darulfunun ilahiyat

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913   IUP :10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913    Full Text (PDF)

Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition

Merve Susuz Aygül

The Zen tradition defines itself as a teaching and truth that is beyond words and language. According to Zen masters, Zen truth cannot be explained in words or language, nor can it be understood through the dualistic thought structure. Despite this negative attitude towards words and language, the concept of sacred texts has developed in the Zen tradition, with a rich corpus having emerged. The focus of the article is on the place of sacred texts in the Zen tradition. The article accepts the thesis that, despite the Zen tradition’s negative attitudes toward language and words, the concept of sacred texts exists within it and overlaps with other religious traditions. Just as in other religious traditions, the Zen tradition has texts that are accepted as being sacred. Like any other tradition, however, the Zen concept of sacred texts has also been accepted as having its own unique aspects. In this context, the main claims of the article are that the literature of Zen sacred texts consists of two basic categories with different functions; that even though Zen negates language, it manifests itself through words and gains existence through texts in the minds, lives, and history of its accepters; and that sacred texts are also ritual objects and objects of worship in the Zen tradition.

Keywords: History of Religions, Zen Buddhism, Sacred text, Sutra, Lineage, Monastery rules
DOI :10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913   IUP :10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913    Full Text (PDF)

Zen ve Kelimeler -Zen Geleneğinde Kutsal Metin-

Merve Susuz Aygül

Zen Budist geleneğinde kelimelere ve dile yönelik negatif bir bakış açısı benimsenmektedir. Kelimelerin ve dilin Zen’in aşkın hakikatini açıklama ve aktarmada yetersiz kaldığı kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte Zen geleneği kendini metinler aracılığıyla var etmektedir ve Zen geleneğinde kutsal kabul edilen onlarca metin bulunmaktadır. Kelimeler ve dile yönelik bu tür bir bakış açısına sahip olan Zen geleneğinde kutsal metnin yerinin ne olduğu bu makalenin konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Makalede Zen geleneğinin dil ve kelimelere yönelik olumsuz tavrına rağmen, temel olarak diğer dini geleneklerle örtüşen bir kutsal metin anlayışının olduğu tezi kabul edilmektedir. Diğer dini geleneklere benzer şekilde Zen geleneğinde de kutsal kabul edilen metinler bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Zen’in kutsal metin anlayışının kendine özgü taraflarının bulunduğu da kabul edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Zen kutsal metin literatürünün farklı fonksiyonlara sahip temel iki kategoriden oluştuğu; her ne kadar dili olumsuzlasa da Zen’in kendini kelimeler vasıtasıyla var ettiği, muhataplarının zihninde, hayatında ve tarih sahnesinde metinler aracılığıyla varlık kazandığı; Zen geleneğinde kutsal metnin aynı zamanda bir ritüel objesi ve tapım objesi olduğu bu makalenin temel iddialarıdır. Tüm bu iddialar kutsal metinlerin Zen’in en önemli yapı taşlarından biri olduğu sonucunu destekler niteliktedir

Keywords: Dinler Tarihi, Zen Budizmi, Kutsal metin, Silsile, Manastır kuralları metinleri, Sutralar

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


The Zen tradition defines itself as a teaching and truth that is beyond words and language. According to Zen masters, Zen truth cannot be explained in words nor be expressed in language, and neither can it be understood through the dualistic mind structure that is the basis of language. Language and words reduce Zen truth to the human world and the ordinary everyday context, which means that the truth is lost. However, the history of Zen shows that the attitude toward the sacred texts that are the product of language has not developed at all in line with the understanding that Zen is a transcendent truth beyond words. Zen uses words and language as much as any other religious tradition and constructs itself through words and language. Therefore, despite its negative attitude towards words, language, and logical thought, the concept of sacred texts has developed in the Zen tradition, and a rich corpus of sacred texts has emerged. 

The focus of the article is on the place of sacred texts in the Zen tradition, and the article will discuss how Zen’s negative attitude toward language and words has affected its conceptualization of sacred texts. The article accepts the thesis that, despite the negative attitude the Zen tradition has toward language and words, it has a basic concept of sacred texts that overlaps with other religious traditions. Like these other religious traditions, the Zen tradition also has texts that are accepted as sacred. However, the Zen concept of sacred texts has also been accepted as having its own unique aspects. In this context, the main claims of this article are that the literature on Zen sacred texts consists of two basic categories with different functions, and even though Zen negates language, it manifests itself through words and has gained a presence in history, and in the minds and lives of its accepters. In addition, the sacred texts are also ritual objects and objects of worship in the Zen tradition.

