İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126   IUP :10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126    Full Text (PDF)

Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga)

Aslı Özkök, Monireh Bakhspour, Nazlı Mayda, Adil Denizli, Kadriye Sorkun

Background and Aims: Thanks to their high nutritional content and therapeutic effects, bee pollen and bee bread (perga) are used as a food supplement. Studies have shown that bee bread has more bioavailability than bee pollen. This situation has been explained by the fragmentation of the exine layers of pollen in bee bread in some studies. However, there is no clear microscopic study showing that the exine layer is broken. This study investigated for the first time whether the pollen grains in bee bread were fragmented in the exine layers after fermentation, in comparison with the pollen grains in bee pollen samples. Methods: Bee pollen and bee bread samples were collected from the same hives and pollen slides were prepared for examination with light and SEM microscopes. Both of the pollen slides were compared and microscopic photographs were taken. Results: No deformation was observed in the exine layers of the pollen grains in bee bread after fermentation. Conclusion: In many studies, the higher bioavailability of bee bread has been explained by the deformation at exine structure of the pollen grains. But it has not been supported microscopically in detail with both light and SEM microscopes. Our study’s conclusion was that no deformation was observed in the exine structures of the pollen in bee bread after fermentation.

Keywords: Bee bread (perga), Bee pollen, Exine layer, Microscopic analysis

PDF View

References

  • Alataş, İ., Yalçın, L.İ. & Öztürk, A.İ. (1997). The effect of pollen trap-ping on the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony development and honey field. Anadolu Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute,7, 30-42. google scholar
  • Almeida-Muradian, L., Pamplona, L.C., Coimbra, S. & Barth, O.M. (2005). Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pellets. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 18, 105-111.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2003.10.008 google scholar
  • Bell, R.R., Thornber, E.J., Seet, J.L., Groves, M.T., Ho, N.P. & Bell, D.T. (1983). Composition and protein quality of honeybee-collected pollen of Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla. The Journal of Nutrition, 113, 2479-2484.https://doi.org/10.1093/ jn/113.12.2479 google scholar
  • Bobis, O., Dezmirean, D.S., Marghitas, L.A., Bonta, V., Margaoan, R., Pasca, C. ... Bandhari, P.S. (2017). Beebread from Apismellifera and Apis dorsata, comparative chemical composition and bioactivity. Bulletin of University ofAgricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies,74, 43-50.http:// dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:12620 google scholar
  • Campbell, I.D. (1991). Experimental mechanical destruction of pollen grains. Palynology, 15(1), 29-33. google scholar
  • Campos, M.G., Bogdanov, S., de Almeida-Muradian, L.B., Szczesna, T., Mancebo, Y., Frigerio, C. & Ferreira, F. (2008). Pollen composition and standardisation of analytical methods. Journal of Apicultural Research, 47(2), 154-161.https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2008. 11101443 google scholar
  • Campos, M.G.R., Frigerio, C., Lopes, J. & Bogdanov, S. (2010). What is the future of bee-pollen?Journal of ApiProduct and ApiMedical Science, 2, 131-144.https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.4.02.4.01 google scholar
  • D’Albore, G.R. (1997). Textbook of melissopalynology, Apimondia Congress.Bucharest, Romania. google scholar
  • Doğan, C. & Erdem, S.Ö. (2018). Pollen morphology of some Are-naria taxa (Caryophyllaceae), Phytotaxa, 351, 29-40. google scholar
  • Dustmann, J. (2007). Fresh pollen offers best therapeutic and nu-tritional benefits. Paper presented at the 5th German Apitherapy Congress. Passau, Germany. google scholar
  • Erdtman, G. (1957). Pollen and spore morphology/plant tax-onomy. Gymnospermae, Pteridophyta, Bryophyta(illustrations). (An introduction to palynology. II.). Stockholm: Almqvist&Wiksell; New York, USA: The Ronald Press. google scholar
  • Fuenmayor, C. B., Zuluaga, C. D., D^az, C. M., Quicazan de, C.M., Cosio, M. & Mannino, S. (2014). Evaluation of the physicochemical and functional properties of Colombian bee pollen. Revista MVZ Cordoba, 19, 4003-4014. google scholar
  • Gilliam, M., Wickerham, L., Morton, H.L. &Martin, R.D. (1974). Yeasts isolated from honey bees, Apis mellifera, fed 2, 4-D and antibi-otics. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 24,349-356.https://doi. org/10.1016/0022-2011(74)90013-5 google scholar
  • Gönül, S. (2016). Polen fermentasyonunun fenolik bileşiklerin biyoyararlılığı ve profilleri üzerindeki etkisi [Effect of pollen fermentation on bioavailability and profiles of phenolic com-pounds]. Master Thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Turkey. google scholar
  • Halbritter, H., Ulrich, S., Grimsson, F., Weber, M., Zetter, R., Hesse, M. & Frosch-Radivo, A. (2018). Illustrated pollen terminology. Spring-er International Publishing. google scholar
  • Hall, S.A. (1981). Deteriorated pollen grains and the interpretation of Quaternary pollen diagrams. Review of Palaeobotany and Paly-nology, 32,193-206.https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(81)90003-8 google scholar
