PDF)

Medikal Ontolojiler

Dilek Yargan, Aziz Fevzi Zambak

Tıp, yaşam bilimlerindeki birçok bilim dalı ile ilişkide olan karmaşık bir disiplindir. Bu nedenle, tıp bilişiminin veri kaynaklarını sadece sağlık ve hastane kayıtları, tıp alanyazını ile sınırlı değildir; bu kaynaklar gen çalışmalarını, klinik deney raporlarını, farmakoloji çalışmalarını ve yaşam bilimlerindeki daha başka çalışmaları da içerir. Bu nedenle, tıp bilişiminin başat meselesi hacmi her geçen gün artan, çok çeşitli kaynaklardan gelen ve çeşitli biçimlerde üretilen verilerin bütünleştirilmesidir. Veri bütünleştirilmesi ise tıp bilişiminde bir lingua francaya, yani veri standardizasyonuna ihtiyaç duyar. Bunun yanında, çağımızın veri güdümlü bilim yapma biçimini tıp dünyasında kurmak için bilimsel keşifleri mümkün kılacak çıkarımların sağlanabilme koşulu olan verilerin makine okuyabilir olmaları sağlanmalıdır. Bu sayede, çeşitli teknolojilerin desteğiyle enformasyon erişimi ve çıkarımı, bilgi yönetimi ve bilimsel bilgi üretimi makine destekli tıp çalışmalarında görülebilir. Enformasyon sistemlerinde on yıllardır kullanılan ontolojiler tıp bilişiminin bu beş hedefini—veri standardizasyonu, veri bütünleştirme, enformasyon erişimi ve çıkarımı, bilgi yönetimi, bilimsel bilgi üretimi—sağlamayı vadetmektedirler. Medikal ontolojiler, medikal öneme sahip nesnelerin, niteliklerin, süreçlerin ve bunlar arasındaki ilişkilerin gerçekliğe referansı ile biyomedikal bilgiyi makinelerde berimsel yapılarda temsil ederek biyomedikal enformasyon ve bilgi yönetiminde çok sayıda farklı uygulamada yaygın kullanılan etkili teknolojilerdir. Medikal ontolojileri daha iyi anlamak için felsefe olarak ontolojiler, bilim olarak ontolojiler ve teknik olarak ontolojilerin neler olduğu bilinmeli ve medikal ontolojilerin gelişimlerindeki katkılarına dikkat edilmelidir: Felsefe olarak ontolojiler tıpta önemli kategorilerin doğru kavranması ve gerçekliğin doğru sınıflandırılması için bilinmelidir. Bilim olarak ontoloji şeklinde üretilen medikal ontolojiler ise güncelliklerini korumalı ve tıp felsefesinden beslenmelidir. Bu iki çeşit ontoloji ile kuramsal olarak zenginleştikten sonra tıp bilişiminde faydalanılacak teknik olarak ontoloji olan medikal ontolojiler elde edilir. 


Keywords: Medikal ontoloji, formel ontoloji, veri standardizasyonu, bilgi üretimi, bilgi temsili

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