The sacred texts accepted in the Zen tradition consist of two basic categories with different functions. The first category involves the texts on which the Zen tradition has been built and through which has gained existence. These are the texts of the denglu genre that contain the lineage narratives and texts of the lives and teachings of Zen masters and the texts of the yu-lu genre that contain the sermons and sayings of Zen masters, monastery rules texts, and collections of kōan. These texts are the foundation of the existence of Zen as a sacred truth. Through these texts, the Zen tradition bases its origins, history, lineage, and important figures, in short, the foundations of its existence, on Buddha and Buddha’s enlightenment. These texts not only provide Zen a reality in history but also enable Zen to become a sacred truth. The Zen that these texts create is not just a tradition that has existed in history but also a transcendent truth as the most essential and truest expression of Buddha’s teachings. The importance and sacredness of these texts also come from here, as they are the foundation of what is Zen.

The second category of the corpus of sacred texts in the Zen tradition is the Buddhist texts. The Mahayana sutras, such as the Lotus Sutra, the Vimalakirti Sutra, and the Prajnaparamita literature, as well as the esoteric dharani and sutras, are the main Buddhist texts that Zen accepts as sacred. The main function of the texts in this category is not to provide a basis to the Zen tradition, even though Zen masters have made references to these texts in their own writings. Instead, these texts have an important place in the Zen tradition as ritual objects. Sutras in particular have been widely used in the daily, monthly, and annual ritual routines of monastic life, as well as in the rituals of the laity; these texts have also been the subject of traditional rituals involving such things as reading, memorizing, explaining, and preaching. Moreover, these texts have been used as ritual objects in rarer rituals such as burials, blood writing, and writing on the body. Esoteric texts such as sutras are considered to be texts with the power and sanctity to provide both worldly and spiritual gains, so they also have been frequently used in both monastic routines and the religious life of the laity.

The Buddhist sutras, the esoteric texts, and the texts that the Zen tradition itself is based on (i.e., koans and some texts on monastery rules) and which are attributed sacredness by the Zen tradition for different reasons have not only been accepted as sacred and important but have also been ritualized and put into practice in Zen. In other words, they have penetrated the tradition in a more concrete way by becoming ritual objects. These texts have also ensured that their presence in the lives of the tradition’s accepters in a more pronounced and effective way. Monks and laity believe these texts to have a supreme power and sanctity, and therefore making these texts the object of rituals has many worldly and spiritual benefits. Thus, the texts and the teachings contained in them have become practices and rituals in the lives of Zen’s followers. Truly this situation has caused the contents of the texts to recede into the background over time, and the texts ritualized within detailed rules to have been transformed into sacred objects. In rituals such as sutra readings, sutra burials, and dharani readings, the focus is on the power and sanctity that the text has as a ritual object, rather than on what the text says. This is true for the texts on monastery rules as well, as these have become the objects of rituals because of their importance. The upavasa ritual, which was originally performed to prevent any violation of monastery rules, had begun being performed over time due to the sanctity provided by reading the rules. The fact that the texts have become ritual objects separate from their content does not mean that they are less important. On the contrary, the texts as ritual objects are believed to have the utmost importance and sanctity. They have been respected and honored for this sanctity and have been the subject of worship rituals such as offerings to sutras.


