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Türkiyat Mecmuası - Journal of Turkology is the publication of Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology, which was founded in 1924 by (Ord. Prof. Dr.) Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad on the instructions of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk).

Türkiyat Mecmuası, one of the first academic journals of the Republic of Turkey in the field of social sciences, has been continuing its publication life since 1925. Türkiyat Mecmuası, which publishes academic studies on Turkish Language, Turkish Literature, Turkish History, Turkish Art and Turkology in general, is an open access, refereed, national and international scientific journal. It is published twice a year in June and December. It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English. 

The journal targets national and international audiences, has both national and international members in the editorial board, and aims to enhance international author contributions.

Türkiyat Mecmuası- Journal of Turkology aims to contribute to the dissemination of scientific knowledge and to contribute to the scientific community in the field of Turkology by publishing high quality articles in accordance with international publication standards.

There are no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles. All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University..

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Editor in Chief

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Ethics Editor

Editorial Assistant

Language Editor

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Advisory Board Member

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Journal of Turkology - Türkiyat Mecmuası is the publication of Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology. It is an open access, scholarly, peer-reviewed journal that l was founded in 1925. Publication languages of the journal are Türkiye Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar Turkish, French, Russian, German, English. The journal targets national and international audiences, has both national and international members in the editorial board, and aims to enhance international author contributionsThe journal publishes studies in the fields of Turkish Language, Turkish Literature, Turkish History, Turkish Art and Turkish Culture in general. It aims to contribute to the dissemination of scientific knowledge through publication of high-quality articles in accordance with the international publishing standards. By improving visibility and accessibility of qualified information the journal aspires to contribute to scientific community in the field of turkology.

Aim & Scope

<ul><li>SCOPUS</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>MLA International Bibliography</li><li>EBSCO (Academic Search Complete)</li><li>SOBIAD</li><li>Gale Cengage</li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Submitted articles should be appropriate to the purpose and scope of the journal. Original, fully or partially unpublished articles that are not in the process of evaluation in another journal, with high academic research and impact value, based mainly on primary sources, and whose content and submission have been approved by each author are accepted for evaluation.Articles derived from dissertations/thesis and related to the author's thesis topic are not accepted for evaluation.Articles derived from or extended from proceedings, or orally presented articles-even if they have not been published- are not accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors..Plagiarism, duplication, false authorship/ denied authorship, research/data fabrication, article slicing, sliced publication, copyright infringement and concealment of conflict of interest are considered unethical behavior. All articles that do not comply with accepted ethical standards are removed from publication. This includes articles containing possible irregularities or non-compliances detected after publication.Editorial Review, Plagiarism Scanning and Double Blinded Peer ReviewArticles are evaluated by the editor in terms of originality, methodology, subject matter and format in accordance with the scope of the journal. Pre-checked articles are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. Authors are informed if plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected. If necessary, editors may subject the article to plagiarism check at various stages of the evaluation or production process. Articles in which plagiarism or self-plagiarism is detected will not be published. The similarity rate should be less than 15%.The editor-in-chief ensures that articles undergo fair double-blinded peer review and the article is submitted to at least two referees from Turkey and/or abroad. If the referees deem necessary, the Editor-in-Chief approves the publication of the article after the requested changes are made by the authors.Authors who have an article in the process cannot submit an article again before the completion of the process. The Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Management Board or Editorial Board may decide to have the articles returned or revised if deemed necessary at any stage of the evaluation process. The researcher has a period of at least 4 issues / 2 years after the publication of his article to submit a new article.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Turkology - Türkiyat Mecmuası is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, to access the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Journal of Turkology - Türkiyat Mecmuası adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B48C35DD6FCA4C2FB91F51863B30BBDB" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender,  citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation. Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Articles that have not been previously published or are not currently under review for publication in another journal and are approved by each author are accepted for consideration. Submitted articles that pass the preliminary check are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After the plagiarism check, eligible articles are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, methodology, importance of the topic covered and compatibility with the scope of the journal.Articles deemed appropriate by the editor-in-chief in terms of the journal's publication policy are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation in accordance with the double blind review system. The decision to publish is made by the editor-in-chief after the edits made by the authors as a result of the referees' evaluations and the referee process.The editor-in-chief does not allow any conflict of interest between authors, editors and referees. He/she has full authority to appoint referees and is responsible for making the final decision on the articles to be published in the journal.Reviewers' evaluations should be objective. During the review process, reviewers are expected to consider the following points.-Does the article contribute to the field?-Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the article?-Is the structure of the article and the research method defined in a coherent and comprehensible manner?-Are the interpretations and conclusions substantiated by the findings?-Are adequate references given to other studies in the field?- Is the quality of language and expression adequate??Reviewers should ensure that all information about submitted articles remains confidential until the article is published and should report to the editor if they notice any copyright infringement or plagiarism on the part of the author.If the referee does not feel qualified to review the article or is unlikely to be able to provide timely feedback, he/she should inform the editor and ask him/her not to involve him/her in the review process.During the review process, the editor should make it clear to reviewers that articles submitted for review are the private property of the authors and that this is a privileged communication. Reviewers and editorial board members may not discuss articles with other individuals.

Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English are the languages of publication.All correspondence regarding the submitted articles will be made with the responsible author. All responsibility of the studies sent to our journal for publication within the rules belongs to the author / authors.Article submission should be made online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a>, which is accessed from <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuturkiyat" target="_blank">Turkiyat Mecmuası &#34; Home Page</a>.  Articles should be submitted in three files, such as:1. Article Full Text File**Microsoft Word 2003 and above versions must be used. Articles should be prepared using the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3A7375C83BF8460FA0A2CD1B28424784" target="_blank">Article Template</a>. The text of the article should not include the identity information of the author(s) due to the double-blinded peer review process. (Important note: The main headings in the article template only show how the content of the article should be formed. Authors are not obliged to use these headings.2. <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/44422B6ABB754FE0964799CB7C5252F1" target="_blank">Cover Page*</a> *The cover page should include the type of article, article title (article language / English) title and institutional affiliation of the author or authors, current address and telephone numbers, ORCID information and e-mail addresses.*The financial support, conflict of interest and acknowledgment sections should be stated separately in both the language of the article and in English.3. <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B48C35DD6FCA4C2FB91F51863B30BBDB" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form*</a>*Must be signed by all authors with a wet signature. (See. Final Checklist)<ul><li>The article should consist of at least 5000 words excluding abstracts, footnotes and bibliography.</li><li>Turkish articles should include two abstracts (Turkish-English) and an extended abstract in English. </li></ul>English articles should include two abstracts, one in English and one in Turkish. There should be no extended abstract.For articles written in other languages, there should be three abstracts (in the language of the article -English-Turkish) and an extended abstract in English. The title of the article should be given in the order of the number of abstracts and the language of the article. For a sample article, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F985C0668F824D99BF77B994BF747B8C" target="_blank">see</a>. ABSTRACT: It should include the purpose, method and scope of the study; it should be between 200-250 words. There should be at most 5 keywords representing the content of the study under the abstract.EXTENDED ABSTRACT: The extended abstract should include the purpose, method, scope and results of the study; it should be between 800-1000 words. TABLES, FIGURES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND GRAPHS: Figures, pictures, tables and graphs in the text should be numbered as 1, 2, 3. Photographs, plans, maps, etc. used in the text should be attached to the documents to be submitted with the extension &#34;.jpg / .tiff&#34;. Care should be taken to ensure that such documents have a resolution suitable for the printing technique (at least 300 dpi) and a size that does not exceed the page area, and if there is more than one, they should be numbered and titled (Picture 1; Map 1; Table, Figure 1, etc.). Images can be cited in the text, but if they are cited in the text with parentheses as (Annex 1), the images should be added as an appendix at the end of the article. The source of the cited images should be indicated both under the image and in the bibliography. **References should be prepared in accordance with the <a href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html" target="_blank">Chicago Style of Manual</a> adopted by the journal. **Nevai Font should be used in transcribed texts. ** The researcher has a period of at least 4 issues / 2 years after the publication of his article to submit a new article..

