Research Article


DOI :10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270   IUP :10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270    Full Text (PDF)

Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne

Onur Gürel

On January 30, 1923, the ‘Convention and Protocol on the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations’ was signed within the framework of the Treaty of Lausanne, resulting in a compulsory population exchange based on religious beliefs. This agreement stipulated the mutual exchange of Muslim and Orthodox Christian populations between Türkiye and Greece. The Turkish delegation at the Lausanne Conference was headed by İsmet Pasha (İsmet İnönü). Approximately 1.200.000 Orthodox Christian Greeks migrated from Turkey to Greece, while approximately 500.000 Muslim Turks migrated from Greece to Turkey. This process significantly altered the demographic structure of both countries and played a critical role in nation-state building. The research aims to contribute to the existing literature by examining the population exchange process in the context of diplomatic negotiations and international relations. Unlike most existing studies that focus on socio-cultural and historical dimensions, the article emphasizes diplomatic perspectives. Highlighting these perspectives has allowed for a broader evaluation of the population exchange’s impact on national identity construction. Historical research methods and document analysis were used in the study to examine the axis of diplomatic negotiations and international relations.

DOI :10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270   IUP :10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270    Full Text (PDF)

Kimlik ve Diplomasi: Lozan Antlaşması ile Nüfus Mübadelesi Sürecinde Türk Ulusal Kimliğinin İnşası

Onur Gürel

30 Ocak 1923 tarihinde Lozan Barış Antlaşması kapsamında imzalanan “Türk ve Yunan Halklarının Mübadelesine İlişkin Sözleşme ve Protokol” ile dinî inanç temelinde zorunlu bir nüfus değişimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu anlaşma, Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında Müslüman ve Ortodoks Hristiyan nüfusların karşılıklı olarak yer değiştirmesini öngörmüştür. Lozan Konferansı’na İsmet Paşa (İsmet İnönü) başkanlığındaki Türk delegasyonu katılmıştır. Yaklaşık 1.200.000 Ortodoks Hristiyan Rum Türkiye’den Yunanistan’a, yaklaşık 500.000 Müslüman Türk ise Yunanistan’dan Türkiye’ye göç etmiştir. Bu süreç her iki ülkenin demografik yapısını önemli ölçüde değiştirmiş ve ulus-devlet inşasında kritik bir rol oynamıştır. Araştırma, diplomatik müzakereler ve uluslararası ilişkiler bağlamında nüfus mübadele sürecini inceleyerek mevcut literatüre önemli katkılar sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Makale, mevcut çalışmaların çoğunlukla sosyo-kültürel ve tarihsel boyutlara odaklanmasından farklı olarak diplomatik perspektiflere vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu perspektiflerin vurgulanması, nüfus mübadelesinin ulusal kimlik inşasına olan etkilerini daha geniş bir bağlamda değerlendirmeyi mümkün kılmıştır. Araştırmada diplomatik müzakereler ve uluslararası ilişkiler ekseninin incelenmesi bağlamında tarihsel araştırma yöntemleri ve doküman analizi kullanılmıştır.