PDF View

References

  • Adamek, Wendi. “The Lidai fabao ji (Records of the Dharma-Jewel through the Ages).” The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classical Texts. ed.Steven Heine ve Dale S. Wright. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004): 81-106. google scholar
  • Ahn, Juhn Y. “Hakuin.” The Dao Companion to Japanese Buddhist Philosophy, ed.Gereon Kopf, Springer, 2019. google scholar
  • Arslan, Hammet. Kutsal Metinlere Göre Budizm’de Manastır Hayatı. Tibyan Yay, 2015. google scholar
  • Baroni, Helen J., Obaku Zen: The Emergence of the Third Sect of Zen in Tokugawa Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000. google scholar
  • Beating the Cloth Drum The Letters of Zen Master Hakuin. çev.Norman Waddell, Shambala, 2012. google scholar
  • Beghi, Clemente. “The Dissemination of Esoteric Scriptures in Eighth- Century Japan.” Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. ed.Charles D. Orzech, Leiden: Brill, 2011. google scholar
  • Bielefeldt, Carl. “Expedient Devices, the One Vehicle, and the Life Span of the Buddha.” Readings of the Lotus Sutra. ed.Stephen F. Teiser ve Jacqueline I. Stone, New York: Colombia University Press, 2009. google scholar
  • Blair, Heather. Real and Imagined:The Peak of Gold in Heian Japan. USA:Harward University Asia Center, 2015. google scholar
  • Bodiford, William E. “Kokan Shiren’s Zen Precept Procedures.” Religions of Japan in Practice. ed.Donald S. Lopez, USA:Princeton University Press, 1999. google scholar
  • Bodiford, William M. “Zen and Ezoteric Buddhism.” Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. ed.Charles D. Orzech, Leiden: Brill, 2011. google scholar
  • Bodiford, William M.. Sötö Zen inMedieval Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993. google scholar
  • Buddhist Wisdom Books; The Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra. çev.Edward Conze, London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1988. google scholar
  • Chang, Chen-Chi. The Practice of Zen. New York: Harper& Brothers, 1959. google scholar
  • Chiew, Hui Ho, “Imagining the Beginnings of the Cult of the Diamond Sutra.” International Journal of Chan Buddhism and Human Civilization, no.1, (2016), 5-36. google scholar
  • Complete Poison Blossoms from a Thicket of Thorn: The Zen Records of Hakuin Zenji. çev.Norman Waddell, Counterpoint, 2017. google scholar
  • Copp, Paul. “Dhârani Scriptures.” Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. ed.Charles D. Orzech, Leiden: Brill, 2011. google scholar
  • Dögen. Dögen s Pure Standarts for the Zen Community A Translation of the Eihei Shingi. çev.Taigen Daniel Leighton ve Shohaku Okumura, New York: State University of New York Press, 1996. google scholar
  • Dögen, Shöbögenzö The True Dharma-Eye Treasury. Vol.IV, çev.Gudo Wafu Nishijima ve Chodo Cross, USA: BDK America, 2008. google scholar
  • Dögen. Dögen’s Extensive Records, A Translation of the Eihei Köroku, çev.Taigen Dan Leighton ve Shohaku Okumura, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2010. google scholar
  • Dögen. Shöbögenzö The True Dharma-Eye Treasury. Vol.III, çev.Gudo Wafu Nishijima ve Chodo Cross, USA: BDK America, 2008. google scholar
  • Dögen. Shöbögenzö: The True Dharma-Eye Treasury. Vol.1, çev.Gudo Wafu Nishijima ve Chodo Cross, USA: BDK America, 2007. google scholar
  • Dögen. Shöbögenzö: The True Dharma-Eye Treasury. Vol.II, çev.Gudo Wafu Nishijima ve Chodo Cross, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2008. google scholar
  • Döll, Steffen. “Identity in a Diagram: Autheticity, Transmission, and Lineage in the Chan/Zen Tradition”, ed.Mario Poceski. Communities of Memory and Interpretation. Bochum/Freiburg: Hamburg Buddhist Studies, 2018. google scholar
  • Duanji. “Essentials of the Transmission of Mind”, John R. McRae (çev.), Zen Texts, BDK America, 2005. google scholar
  • Dumoulin, Heinrich. A History of Zen Buddhism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1963. google scholar
  • Dumoulin, Heinrich. Zen Buddhism: A History India and China. çev.James W. Heisig ve Paul Knitter, Indiana: World Wisdom, 2005. google scholar
  • Eisai, “A Treatise on Letting Zen Flourish.” Zen Texts. çev.Gishin Tokiwa. USA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2005. google scholar
  • Elmas Sutra. çev.Korhan Kaya, Sujala Yayıncılık, 2018. google scholar
  • Endö, Asai. “The Lotus Sutra as the Core of Japanese Buddhism.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 41/1 (2014), 45-64 . google scholar
  • Fister, Patricia. “Visual Culture in Japan’s Imperial Rinzai Zen Convents.” Zen and Material Culture. ed.Pamela D. Winfield ve Steven Heine, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. google scholar
  • Foulk, Griffith. ““Rules of Purity” in Japanese Zen.” Zen Classics: Formative Texts in the History of Zen Buddhism. UK: Oxford University Press, 2006. google scholar
  • Foulk, Griffith. “Chanyuan ginggui and Other “Rules of Purity” in Chinese Buddhism.” The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classical Texts. ed.Steven Heine ve Dale S. Wright, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. google scholar
  • Foulk, T. Griffith. “Ritual in Japanese Zen Buddhism.” Zen Ritual: Studies of Zen Buddhist Theory in Practice. ed.Steven Heine ve Dale S. Wright, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. google scholar