Author Guidelines

Research Article: As research articles, manuscripts presenting original scientific results on topics appropriate to the scope of the journal are considered. Research articles consist of abstract, keywords, introduction, method, findings, discussion, conclusions, references, tables, graphs and figures. Review: Manuscripts prepared by experts who have a great depth of knowledge in the field and whose expertise is reflected in the international literature in terms of publications and impact are evaluated. The review article should consist of title, abstract and keywords, main text sections and referencesTranslation: These are translated articles. Translations of articles written by experts in the field with a high impact value are evaluated.Book Review: Brief or detailed reviews of books published in the last 5 years are evaluated. Book reviews are a type of writing that evaluates issues such as the book's formal and substantive features, the way it deals with the subject(s), its suitability for the purpose for which it was written and its success in realizing this, what is needed to eliminate its deficiencies and shortcomings and make it better. Book reviews should be written according to the book review template. Brief reviews written in a language other than the language in which the book was published are given priority. (For example, a book review written in Kazakh about a book published in Turkish.)Points to consider for book reviews- The introduction should have an &#34;independent original title&#34; specific to the book. - Bibliographic information for the book must be provided in its entirety.- 5 keywords in Turkish and English should be included.

Reference Style and FormatJournal of Turkology – Türkiyat Mecmuası complies with Chicago Style of Manual 16th Edition for referencing and quoting.Authors who would send proposals to the journal are kindly invited to follow the examples given below when writing the footnotes and compiling the bibliography. These examples are borrowed from the Chicago Style of Manual (<a href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html" target="_blank">http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html</a>). A few more examples have also been added. Further information and numerous examples about the “notes and bibliography” system are available at the 14th and 15th chapters of the Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition).Examples:FF first footnote, NF next/short footnotes, B bibliographyBook, one, two or three authorsFor four or more authors, each of them is cited in the bibliography, only the first author’s name is cited in footnotes and “et al.” is added next to it, which stands for “and the others”.FF  Clauson, Gerard, An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), 55. NF Clauson, An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century, 55.B  Gerard Clauson. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.FF   A. Nazarov Bakhtiyar, Denis Sinor, Essays on Uzbeks History, Culture and Language,  Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1993), 55.NF   Bakhtiyar ve Sinor, Essays on Uzbeks History, Culture and Language, 55.B     Bakhtiyar,  A. Nazarov ve Denis Sinor. Essays on Uzbeks History, Culture and Language. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1993.FF  E.R. Tenişev, A.M. Şçerbak, D.M. Nasilov, V.M Nadelyayev, Drevnetyurkskiy Slovar, XXXVIII, (Leningrad:  Izdatel’stvo&lt;&lt;Nauka&gt;&gt;Leningradskoe Otdelenir, 1969), 60.NF Tenişev, Şçerbak, Nasilov, Nadelyayev, Drevnetyurkskiy Slovar, 25.B Tenişev, E.R., A.M. Şçerbak, D.M. Nasilov, V.M Nadelyayev, Drevnetyurkskiy Slovar. XXXVIII. Leningrad:  Izdatel’stvo&lt;&lt;Nauka&gt;&gt;Leningradskoe Otdelenir, 1969.BOOK, if there is an editor/translator in addition to the authorIf there is an editor, then one should cite it as “ed.” instead of “trans.” in footnotes; as for the bibliography “Edited by” instead of “Translated by”.FF  Peter B. Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, trans. Osman Karatay, (America: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1992), 36. NF Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, 36.B Golden, Peter B. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. Translated by Osman Karatay. America: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1992.BOOK, voliminousFF  Robert Dankoff, James Kelley, Mahmûd al-Kashgarî, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects-Dîwân Lugât at-Turk, (Harvard: University Printing Office, 1985), 4: 100. NF Robert Dankoff, James Kelley, Mahmûd al-Kashgarî, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects-Dîwân Lugât at-Turk, 1: 90.B Dankoff, Robert, James Kelley, Mahmûd al-Kashgarî, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects-Dîwân Lugât at-Turk. 4 cilt. Harvard: University Printing Office, 1985.A chapter/section in a bookFF Beatrice Forbes Manz, “Timur”, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 90-120. NF Manz, “Timur”, 90-120.B Manz, Beatrice Forbes.  “Timur”, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane içinde, 90-120. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1989.Preface, presentment, introduction and similar parts in a bookFF Maria Eva Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, Preface to the book titled Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran (Boston: Brill, Leiden ,2007), 5.NF Subtelny, önsöz, 5.B Subtelny, Maria Eva. Timurids in Transition, Preface to the book titled Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran, 5. Boston: Brill, Leiden, 2007.BOOK, electronically publishedIf the book is published in multiple formats, the one that is used is cited. URL is given for the online books that are cited. The access date can be added on prefence. If the page number is missing, either the title of chapter or another number can be added.FF Peter Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples (America: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1992), Accessed September 18, 2019.