PDF View

References

  • Adler, Emanuel. “Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics”, European Journal of International Relations, 3/3 (1997): 319-363. Accessed 4 October 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066197003003003. google scholar
  • Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge, 1993. google scholar
  • Agius, Christine, “Sosyal İnşacılık”, In, Çağdaş Güvenlik Çalışmaları, Editor Andrew Collins, Translator Nasuh Uslu, 3rd edition, İstanbul: Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi, 2017. google scholar
  • Agnew, John. Geopolitics: Re-Visioning World Politics. London: Routledge, 2005. google scholar
  • Akgönül, Samim. Türk Bağlamında Azınlık Kavramına Çapraz Bakışlar. İstanbul: bgst Yayınları, 2011. google scholar
  • Aktar, Ayhan. “Nüfusun Homojenleştirilmesi ve Ekonominin Türkleştirilmesi Sürecinde Bir Aşama: Türk Yunan Nüfus Mübadelesi, 1923-1927”, Ege’yi Geçerken 1923 Türk-Yunan Zorunlu Nüfus Mübadelesi. Complier Renée Hirschon, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniver- sitesi Yayınları, 2007. google scholar
  • Altuğ, Yılmaz. “Atatürk ve Lozan Konferansı’nın İlk Devresi”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 4/11 (1988): 417-436. Accessed 18 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/aamd/issue/55322/758908. google scholar
  • Andreouli, Eleni and Xenia Chryssochoou. “Social Representations of National Identity in Culturally Diverse Societies”, In The Cambridge Handbook of Social Representations, Editors G. Sammut, E. Andreouli, G. Gaskell, and J. Valsiner, 2015. google scholar
  • Anzerlioğlu, Yonca. “Tarihi Verilerle Karamanlı Ortodoks Türkler”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi, 51 (January 2013): 171-187. Accessed 21 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tkhcbva/issue/73893/1219909. google scholar
  • Anzerlioğlu, Yonca. Karamanlı Ortodoks Türkler. Ankara: Phoenix Yayınları, 2003. google scholar
  • Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. google scholar
  • Arslan, Esat. “Kurtuluş Savaşında Yunan Fener Patrikhanesi Birlikteliğine Karşı Örgütlü Bir Yaklaşım Türk Ortodoks Kilisesi”, Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, 4/15 (May 1995). Accessed 20 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.1501/Tite_0000000251. google scholar
  • Ashmore, Richard D., Lee Jussim and David Wilder, Editors. Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Reduction. 3 of Rutgers Series on Self and Social Identity. 2001. google scholar
  • Assmann, Jan. Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 2011. google scholar
  • Barkey, Karen. Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. google scholar
  • Barkin, J. Samuel. Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International Relations Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. google scholar
  • Başak, Ünsal. “Yunanistan’ın Tarihteki İflasları 1843-1893-1932”, Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18/1 (June 2023): 101-119. Accessed 25 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.48145/gopsbad.1272703. google scholar
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. Identity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004. google scholar
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. Akışkan Aşk: İnsan İlişkilerinin Kırılganlığına Dair. Translator Işık Ergüden. İstanbul: Versus Yayınları, 2012. google scholar
  • Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994. google scholar
  • Bozdağlıoğlu, Yücel. “Türk-Yunan Nüfus Mübadelesi ve Sonuçları”, Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 180/180 (January 2014): 9-32. Accessed 22 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.20296/tsad.48189. google scholar
  • Brubaker, Rogers and Frederick Cooper. “Beyond ‘Identity’”, Theory and Society, 29/1 (2000): 1-47. Accessed 2 October 2024. https://doi. org/10.1023/A:1007068714468. google scholar
  • Bryce, Trevor. The Kingdom of the Hittites. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. google scholar
  • Campbell, David. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992. google scholar
  • Castles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. New York: Guilford Press, 1998. google scholar
  • Cihangir, Erol. Papa Eftim'in Muhtıraları ve Bağımsız Türk Ortodoks Patrikhanesi. İstanbul: Turan Yayıncılık, 1996. google scholar
  • Cin, Turgay. “Yunanistan’daki Azınlıklar ve Bunların Hukuki Durumları”, Prof. Dr. Hakan Pekcanıtez’e Armağan, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 16 (2014): 4045-4116. (Special issue, printing date 2015). Accessed 28 October 2024, https://dergipark.org. tr/tr/pub/deuhfd/issue/46919/588599. google scholar
  • Clark, Bruce. İki Kere Yabancı: Kitlesel İnsan İhracı Modern Türkiye ve Yunanistan’ı Nasıl Biçimlendirdi? Translator Müfide Pekin. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2008. google scholar