  • Foulk, T. Griffith. “The Form and The Function of Koan Literature: A Historical Overview.” The Köan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism. ed.Steven Heine ve Dale S.Wright, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. google scholar
  • Groner, Paul ve Jacqueline I. Stone. “The Lotus Sutra in Japan; Editor’s Introduction.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. Vol:41-1 (2014), 1-23. google scholar
  • Güvenç, Bozkurt. Japon Kültürü. 2. bs. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2002. google scholar
  • Harada, Masatoshi. “The Gozan Zen Sects in the History of Japanese Buddhism.” A Selection of Essays on Oriental Studies of ICIS,3-31, (2011), 29-46. google scholar
  • Henshall, Kenneth. Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. UK: The Scarecrow Press, 2014. google scholar
  • Hori, Victor Sögen. ZenSand: TheBookofCappingPhrasesforKöanPractices. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003. google scholar
  • İsi, Hasan. Eski Türkçe Tantrik Bir Metin: Usnisa Vijaya Dharani Sutra, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 2021. google scholar
  • Japanese-English Buddhist Dictionary: Nichi-Ei Bukkyo Jiten 0^W^®M. Tokyo: Kenkyusha Printing Co., 1965. google scholar
  • Jorgensen, John. “The Figure of Huineng”, Readings of Platform Sutra, ed.Morten Schlütter ve Stephen F. Teiser, Colombia University Presss, USA, 2000. google scholar
  • Joskovich, Erez. “Relying on Words and Letters: Scripture Recitation in the Japanese Rinzai Tradition.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. Vol.46, no.1 (2019), 53-78 . google scholar
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Budist Kutsal Metin Külliyatında Lotus (Saddharmapundarika) Sutra.” Türkiye’de Dinler Tarihi’nin Kurumsallaşma Sürecinde Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Küçük, ed. Ahmet Hikmet Eroğlu, Ankara: Berikan Yay, 2016. google scholar
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Erken Dönem Japon Budizmi.” Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi XVIII, sayı 2 (2013): 53-67. google scholar
  • Keizan. Denköroku: The Record of the Transmission of the Light. USA: Shasta Abbey, 2001. google scholar
  • Keizan. Zen Master Keizan’s Monastic Regulations. çev.Ichimura Shohei, U.S.A.:North American Institute of Zen and Buddhist Studies, 1994. google scholar
  • Keyworth, George A. “Zen and the “Hero’s March Spell” of the Shoulengyan jing.” The Eastern Buddhist. Vol.47, No.1 (2016), 81-120. google scholar
  • Kieschnick, John. “Blood Writing in Chinese Buddhism.” Journal of the International Association ofBuddhist Studies. Vol.23, No.2 (2000), 177-194. google scholar
  • Kochi, Eigaku. 光地英學, “The Relationship Between Zen Master, Keizan and Esoteric Buddhism 螢山輝師と密教思想.” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu). Vol.8, No.2 (1960), 518-519. google scholar
  • Küçükyalçın, Erdal. Dönüm Noktalarıyla Japon Tarihi Samuraylar Çağı. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitapevi, 2013. google scholar
  • Leighton, Taigen Dan. Visions of Awakening Space and Time: Dögen and the Lotus Sutra. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. google scholar
  • Leighton, Taigen Dan. “Dögen’s Appropriation of Lotus Sutra Ground and Space.” Japanese Journal ofReligious Studies. 32/1, (2005), 85-105. google scholar
  • Lowe, Bryan D. “Buddhist Manuscript Cultures in Premodern Japan.” Religion Compass. Vol:8, No.9 (2014), 287-301. google scholar
  • Malkoç, Abdulhak. “T’ang Dönemi Çin Kültürünün Japon Kültürüne Etkileri (619-907).” Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2008. google scholar
  • Mano, Shinya. “Yösai and Esoteric Buddhism.” Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. ed.Charles D. Orzech. Leiden: Brill, 2011. google scholar
  • McRae, John. Seeing Through Zen Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003. google scholar
  • Moerman, Max. “The Archeology of Anxiety: An Underground History of Heian Religion.” Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries. ed.Mikael Adolphson. Honolulu: University of Hawai Press, 2007. google scholar
  • Moerman, Max. “The Death of the Dharma: Buddhist Sutra Burials in Early Medieval Japan.” The Death of Sacred Texts: Ritual Disposal and Renovation of Texts in World Religions, ed.Kristina Myrvold. London: Routledge, 2010. google scholar
  • Mohr, Michel. “Zen Buddhism during the Tokugawa Period, The Challenge to Go beyond Sectarian Consciousness.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 21/4. (1994), 341-372. google scholar
  • Payne, Richard K. “The Fourfold Training in Japanese Esoteric Buddhism.” Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. ed.Charles D. Orzech, Leiden: Brill, 2011. google scholar
  • Poceski, Mario. The Records of Mazu and the Making of Classical Chan Literature. USA:Oxford University Press, 2015. google scholar
  • Qiang, Ning. Art, Religion and Politics in Medieval China The Dunhuang Cave of the Zhai Family. Honolulu: University of Hawai Press, 2004. google scholar
  • Reader, Ian. Pratically Religious. Honolulu: University of Hawai Press, 1998. google scholar
  • Records of The Transmission of The Lamp. Vol. I, çev.Randolph S. Whitfield. Books on Demand, 2015. google scholar
  • Records of The Transmission of The Lamp. Vol. VI, çev.Randolph S. Whitfield. Books on Demand, 2019. google scholar
  • Records of The Transmission of The Lamp. Vol.VII, çev.Randolph S. Whitfield. Books on Demand, 2019. google scholar