  • Herbert Jr, E.W. & Shimanuki, H.(1978). Chemical composition and nutritive value of bee-collected and bee-stored pollen. Apidolo-gie, 9,33-40. google scholar
  • Heslop-Harrison, J. (1968). Pollen wall development. Science, 161, 230-237. doi:10.1126/science.161.3838.230 google scholar
  • Howell, J. & Champie, C. (1981). Market and industrial aspects of bee pollen [USA].American Bee Journal, 121(11), 817-818. google scholar
  • Ivanisova, E., Kacâniova, M., Francakova, H., Petrova, J., Hutkova, J., Brovarskyi, V. ... Musilova, J.(2015). Bee bread-perspective source of bioactive compounds for future. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences,9, 592-598. google scholar
  • Kapp, R.O. (1969). How to know pollen and spores. Pictured Key Nature Series. Wm. C. In: Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa, USA. google scholar
  • Kieliszek, M., Piwowarek, K., Kot, A.M., Btazejak, S., Chlebowska-Smigiel, A. & Wolska I. (2018). Pollen and bee bread as new health-oriented products: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 71, 170-180. google scholar
  • Knazovicka, V., Maskova, Z., Vlkova, E., Svejstil, R., Salmonova, H., Ivanisova, E. . Tokar, M.(2019). Pollen can testing of bee pollen fermentation in model conditions.Journal of Microbiology, Bio-technology and Food Sciences, 9,805-811. https://doi: 10.15414/ jmbfs.2018.8.2.805-811 google scholar
  • Komosinska-Vassev, K., Olczyk, P., Kazmierczak, J., Mencner, L. & Olczyk, K.(2015). Bee pollen: chemical composition and thera-peutic application.Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015,297425.https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/297425 Markiewicz-Zukowska, R., Naliwajko, S.K., Bartosiuk, E., Moskwa, J., Isidorov, V., Soroczynska, J. & Borawska, M.H. (2013). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of beebread, and its influ-ence on the glioblastoma cell line (U87MG).Journal of Apicultural Science, 57,147-157.https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2013-0025 Martin, P.S.,& Byers, W. (1965). Pollen and archaeology at Wetherill Mesa. Memoirs of Society for American Archaeology. American Antiquity, 31(2), 122-135. google scholar
  • Mayda, N., Özkök, A.,Bayram, N.E., Gerçek, Y.C. & Sorkun, K. (2020). Bee bread and bee pollen of different plant sources: Determi-nation of phenolic content, antioxidant activity, fatty acid and element profiles. Journal of Food Measurement and Characteriza-tion,1,1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00427-y google scholar
  • Morais, M., Moreira, L., Feas, X. & Estevinho, L.M. (2011). Honey-bee-collected pollen from five Portuguese Natural Parks: Palyno-logical origin, phenolic content, antioxidant properties and an-timicrobial activity.Food and Chemical Toxicology,49,1096-1101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.01.020 google scholar
  • Morgan, R., Flynn, J., Sena, V. & Bull, P. (2014). Experimental foren-sic studies of the preservation of pollen in vehicle fires. Science & Justice, 54, 141-145.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2013.04.001 Mutsaers, M., Blitterswijk, H., Leven, L., Kerkvliet, J. & Waerdt, J.(2005). Bee products: properties, processing and marketing, Wa-geningen, Netherlands: Agromisa Foundation / Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). google scholar
  • Nagai, T., Nagashima, T., Myoda, T. & Inoue, R. (2004). Preparation and functional properties of extracts from bee bread. Food/Nah-rung, 48, 226-229.https://doi.org/10.1002/food.200300421 Olofsson, T.C. & Vasquez, A. (2008). Detection and identification of a novel lactic acid bacterial flora within the honey stomach of the honeybee Apis mellifera.Current Microbiology, 57,356-363. google scholar
  • Özkök, A. (Ed.) (2018). Türkiye’de hızla büyüyen sektör: Arı ürünlerine genel bir bakış [Fast growing sector in Turkey: An overview of bee products].Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Turkey: Palme Yayıncılık. google scholar
  • Silici S. (2014). Bee pollen and bee bread, Uludağ Bee Journal, 14,99-105.https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.376901 google scholar
  • Southworth, D. (1990). Exine biochemistry, microspores: Evolu-tion and ontogeny. In S. Blackmore & R.B. Knox (Eds.), Microspores Evolution and Ontogeny(pp.193-212). London, UK:Academic Press. google scholar
  • Standifer, L. (1980). Honey bee nutrition and supplemental feed-ing. Beekeeping in the United States Agriculture Handbook, 335,3945. google scholar
  • Twiddle, C.,& Bunting, M.(2010). Experimental investigations into the preservation of pollen grains: a pilot study of four pol-len types. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 162, 621-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.08.003 google scholar
  • Wiermann, R. & Gubatz, S. (1992). Pollen wall and sporopol-lenin. International Review of Cytology, 140,35-72.https://doi. org/10.1016/S0074-7696(08)61093-1 google scholar
  • Zuluaga, C.M., Serratob, J.C. & Quicazana, M.C. (2015). Chemical, nutritional and bioactive characterization of Colombian bee-bread. Chemical Engineering Journal, 43,175-180. https://doi. org/10.3303/CET1543030. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Özkök, A., Bakhspour, M., Mayda, N., Denizli, A., & Sorkun, K. (2022). Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga). İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 52(2), 187-191. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126