  • Clogg, Richard. A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. google scholar
  • Cohen, Richard A. and James L. Marsh, eds. Ricoeur as Another: The Ethics of Subjectivity. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. google scholar
  • Demirci, Sevtap. The Lausanne Conference: The Evolution of Turkish and British Diplomatic Strategies 1922-1923. PhD dissertation, The London School of Economics and Political Science, 1997. google scholar
  • Doty, Roxanne Lynn. “Aporia: A Critical Exploration of the Agent-Structure Problematique in International Relations Theory”, European Journal of International Relations, 3/3 (1997): 365-392. Accessed 9 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066199005003005. google scholar
  • Erdem, Nilüfer. “Yunan Tarihçilerinin Gözüyle 1930 Türk-Yunan Dostluk Antlaşması ve Venizelos’un Bu Sürece Katkıları”, Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (İLKE), 23 (Fall 2009): 93-128. Accessed 26 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ musbed/issue/23517/250575. google scholar
  • Erder, Sema. “Türkiye’de Değişen Siyasal Konjonktür, Değişen Göç ve İskân Politikaları”, In, Türkiye’nin Uluslararası Göç Politikaları, 1923-2023: Ulus-Devlet Oluşumundan Ulus-Ötesi Dönüşümlere, Editor Ahmet İçduygu, 77-137. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Göç Araştırmaları Merkezi, MiReKoç Proje Raporları, 2014. google scholar
  • Eysenck, Michael W. and Mark T. Keane. Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. 8th edition New York: Routledge, 2020. google scholar
  • Faist, Thomas. Uluslararası Göç ve Ulusaşırı Toplumsal Alanlar, Translator Azad Z. Gündoğan and Can Nacar (İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları, 2003. google scholar
  • Farrell, Theo. “Constructivist Security Studies: Portrait of a Research Program”, International Studies Review, 7/3 (2002): 49-72. Accessed 7 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.1111/1521-9488.00224. google scholar
  • Firat, Melek. “Yunanistan’la İlişkiler”. In, Türk Dış Politikası Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, Editor Baskın Oran. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001. google scholar
  • Fierke, Karin M. Critical Approaches to International Security. Cambridge: Polity, 2007. google scholar
  • Foucault, Michel. The Archaeology of Knowledge and The Discourse on Language. Translator A. M. Sheridan Smith. New York: Pantheon Books, 1972. google scholar
  • Fritz, Verena and Alina Rocha Menocal. Understanding State-Building from a Political Economy Perspective: An Analytical and Conceptual Paper on Processes, Embedded Tensions and Lessons for International Engagement. Report for DFID’s Effective and Fragile States Teams. Overseas Development Institute, September 2007. google scholar
  • Frye, Northrop. Büyük Şifre Kitabı-Mukaddes ve Batı Edebiyatı. Translator Selma A. Baş, İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2006. google scholar
  • Fukuyama, Francis. The Origins of Political Order. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011. google scholar
  • Gedikli, Zafer. “Karamanlılar ve Karamanlı Kültürüne Genel Bir Bakış”, Journal of Economics and Political Sciences, 3/1 (2023): 52-63. google scholar
  • Accessed 22 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jep/issue/80066/1331094. google scholar
  • Gergen, Kenneth J. An Invitation to Social Construction. 3rd edition London: SAGE Publications, 2015. google scholar
  • Giddens, Anthony. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. google scholar
  • Grossberg, Lawrence. “Identity and Cultural Studies: Is That All There Is?” In, Questions of Cultural Identity, Editors Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, 87-106. London: Sage Publications, 2011. google scholar
  • Hall, Stuart. “Eski ve Yeni Kimlikler, Eski ve Yeni Etniklikler”, In, Kültür, Küreselleşme ve Dünya Sistemi: Kimlik Temsilinin Çağdaş Koşulları, Complier Anthony D. King, 63-90. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, 1998. google scholar
  • Harvey, David. Social Justice and the City. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009; originally published in 1973. google scholar
  • Heater, Derek. A Brief History of Citizenship. New York: NYU Press, 2007. google scholar
  • Hervieu-Léger, Danièle. Religion as a Chain of Memory. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000. google scholar
  • Hirschon, Renée. Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey. New York: Berghahn Books, 2003. google scholar
  • Hobson, John M. The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. google scholar
  • Hobsbawm, Eric and Terence Ranger, Editors. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. google scholar