  • Records of The Transmission of The Lamp. Vol.V, çev.Randolph S. Whitfield. Books on Demand, 2018. google scholar
  • Rigs, David E. “Are Sötö Zen Precepts for Ethical Guidance or Ceremonical Transformation? Menzan’s Attempted Reforms and Contemporary Practices.” Dögen and Sötö Zen. ed.Steven Heine. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. google scholar
  • Rigs, David E. “The Life of Menzan Zuihö, Founder of Dögen Zen.” Japan Review. no.16, (2014), 67-100. google scholar
  • Rigs, David. “The Zen of Books and Practice: The Life of Menzan Zuihö and His Reformation of Sötö Zen.” Zen Masters. ed.Steven Heine ve Dale S. Wright. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. google scholar
  • Rikizan, Ishikawa. “Transmission of Kirigami; A Sötö Practice in Medieval Japan.” The Köan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism. ed.Steven Heine ve Dale S. Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. google scholar
  • Standart Observances of the Soto Zen School (Sötöshü Gyöji KihanWfi^fr^^ffi). Vol.1. çev.T. Griffith Foulk, Tokyo: The Administrative Headquarters of Soto Zen Buddhism, 2008. google scholar
  • Stephenson, Barry. “The Köan as Ritual Performance.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion. Vol.73, No.2 (2005), 475-496. google scholar
  • Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Orta Çağ Sötö Zen Budizminde Manastır Hayatı ve Dindarlık.” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi 2021. google scholar
  • Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Japonya’da Kamakura Dönemi (1185-1333) Budist Okulları ve Manastır Kurumu.” Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları 3 / 6 (Aralık 2020): 209-231. google scholar
  • Şenavcu, Halil İbrahim. “Dünden Bugüne Japon Budizmi: İnanç ve Uygulamaları.” Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2015. google scholar
  • Tanabe, Willa Jane. “Art of the Lotus Sutra.” Readings of the Lotus Sutra. ed.Stephen F. Teiser ve Jacqueline I. Stone. New York: Colombia University Press, 2009. google scholar
  • The Baizhang Zen Monastic Regulations. çev.Shohei Ichimura. BDK America, 2006. google scholar
  • The Blue Cliff Record. çev.Thomas Cleary. USA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1998. google scholar
  • The Book of the Discipline (Vinaya-Pitaka). Vol.4, çev.I.B.Horner. Lancester: The Pali Text Society, 2007. google scholar
  • The Gateless Gate The Classic Book of Zen Koans. çev.Koun Yamada. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2004. google scholar
  • The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. ed.Helen j. Baroni. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2002. google scholar
  • The Lotus Sutra. çev.Burton Watson, New York: Columbia University Press,1993. google scholar
  • The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. çev.John R. McRae, USA: BDK America, 2000. google scholar
  • The Recorded Sayings of Layman P’ang: A Ninth-Century Zen Classic. çev.Ruth Fuller Sasaki, Weatherhill, 1971. google scholar
  • The Vimalakirti Sutra. çev.Burton Watson, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. google scholar
  • The Vimalakirti Sutra. çev.John McRae, USA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2004. google scholar
  • The Zen Master Hakuin:Selected Writings. çev.Philip B. Yampolsky. New York: Colombia University Press, 1971. google scholar
  • The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. ed.Robert E. Busswell ve Donald S. Lopez. “Mikkyö ^ S”, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2014. google scholar
  • Toshio, Kuroda. “The Development of the Kenmitsu System as Japan’s Medieval Ortodoxy.” çev. James C. Dobbins, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol.23, No.3-4 (1996), 233-269. google scholar
  • Toshio, Kuroda.“The Imperial Law and the Buddhist Law.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. çev.Jacqueline I. Stone, Vol.23, No.3-4 (1996), 271-285. google scholar
  • Turan, Emine Zehra. “Budizm’de Manastır Hayatı.” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2004. google scholar
  • Welter, Albert. “Lineage and Context in the Patriarch’s Hall Collection and Transmission of The Lamp.” ed.Steven Heine ve Dale S. Wright. The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classical Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, 137-180. google scholar
  • Welter, Albert. “Lineage.” Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol.1. USA: Macmillan Reference, 2004. google scholar
  • Welter, Albert. The Linji Lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy:The Development of Chan’s Records of Sayings Literature. Oxford University Press, USA, 2008. google scholar
  • Welter, Albert. Yongming Yanshou’s Conception of Chan in the Zongjing Lu, A Special Transmission within the Scriptures. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. google scholar
  • “Wumen’s Gate”. çev.J.C. Cleary ve Yoshida Osamu, Three Chan (Zen) Classics. BDK America, 2006. google scholar
  • Yifa. The Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China: An Annotated Translation and Study of the Chanyuan Qinggui. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Susuz Aygül, M. (2019). Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition. darulfunun ilahiyat, 0(0), -. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913


