International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.30897/ijegeo.1441082   IUP :10.30897/ijegeo.1441082    Full Text (PDF)

The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence

Seda Özarpacı

The earthquakes that occurred in Kahramanmaraş on February 6, 2023, are among the significant seismic events in Türkiye. Recorded at moment magnitudes of 7.8 and 7.6 in ten hours on East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), these earthquakes resulted in extensive destruction and loss of lives in the region. The effects of these earthquakes have been actively studied following the events, utilizing geodetic measurement techniques, particularly GNSS measurements, which are commonly employed in earthquake studies for determining tectonic movements and crustal deformations. As known, GNSS signals pass through significant atmospheric layers, namely the ionosphere and troposphere, before reaching the Earth's surface, and the influence of these atmospheric layers is evident in the results due to various error sources within these layers. One of the main limiting factors in studies such as determining crustal movements is the influence of the troposphere, as surface velocities are on the order of a few mm/yr and require high accuracy (at the mm level). In this study, changes in the troposphere during the earthquakes on February 6, 2023, were investigated using tropospheric zenith delays (Zenith Total Delay - ZTD) computed from GNSS observations. The results indicate the presence of zenith tropospheric delay anomalies at stations close to the fault rupture during and after the main shock, while no such anomalies were observed at distant stations from the fault rupture zone. This finding indicates a relationship between earthquakes and changes occurring in the troposphere.

Keywords: GNSS, Zenith Troposferic Delay, 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence, GNSS Meteorology