<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319978_An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Turkic_Peoples" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319978_An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Turkic_Peoples</a>NF Golden, An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, 206.B Golden, Peter. An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. America: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1992. Accessed September 18, 2019.   <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319978_An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Turkic_Peoples" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319978_An_Introduction_to_the_History_of_the_Turkic_Peoples</a>Journal article, copyrightFF John E. Woods, “The Rise of Tīmūrid Historiography”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 46/2 (1987), 81-108.NF Woods, “The Rise of Tīmūrid Historiography”, 81-108.B  Woods, John E. “The Rise of Tīmūrid Historiography”,  Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 46/2 (1987), 81-108.Journal article, translationFF  Michiko Kakutani. ”Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges”, by Zadie Smith, Review of Swing Time, New York Times, (2016), 69-90.NF Kakutani, ”Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges”, 69-90.B  Kakutani, Michiko, ”Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges”, by Zadie Smith, Review of Swing Time. New York Times. 2016: 69-90.Journal article, electronicDOI (Digital Object Identifier) number should be cited if it was specified. If not, and if also the publisher or the research area requires it, the access date is cited.FF  Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality”, Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.NF Keng, Lin, Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality”, 1–34.B Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality”, Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.Newspaper article, publishedFF Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia”, New Yorker, April 17, 2017, 2.NF Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia”, 2.B Mead, Rebecca, “The Prophet of Dystopia”, New Yorker, April 17, 2017.Newspaper article/report, electronicNewspaper articles or reports do not usually take place in bibliographies. Otherwise, the above citation forms are used. If the author of an article or report is not specified, then the citation should begin with the title of article/report.FF “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.NF “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.”B “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.Book ReviewFF Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.”, Review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith, New York Times, 7 (2016), 67.NF Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.”, 67.B   Kakutani, Michiko. 2016. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith. New York Times, November 7, 2016.ThesisFF Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” .(PhD diss. University of Chicago. 2013), 90.NF Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues”, 90.B  Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. 2013. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.Encyclopedia entryFF Ahmet Temir, “Mongol (or Turko-Mongol) Khanate”, Encyclopedia of Turks, v. 8, (Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Publications, 2002), 416-432. NF Temir, Mongol (or Turko-Mongol) Khanate”, 416-432. B Temir, Ahmet. “Mongol (or Turko-Mongol) Khanate”. Encyclopedia of Turks. 8: 416-432. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Publications, 2002.Unpublished anouncementFF Erdal İnönü and Harun Doğan, “Some Discoveries that are Named After Turkish Scientists” (The anouncement that was presented in the II. National Symposium of History of Science and Philosophy Work Group, Assos, 18-20th June 2004).NF İnönü and Doğan, “Some Discoveries.”B İnönü, Erdal and Harun Doğan. “Some Discoveries that are Named After Turkish Scientists”. The anouncement that was presented in the II. National Symposium of History of Science and Philosophy Work Group, Assos, 18-20th June 2004.ManuscriptFF Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, İstanbul, İstanbul University The Library of Rare Collection, T6833, 48a.NF Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, T6833, 51b.B Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, İstanbul, İstanbul University The Library of Rare Collection, T6833, 1a-70b.FF Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan, İstanbul, Süleymaniye Library, Ayasofya 3682, 26a.NF Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan, Ayasofya 3682, 23b.B Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan, Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, Ayasofya 3682, 1a-311a, Copy date 10 Rebiülevvel 1135 (19th December 1722).Archive documentFF The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Ministry (OAPM), Cevdet Askeriye (C.AS.) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (April 07, 1797).NF OAPM, C.AS. 71/3352.B The Ottoman Archives of the Prime Ministry (OAPM). Cevdet Askeriye (C. AS) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (April 07, 1920).FF Topkapı Palace Museum Archives (TPMA), E. 3202-2=597-2-7.NF TPMA, E. 3202-2=597-2-7.B Topkapı Palace Museum Archives (TPMA). E. 3202-2=597-2-7.WebsiteFF Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.NF “About Yale: Yale Facts.”B Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. <a href="https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts">https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts</a>.E-mail or text messageUsually they are only cited in footnotes. There is no requirement for giving any bibliographical reference.Footnote: Robert Dankoff, E-mail message to the author, 16.10.2015.

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