AMA

Susuz Aygül M. Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition. darulfunun ilahiyat. 2019;0(0):-. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913


ABNT

Susuz Aygül, M. Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition. darulfunun ilahiyat, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 0, p. -, 2019.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Susuz Aygül, Merve,. 2019. “Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition.” darulfunun ilahiyat 0, no. 0: -. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913


Chicago: Humanities Style

Susuz Aygül, Merve,. “Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition.” darulfunun ilahiyat 0, no. 0 (May. 2024): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913


Harvard: Australian Style

Susuz Aygül, M 2019, 'Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition', darulfunun ilahiyat, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. -, viewed 5 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Susuz Aygül, M. (2019) ‘Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition’, darulfunun ilahiyat, 0(0), pp. -. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913 (5 May. 2024).


MLA

Susuz Aygül, Merve,. “Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition.” darulfunun ilahiyat, vol. 0, no. 0, 2019, pp. -. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913


Vancouver

Susuz Aygül M. Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition. darulfunun ilahiyat [Internet]. 5 May. 2024 [cited 5 May. 2024];0(0):-. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913 doi: 10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913


ISNAD

Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Zen and Words: Sacred Texts in the Zen Tradition”. darulfunun ilahiyat 0/0 (May. 2024): -. https://doi.org/10.26650/di.2024.35.1.1341913



TIMELINE


Submitted25.08.2023
Accepted04.01.2024
Published Online15.03.2024

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.