İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004   IUP :10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004    Full Text (PDF)

The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201

Gül Özhan, Esra Nişikli, Müzeyyen Çeliksöz Akar

Synthetic cannabinoid abuse has become more common in recent years, although knowledge about the risk of the relatively new synthetic cannabinoid molecules is not adequate. Data is limited and analytical methods and case reports related to the clinical effects of this substance are recent and new. The studies are generally related to the cardiac effects of first defined molecules rather than every molecule in the group. The cardiac clinical effects of synthetic cannabinoid abuse and its underlying mechanisms are not certain. In this regard, this study aims to investigate AM-2201, one of synthetic cannabinoids, because knowledge related to AM-2201 is less than the others in this group. The cardiotoxicity and underlying mechanisms of AM-2201 were assessed on cardiac cell culture. The half-maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) values were 101.49 and 63.33 µM by WST-1 and LDH assays. AM-2201 did not induced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Correlatively, no change was observed in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. As to the measurements, Annexin V-FITC and acridine orange dye, AM-2201 did not induce apoptosis and the primary cell death was necrosis. According to our results, further studies such as mechanism on cell death and cancer pathways should be investigated.

Keywords: AM-2201, apoptosis, cardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, synthetic cannabinoid

PDF View

References

  • Aksel G, Oner Bozan O, Kayacı M, Guneysel O, Sezgin SB (2015). Rising threat; bonsai. Turk J Emerg Med 15: 75-78. google scholar
  • Almada M, Costa L, Fonseca BM, Amaral C, Teixeirab N, Correia-da Silva G (2017). The synthetic cannabinoid WIN-55,212 induced-apoptosis in cytotrophoblasts cells by a mechanism dependent on CB1 receptor. Toxicol 385: 67-73. google scholar
  • Atik SU, Dedeoğlu R, Varol F, Çam H, Eroğlu AG, Saltık L (2015). Cardiovascular side effects related with use of synthetic cannabinoids “bonzai”: two case reports. Turk Pediatri Ars 50: 61-64. google scholar
  • Castellanos D and Gralnik LM (2016). Synthetic cannabinoids 2015: an update for pediatricians in clinical practice. World J Clin Pediatr 5: 16-24. google scholar
  • Castaneto MS, Gorelick DA, Desrosiers NA, Hartman RL, Pirard S, Huestis MA (2014). Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depen 144: 12-41. google scholar
  • Cooper ZD (2016). Adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids: management of acute toxicity and withdrawal. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18: 52-71. google scholar
  • Couceiro J, Bandarra S, Sultan H, Bell S, Constantino S, Quintas A (2016). Toxicological impact of JWH-018 and its phase I metabolite N-(3-hydroxypentyl) on human cell lines. Forensic Sci Int 264: 100-105. google scholar
  • Debruyne D and Boisselier RL (2015). Emerging drugs of abuse: current perspectives on synthetic cannabinoids. Subst Abuse Rehabil 6: 113-129. google scholar
  • Gözüaçık D (2011). Otofaji analiz yöntemleri ve uygulama aşamaları. In S. Koçtürk & H. S. Vatansever, eds. Hücre Ölümü Araştırma Teknikleri. İzmir: Dokuz Eylul University Press, 129-141. google scholar
  • Hess C, Schoeder CT, Pillaiyar T, Madea B, Müller CE (2016). Pharmacological evaluation of synthetic cannabinoids identified as constituents of spice. Forensic Toxicol 34: 329-343. google scholar
  • Ibrahim S, Al-Saffar F, Wannenburg T (2014). A unique case of cardiac arrest following K2 abuse. Case Reports in Cardiology Article ID 120607: 1-3. google scholar
  • McKeever RG, Vearrier D, Jacobs D, LaSala GL, Okaneku J, Greenberg MI (2015). K2-not the spice of life; synthetic cannabinoids and ST elevation myocardial infarction: A case report. J Med Toxicol 11: 129-131. google scholar
  • Mitou G, Budak H, Gozuacik D (2009). Techniques to study autophagy in plants. Int J Plant Genom 2015, Article ID 451357: 1-14. google scholar
  • Rajesh M, Mukhopadhyay P, Haskó G, Liaudet L, Mackie K, Pacher P (2010). Cannabinoid-1 receptor activation induces reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and cell death in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 160: 688-700. google scholar
  • Tomiyama K and Funada M (2011). Cytotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids found in “Spice” products: The role of cannabinoid receptors and the caspase cascade in the NG 108-15 cell line. Toxicol Lett 207: 12-17. google scholar
  • Tomiyama K and Funada M (2014). Cytotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids on primary neuronal cells of the forebrain: the involvement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors and apoptotic cell death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 274: 17-23. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Özhan, G., Nişikli, E., & Çeliksöz Akar, M. (0001). The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 49(3), 121-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004


AMA

Özhan G, Nişikli E, Çeliksöz Akar M. The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy. 0001;49(3):121-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004


ABNT

Özhan, G.; Nişikli, E.; Çeliksöz Akar, M. The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, [Publisher Location], v. 49, n. 3, p. 121-124, 0001.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Özhan, Gül, and Esra Nişikli and Müzeyyen Çeliksöz Akar. 0001. “The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201.” İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 49, no. 3: 121-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004


Chicago: Humanities Style

Özhan, Gül, and Esra Nişikli and Müzeyyen Çeliksöz Akar. “The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201.” İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 49, no. 3 (Nov. 2024): 121-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004


Harvard: Australian Style

Özhan, G & Nişikli, E & Çeliksöz Akar, M 0001, 'The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201', İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 121-124, viewed 15 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Özhan, G. and Nişikli, E. and Çeliksöz Akar, M. (0001) ‘The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201’, İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 49(3), pp. 121-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004 (15 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Özhan, Gül, and Esra Nişikli and Müzeyyen Çeliksöz Akar. “The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201.” İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, vol. 49, no. 3, 0001, pp. 121-124. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004


Vancouver

Özhan G, Nişikli E, Çeliksöz Akar M. The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy [Internet]. 15 Nov. 2024 [cited 15 Nov. 2024];49(3):121-124. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004 doi: 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004


ISNAD

Özhan, Gül - Nişikli, Esra - Çeliksöz Akar, Müzeyyen. “The assessment of in vitro cardiotoxic potentials for synthetic cannabinoid, AM-2201”. İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy 49/3 (Nov. 2024): 121-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.19004



TIMELINE


Accepted28.08.2019

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.