PDF View

References

  • Akgul, V., Gurbuz, G., Kutoglu S.H., Jin.S., (2020). Effects of the High-Order Ionospheric Delay onGPS-Based Tropospheric Parameter Estimations in Türkiye. Remote Sensing, 12, 3569, doi:10.3390/rs12213569. google scholar
  • Akılan, A., Padhy, S., Dimri, V.P., Schuh, H., Azeez, K.K.A. (2021). Co-seismic and Post-seismic Changes in ZTD and TEC of the 2015 Nepal Earthquake, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 178, 3339-3354, doi:10.1007/s00024-021-02830-y. google scholar
  • Astudillo, J., M., Lau, L., Tang, Y.T., Moore, T. (2018). Analysing the Zenith Tropospheric Delay Estimatesin On-line Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Servicesand PPP Software Packages. Sensors, 18, 580, doi:10.3390/s18020580. google scholar
  • Emre, Ö, Duman, T.Y., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., Olgun, S. Şaroğlu, F. (2013). Active Fault Map of Türkiye with an Explanatory Text 1:1,250,000 Scale. Special Publication Series. 30. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration. google scholar
  • Gazioğlu, C., Gökaşan, E., Algan, O. Yücel, Z. Y., Tok, B., Doğan, E. (2002). Morphologic features of the Marmara Sea from multi-beam data, Mar. Geol., 190(1- 2): 397-420 google scholar
  • Gürbüz, G., Koçyiğit, K. (2020). Deprem ve Troposfer İlişkisi: Şili Örneği, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 20, 065501, 10141023, doi: 10.35414/akufemubid.823640. google scholar
  • Güvercin, S. E. (2024) 2023 Earthquake Doublet in Türkiye Reveals the Complexities of the East Anatolian Fault Zone: Insights from Aftershock Patterns and Moment Tensor Solutions. google scholar
  • Hajj, G. A., Kursinski, E. R., Romans, L. J., Bertiger, W. I. Leroy, S. S. (2002). A technical description of atmospheric sounding by GPS occultation. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64(4), 451-469. google scholar
  • Herring, T. A. (1992). Modeling atmospheric delays in the analysis of space geodetic data. J. Proceedings of Refraction of Transatmospheric signals in Geodesy, eds De Munck, J. C. Spoelstra, T. A. Netherlands Geodetic Commission Publications on Geodesy, 36, 157-164. google scholar
  • Hopfield, H. S. (1969). Two-quartic tropospheric refractivity profile for correcting satellite data. J. Journal of Geophysical research 74(18), 4487-4499. google scholar
  • Karabulut, H., Güvercin, S. E., Hollingsworth, J., Konca, A. Ö. (2023). Long silence on the East Anatolian Fault Zone (Southern Türkiye) ends with devastating double earthquakes (6 February 2023) over a seismic gap: implications for the seismic potential in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Journal of the Geological Society, 180(3). google scholar
  • Lu, C., Li, X., Cheng, J., Dick, G., Ge, M., Wickert, J., Schuh, H., (2018), Real-Time Tropospheric Delay Retrieval from Multi-GNSS PPP Ambiguity Resolution: Validation with Final Troposphere Products and a Numerical Weather Model. Remote Sensing, 10, 481, doi: 10.3390/rs10030481. google scholar
  • Marini, J. W. (1975). Correction of laser range tracking data for atmospheric refraction at elevations above 10 degrees. Laser Infrared 55(4), 220-220. google scholar
  • McClusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A., Demir C., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., Gurkan, O., Hamburger, M., Hurst, K., Kahle, K., Kastens, K., Kekelidze, G., King, R., Kotzev, V., Lenk, O., Mahmoud, S., Mishin, M., Nadariya, M., Ouzounis, A., Paradissis, D., Peter, Y., Prilepin, M., Reilinger, R., Sanli, I., Seeger, H., Tealeb, A., Toksöz, M.N. ve Veis, G. (2000). Global Positioning System Constrains on Plate Kinematics and Dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus, J. Geophys. Res., v. 105, no. B3, 56955719. google scholar
  • Melgar, D., T. Taymaz, A. Ganas, B. W. Crowell, T. Öcalan, M. Kahraman, V. Tsironi, S. Yolsal-Çevikbil, S. Valkaniotis, T. S. Irmak, et al. (2023). Sub- and super-shear ruptures during the 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 earthquake doublet in SE Türkiye, Seismica, 2(3), doi: 10.26443/seismica.v2i3.387. google scholar
  • Okuwaki, R., Y. Yagi, T. Taymaz, S. P. Hicks (2023). Multi-scale rupture growth with alternating directions in a complex fault network during the 2023 south-eastern Türkiye and Syria earthquake doublet, preprint, doi: 10.31223/X5RD4W google scholar
  • Özarpacı, S., Özdemir, A., Ayruk, E. T., Farımaz, İ., Turğut, M., Yüksel, Y., ..., Çakır, Z. (2023). February 6, 2023, Mw 7.8 and 7.6 Kahramanmaraş (Turkiye) Earthquake Sequence: Insights from Co-seismic and Post-seismic Surface Deformation (No. EGU23-17624). Copernicus Meetings. google scholar
  • Özkan, A., Solak, H. İ., Tiryakioğlu, İ., Şentürk, M. D., Aktuğ, B., Gezgin, C., Poyraz, F., Duman, H., Masson, F., Uslular, G., Yiğit, C. Ö., Yavaşoğlu, H. H. (2023). Characterization of the co-seismic pattern and slip distribution of the February 06, 2023, Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) with a dense GNSS network. Tectonophysics, 866, 230041. google scholar
  • Petersen, G. M., P. Büyükakpinar, F. O. Vera Sanhueza, M. Metz, S. Cesca, K. Akbayram, J. Saul, and T. Dahm (2023). The 2023 Southeast Türkiye Seismic Sequence: Rupture of a Complex Fault Network, The Seismic Rec. 3(2), 134-143, doi: 10.1785/0320230008. google scholar
  • Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Çakmak, R., Özener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanyan, R., Nadariya, M., Hahubia, H., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., ArRajehi, A., Paradissis, D., Al-Aydrus, A., Prilepin, M., Guseva, T., Evren, E., Dmitrotsa, A., Filikov, S. V., Gomez, F., Al-Ghazzi, R., Karam, G. (2006). GPS Constraints on Continental Deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia Continental Collision Zone and Implications for the Dynamics of Plate Interactions, Journal of GeophysicalResearch-Solid Earth 111 (B5), doi:10.1029/2005JB004051. google scholar
  • Reitman N.G., Briggs, R., Barnhart, W. D., Jobe, J.A., Duross, C.B., Hatem, A. E., Gold, R.D., Akçiz, S., Koehler, R., Mejstrik, J.D., Collett, C.M., (2023). Preliminary fault rupture mapping of the 2023 M7. 8 and M7. 5 Türkiye Earthquakes. USGS: Reston, VA, USA. google scholar
  • Saastamoinen, J. (1972). Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging satellites. J. The use of artificial satellites for geodesy 15, 247-251. google scholar
  • Selbesoglu., M.O., (2019). Spatial Interpolation of GNSS Troposphere Wet Delay by a Newly Designed Artificial Neural Network Model, Applies Science, 9, 4688, doi: 10.3390/app9214688. google scholar
  • Sevgi Birincioğlu, E., Aydın, M. C., Büyüksaraç, A., Işık, E. (2024). Earthquake Risk Assessment Using GIS-Based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP): The Case of Bitlis Province (Türkiye). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 11(1), 1-9.https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1306580 google scholar
  • Solheim, F. S., Vivekanandan, J., Ware, R. H., Rocken, C. (1999). Propagation delays induced in GPS signals by dry air, water vapor, hydrometeors, and other particulates. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012) 104(D8), 9663-9670. google scholar
  • Sylvain, B., Heng, L., Teng, W., Yariv, H., Oksana, P., Tahir, M., ..., Gokhan, G. (2023). Slip distribution of the February 6, 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6,Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquake sequence in the East Anatolian fault zone. Seismica, 3(2). google scholar
  • Yao, Y.B., Lei, X.X., Liu, Q., He, C.Y., Zhang, B., Zhang, L. (2014). Anomalies of zenith tropospheric delay following the Mw 7.8 Haida Gwaii earthquake. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2, 35333559, doi: 10.5194/nhessd-2-3533-2014. google scholar
  • Zhao, L., Cui, M., Song, J. (2023). An Improved Strategy for Real-Time Troposphere Estimation and Its Application in the Severe Weather Event Monitoring. Atmosphere, 14,46, doi: 10.3390/atmos14010046. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Özarpacı, S. (2024). The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 11(1), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1441082


AMA

Özarpacı S. The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics. 2024;11(1):10-15. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1441082


ABNT

Özarpacı, S. The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, [Publisher Location], v. 11, n. 1, p. 10-15, 2024.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Özarpacı, Seda,. 2024. “The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence.” International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 11, no. 1: 10-15. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1441082


Chicago: Humanities Style

Özarpacı, Seda,. “The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence.” International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 11, no. 1 (Dec. 2024): 10-15. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1441082


Harvard: Australian Style

Özarpacı, S 2024, 'The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence', International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 10-15, viewed 23 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1441082


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Özarpacı, S. (2024) ‘The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence’, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 11(1), pp. 10-15. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1441082 (23 Dec. 2024).


MLA

Özarpacı, Seda,. “The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence.” International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, vol. 11, no. 1, 2024, pp. 10-15. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1441082


Vancouver

Özarpacı S. The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics [Internet]. 23 Dec. 2024 [cited 23 Dec. 2024];11(1):10-15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1441082 doi: 10.30897/ijegeo.1441082


ISNAD

Özarpacı, Seda. “The Investigation of Tropospheric Changes with GNSS: A study on 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence”. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 11/1 (Dec. 2024): 10-15. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1441082



TIMELINE


Submitted21.02.2023
Accepted17.03.2024
Published Online30.03.2024

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.