AMA

Özkök A, Bakhspour M, Mayda N, Denizli A, Sorkun K. Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga). İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy. 2022;52(2):187-191. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126


ABNT

Özkök, A.; Bakhspour, M.; Mayda, N.; Denizli, A.; Sorkun, K. Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga). İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, [Publisher Location], v. 52, n. 2, p. 187-191, 2022.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Özkök, Aslı, and Monireh Bakhspour and Nazlı Mayda and Adil Denizli and Kadriye Sorkun. 2022. “Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga).” İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 52, no. 2: 187-191. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126


Chicago: Humanities Style

Özkök, Aslı, and Monireh Bakhspour and Nazlı Mayda and Adil Denizli and Kadriye Sorkun. “Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga).” İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 52, no. 2 (May. 2024): 187-191. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126


Harvard: Australian Style

Özkök, A & Bakhspour, M & Mayda, N & Denizli, A & Sorkun, K 2022, 'Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga)', İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 187-191, viewed 18 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Özkök, A. and Bakhspour, M. and Mayda, N. and Denizli, A. and Sorkun, K. (2022) ‘Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga)’, İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 52(2), pp. 187-191. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126 (18 May. 2024).


MLA

Özkök, Aslı, and Monireh Bakhspour and Nazlı Mayda and Adil Denizli and Kadriye Sorkun. “Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga).” İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 52, no. 2, 2022, pp. 187-191. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126


Vancouver

Özkök A, Bakhspour M, Mayda N, Denizli A, Sorkun K. Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga). İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy [Internet]. 18 May. 2024 [cited 18 May. 2024];52(2):187-191. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126 doi: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126


ISNAD

Özkök, Aslı - Bakhspour, Monireh - Mayda, Nazlı - Denizli, Adil - Sorkun, Kadriye. “Microscopic examination and comparison of exine layer of bee pollen and bee bread (Perga)”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 52/2 (May. 2024): 187-191. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2022.932126



TIMELINE


Submitted07.05.2021
Accepted29.04.2022
Published Online29.08.2022

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.