Research Article


DOI :10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982   IUP :10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982    Full Text (PDF)

The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells

Ayşe Evrim BayrakMuhammed Abdulvahid KalkanBurçak Vural

Objective: Among the functions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) are many different reactions that include the regulation of protein folding and modifications in the lumen, as well as the use of Ca+2 and glycogen storage, the biogenesis of cell membrane lipids. ER homeostasis becomes unbalanced and is recognized as ER stress by the cell. It triggers Unfolded Protein Responce (UPR) systems. Hypoxia, viral infections, unfolded protein accumulation, and some chemicals cause ER stress. Among the chemicals, tunicamycin is an antibiotic known to induce ER stress in the cell by inhibiting the enzyme GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT), which is involved in the first step of synthesis of asparagine-linked glycoproteins. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal experimental conditions for investigating ER stress in vitro.

Material and Method: The HEK293 cells were cultured at the appropriate culture conditions and treated with five different doses (0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 μg/mL) of tunicamycin for 12 hours. The morphology of the cells was evaluated with a light microscope for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours. The total RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis were performed from normal and treated HEK293 cells with 0.5 and 1 μg/mL of tunicamycin. Expressions of CHOP, BiP, GADD34, ATF4, EDEM1, ASK1, XBP1 (spliced, unspliced and total), TRAF2, HERP, and PDIA4 selected from the UPR system were compared to normal cells for the evaluation of ER stress via tunicamycin application by qRT-PCR

Results: After 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hour observations using light microscopy after treatment of tunicamycin, the morphology of HEK293 cells were preserved at concentrations of only 0.5 and 1 μg/mL. In all other doses, the morphological structures of the cells were observed to be impaired within the first hour. Relative quantitation values of BiP, ASK1, PDIA4, s-xBP1, us-XBP1, t-XBP1, HERP, and CHOP were increased significantly on HEK293 cells treated with tunicamycin as commpared to normal cells. Despite ASK1 being in the same pathway, a decrease of TRAF2 relative quantitation was observed.

Conclusion: It was found that the appropriate doses to induce ER stress with tunicamycin utilizing an HEK293 cell culture were 0.5 and 1 μg/mL. Higher doses are thought to lead to cell apoptosis.

DOI :10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982   IUP :10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982    Full Text (PDF)

HEK293 Hücreleri Üzerine Endoplazmik Retikulum Stresi Uyaranı Tunikamisinin Etkisi

Ayşe Evrim BayrakMuhammed Abdulvahid KalkanBurçak Vural

Amaç: Endoplazmik Retikulum (ER), protein katlanması ve işlenmesi yanı sıra Ca+2 ve glikojen deposu ve hücre membran lipidlerinin biyogenezi gibi fonksiyonlara sahiptir. Hipoksi, viral enfeksiyonlar, yanlış protein katlanmaları, protein birikimleri ve bazı kimyasallar hücrede, ER stresine sebep olarak katlanmamış protein yanıtı (UPR) sistemlerini devreye sokmaktadır. Bu kimyasallardan biri olan Tunikamisin, asparajin-bağlı glikoproteinlerin sentezinin ilk adımında görev alan GPT (GlcNAc fosfotransferaz) enzimini inhibe ederek hücrede ER stresine sebep olan bir antibiyotiktir. Bu çalışmada, ER stresini in vitro araştırmak için en uygun deney şartlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: HEK293 hücre hattı uygun kültür koşullarında çoğaltılarak 5 farklı dozda (0,5-1-2-5 ve 10 µg/mL), 12 saatlik Tunikamisin uygulanmıştır. 1-2-4-8 ve 12 saatlik sürelerle ışık mikroskobunda morfolojik değerlendirilmeleri yapılmıştır. Normal HEK293 hücreleri ile 0,5 ve 1 µg/mL Tunikamisin uygulanan hücrelerden total RNA izolasyonu ve cDNA sentezi yapılmıştır. Tunikamisin uygulamasının ER stres açısından değerlendirilmesi için UPR sisteminden seçilen CHOP, BiP, GADD34, ATF4, EDEM1, ASK1, XBP1 (spliced, unspliced ve total), TRAF2, HERP, PDIA4 genlerinin qRT-PCR yöntemi ile gen ekspresyonları normal hücrelere göre kıyaslanmıştır.

Bulgular: Tunikamisin uygulamasından 1-2-4-8 ve 12 saatlik ışık mikroskobunda HEK293 hücrelerinin morfolojilerinin sadece 0,5 ve 1 µg/ mL konsantrasyonlarda korunduğu gözlenmiştir. Diğer dozlarda ise daha ilk saatten hücrelerin morfolojik yapılarının bozulduğu gözlenmiştir. qRT-PCR yöntemi ile UPR-ilişkili genlerden BiP, ASK1, PDIA4, s-xBP1, us-XBP1, t-XBP1, HERP ve CHOP rölatif kantitasyon değerlerinde Tunikamisin uygulanmış HEK293 hücrelerin normal hücrelere göre anlamlı bir artış saptanmıştır. ASK1 ile aynı yolaktan olmasına rağmen TRAF2 geni rölatif kantitasyon değerinde azalma gözlenmiştir.

Sonuç: HEK293 hücrelerinde ER stresinin oluşturulabilmesinde 0.5 ve 1 µg/mL’lik Tunikamisin uygulaması uygun bulunmuştur. Daha yüksek dozların HEK293 hücrelerini apoptoza yönlendirdiği düşünülmektedir. 


PDF View

References

  • 1. Schwarz DS, Blower MD. The endoplasmic reticulum: structure, function and response to cellular signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73: 79-94. google scholar
  • 2. Oslowski CM, Urano F. Measuring ER stress and the unfolded protein response using mammalian tissue culture system. Methods Enzymol 2011; 490: 71-92. google scholar
  • 3. Martins AS, Alves I, Helguero L, Domingues MR, Neves BM. The Unfolded Protein Response in Homeostasis and Modulation of Mammalian Immune Cells. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 35: 457-76. google scholar
  • 4. Marciniak SJ, Yun CY, Oyadomari S, Novoa I, Zhang Y, Jungreis R, et al. CHOP induces death by promoting protein synthesis and oxidation in the stressed endoplasmic reticulum. Genes Dev 2004; 18: 3066-77. google scholar
  • 5. Takatsuki A, Arima K, Tamura G. Tunicamycin, a new antibiotic. I. Isolation and characterization of tunicamycin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1971; 24: 215-23. google scholar
  • 6. Yoshida H. ER stress and diseases. FEBS J 2007; 274: 630-58. google scholar
  • 7. Hetz C. The unfolded protein response: controlling cell fate decisions under ER stress and beyond. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13: 89-102. google scholar
  • 8. Tong Q, Wu L, Jiang T, Ou Z, Zhang Y, Zhu D. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated IRE1alpha-TRAF2-caspase-12 apoptotic pathway is involved in the neuroprotective effects of telmisartan in the rotenone rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 776: 106-15. google scholar
  • 9. Malhotra JD, Kaufman RJ. The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18: 716-31. google scholar
  • 10. Schroder M, Kaufman RJ. The mammalian unfolded protein response. Annu Rev Biochem 2005; 74: 739-89. google scholar
  • 11. Wakabayashi S, Yoshida H. The essential biology of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response for structural and computational biologists. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2013; 6: e201303010. google scholar
  • 12. Yirrell DL, Roome AP, Darville JM, Ashley CR, Harbour J. Comparison of the continuous cell line 293 with human embryo kidney cells and human embryo fibroblast cells for the cultivation of ocular viruses. J Clin Pathol 1983; 36: 996-9. google scholar
  • 13. RocheMolecularSystems. Universal ProbeLibrary Assay Design Center 09.07.2018; Erişim 18.07.2018, https://lifescience.roche.com/en_tr/brands/universal-probe-library.html#assay-design-center. google scholar
  • 14. IntegratedDNATechnologies. OligoAnalyzer 3.1. 01.05.2018; Erişim 18.07.2018, https://eu.idtdna.com/calc/analyzer. google scholar
  • 15. Szegezdi E, Logue SE, Gorman AM, Samali A. Mediators of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. EMBO Rep 2006; 7: 880-5. google scholar
  • 16. Shinjo S, Mizotani Y, Tashiro E, Imoto M. Comparative analysis of the expression patterns of UPR-target genes caused by UPR-inducing compounds. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77: 729-35. google scholar
  • 17. Neuber C, Uebeler J, Schulze T, Sotoud H, El-Armouche A, Eschenhagen T. Guanabenz interferes with ER stress and exerts protective effects in cardiac myocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9: e98893. google scholar
  • 18. Weichert N, Kaltenborn E, Hector A, Woischnik M, Schams A, Holzinger A, et al. Some ABCA3 mutations elevate ER stress and initiate apoptosis of lung epithelial cells. Respir Res 2011; 12: 4. google scholar
  • 19. Güleş Ö, Eren Ü. Apoptozun Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Yöntemler. Y.Y.Ü. Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 2008; 2: 73-8. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Bayrak, A.E., Kalkan, M., & Vural, B. (2018). The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells. Experimed, 8(3), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982


AMA

Bayrak A E, Kalkan M, Vural B. The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells. Experimed. 2018;8(3):71-78. https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982


ABNT

Bayrak, A.E.; Kalkan, M.; Vural, B. The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells. Experimed, [Publisher Location], v. 8, n. 3, p. 71-78, 2018.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Bayrak, Ayşe Evrim, and Muhammed Abdulvahid Kalkan and Burçak Vural. 2018. “The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells.” Experimed 8, no. 3: 71-78. https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982


Chicago: Humanities Style

Bayrak, Ayşe Evrim, and Muhammed Abdulvahid Kalkan and Burçak Vural. The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells.” Experimed 8, no. 3 (May. 2025): 71-78. https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982


Harvard: Australian Style

Bayrak, AE & Kalkan, M & Vural, B 2018, 'The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells', Experimed, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 71-78, viewed 25 May. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Bayrak, A.E. and Kalkan, M. and Vural, B. (2018) ‘The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells’, Experimed, 8(3), pp. 71-78. https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982 (25 May. 2025).


MLA

Bayrak, Ayşe Evrim, and Muhammed Abdulvahid Kalkan and Burçak Vural. The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells.” Experimed, vol. 8, no. 3, 2018, pp. 71-78. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982


Vancouver

Bayrak AE, Kalkan M, Vural B. The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells. Experimed [Internet]. 25 May. 2025 [cited 25 May. 2025];8(3):71-78. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982 doi: 10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982


ISNAD

Bayrak, AyşeEvrim - Kalkan, Muhammed Abdulvahid - Vural, Burçak. The Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activator-Tunicamycin on HEK293 Cells”. Experimed 8/3 (May. 2025): 71-78. https://doi.org/10.26650/experimed.2018. 462982



TIMELINE


Accepted15.11.2018

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE



Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.