  • Hofstede, Geert. Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. 2nd edition Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2001. google scholar
  • Hopf, Ted. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002. google scholar
  • Hudson, Valerie M. Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007. google scholar
  • Huysmans, Jef. Security Unbound: Enacting Security in an Uncertain World. London: Routledge, 2006. google scholar
  • Inglehart, Ronald and Christian Welzel. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. google scholar
  • İbar, Gazanfer. Karamanlılar ve Anadolulu Hemşehrilerimiz: Yunan Harfli Türkçe. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2009. google scholar
  • İnalcık, Halil. The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organization and Economy. Istanbul: Koç University Press, 2023. google scholar
  • İnönü, İsmet. İsmet İnönü’nün Hatıraları: Cumhuriyetin İlk Yılları I (1923-1938). İstanbul: Yenigün Haber Ajansı Basın ve Yayıncılık A.Ş. 1998. google scholar
  • Jenkins, Richard. Social Identity. 3rd edition New York: Routledge, 2008. google scholar
  • Karacan, Ali Naci. Lozan Konferansı ve İsmet Paşa. 3rd edition Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi, 1993. google scholar
  • Karpat, Kemal H. Osmanlı Nüfusu (1830-1914): Demografik ve Sosyal Özellikleri. Translator Bahar Tırnakçı. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, 2003. google scholar
  • Kasaba, Reşat. A Moveable Empire: Ottoman Nomads, Migrants, and Refugees. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009. google scholar
  • Katzenstein, Peter J. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. google scholar
  • Kinross, Lord. Atatürk: Bir Milletin Yeniden Doğuşu. Translator Necdet Sander. Istanbul: Altın Kitaplar, 1999. google scholar
  • Kissinger, Henry. A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812-1822. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. google scholar
  • Köçkün, Elmas. “Tasfiye Talepnamelerine Göre Mübadeleye Tabi Tutulan Roman Toplulukların Sosyal ve Ekonomik Durumu”, Uluslararası Beşeri ve Sosyal Bilimler İnceleme Dergisi, 4/2 (2020): 142-165. Accessed 21 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ihssr/ issue/55643/824335. google scholar
  • Kurnaz Şahin, Feyza. “1929 Dünya Ekonomik Buhranı Sonrasında Türk-Yunan Ekonomik İlişkilerinin Tarihsel Gelişimi (1929-1939)”, Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi Türk-Yunan İlişkileri Özel Sayısı, 5 (30 Agust 2021): 55-90. Accessed 27 October 2024, https:// doi.org/10.30692/sisad.947637. google scholar
  • Kurtulgan, Kürşat. “Bir Türk Subayının Raporuna Göre Mübadelenin Yunanistan’daki Yansımaları”, Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9/2 (Fall 2017): 83-102. Accessed 28 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ksbd/issue/34220/383342. google scholar
  • Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. google scholar
  • Ladas, Stephen P., The Exchange of Minorities Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. NewYork: The Macmillan Company, 1932. google scholar
  • Lefebvre, Henri. Mekânın Üretimi. Translator İsmail Ergüden. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık, 2014. google scholar
  • Lieberman, Benjamin. The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. google scholar
  • Lozan Barış Konferansı 1: Tutanaklar Belgeler. Volume 1. Translator Seha L. Meray. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2nd edition, 2001. google scholar
  • Lubis, Syaravina. “National Interest and National Identity Affect The Behaviour Of Foreign Policy”, Mahadi: Indonesia Journal of Law, 2/2 (2023): 142-148. Accessed 10 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.32734/mah.v2i2.13363. google scholar
  • Massey, Doreen. Space, Place, and Gender. NED-New edition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994. google scholar
  • McGuire, Meredith. Religion: The Social Context. 6th edition Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2008. google scholar
  • McSweeney, Bill. Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. google scholar
  • Melissen, Jan, Editor The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. google scholar
  • Metintaş, Mustafa Yahya and Melike Metintaş. “Analysis of Turkish-Greek Population Exchange in the Context of Greek and Turkish Foreign Policy”, Yakın Tarih Dergisi, 1/4 (2018): 73-88. Accessed 16 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yakintarih/issue/ 49714/637495. google scholar
  • Millas, Herkül. Geçmişin Bugüne Yunanlılar: Dil, Din ve Kimlikleri. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2004. google scholar
  • Mole, Richard, Editor Discursive Constructions of Identity in European Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. google scholar
  • Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Soft Power”, Foreign Policy, 80, Twentieth Anniversary (Autumn, 1990): 153-171. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1148580. google scholar
  • Oran, Baskın. Türkiye’de Azınlıklar: Kavramlar, Teori, Lozan, İç Mevzuat, İçtihat, Uygulama. 6. Baskı. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2010. google scholar
  • Osiander, Andreas. “Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth”, International Organization, 55/2 (2001): 251-287. Accessed 14 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.1162/00208180151140577. google scholar
  • Özsüer, Esra. “19. Yüzyıl Avrupa Romantiklerinin 1821 Mora İsyanı Üzerindeki Siyasi ve Kültürel Etkileri”, Türkiyat Mecmuası, 26/2 (2016): 325-344. Accessed 14 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.18345/iuturkiyat.282694. google scholar
  • Pentzopoulos, Dimitri. The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact upon Greece. Paris: Mouton and Co. The Hague, 1962. google scholar
  • Peterson, V. Spike. “The Politics of Identity in International Relations”, The Fletcher Forum, 17/2 (1993): 1-12. Accessed 11 October 2024, https://www.jstor.org / stable/ 45288848. google scholar
  • Portes, Alejandro, and Rubén G. Rumbaut. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. google scholar
  • Quigley, John. “State Responsibility for Ethnic Cleansing”, U.C. Davis Law Review, 32/2 (1999): 341-388. Accessed 30 October 2024, https:// lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/sites/g/files/dgvnsk15026/files/media/documents/DavisVol32No2_Quigley.pdf. google scholar
  • Rovelli, Carlo. The Order of Time. New York: Riverhead Books, 2018. google scholar
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism. London: Penguin Books UK, 2019; originally published in 1978. google scholar
  • Saaida, Mohammed B. E. “The Role of Culture and Identity in International Relations”, East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 4/1 (2023): 49-57. Accessed 12 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.46606/eajess2023v04i01.0255 google scholar
  • Saloniki Deunmeh Excluded from the Exchange of Population. The Christian Science Monitor, 11 February 1924. google scholar
  • Sarıkoyuncu Değerli, Esra. “Atatürk Dönemi Türk-Yunan Siyasi İlişkileri”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (Agust 2006): 239-262. Accessed 24 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dpusbe/issue/4757/65352. google scholar
  • Searle, John R. The Construction of Social Reality. New York: Free Press, 1995. google scholar
  • Serter, Nur. Giydirilmiş İnsan Kimliği. İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1996. google scholar
  • Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808-1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. google scholar
  • Smith, Anthony David. National Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991. google scholar
  • Smith, Anthony David. Milli Kimlik, Translator Bahadır Sina Şener, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2004. google scholar
  • Sonyel, Salah Ramadan. “Lozan’da Türk Diplomasisi”, Belleten, 38/149 (January 1974): 41-116. Accessed 20 October 2024, https://doi.org/ 10.37879/ttkbelleten.1169512. google scholar
  • Spindler, Manuela. International Relations: A Self-Study Guide to Theory. Opladen: Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2013. google scholar
  • Spohn, Willfried and Anna Triandafyllidou, eds. Europeanisation, National Identities and Migration: Changes in Boundary Constructions between Western and Eastern Europe. New York: Routledge, 2003. google scholar
  • Şakacı, Bilge Kağan. “Türkiye’nin Göç ve İskân Politikaları: 1934 Tarihli 2510 Sayılı İskân Kanunu İncelemesi”, Kamu Yönetimi ve Politikaları Dergisi (Journal of Public Administration and Policy), 1/3 (2020): 16-45. Accessed 28 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ kaypod/issue/57794/760231. google scholar
  • Şenışık, Pınar. “1923 Türk-Yunan Nüfus Mübadelesi: Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Modern Devlet Pratikleri ve Dönüşen Kimlikler”, Studies of the Ottoman Domain, 6/10 (February 2016): 83-119. Accessed 23 October 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ohsc/ issue/27103/285664. google scholar
  • Şimşir, Bilâl N. Lozan Günlüğü. 2nd edition Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi, 2012. google scholar
  • Şimşir, Bilâl N. Lozan Telgrafları. Türk Diplomatik Belgelerinde Lozan Barış Konferansı, Volume II (February-August 1923). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1994. google scholar
  • Şimşir, Bilâl N. Lozan Telgrafları. Türk Diplomatik Belgelerinde Lozan Barış Konferansı, Volume I (November 1922-February 1923). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1990. google scholar
  • Şişman, Cengiz, and Muharrem Varol. “Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Sabataycılık Tartışmaları: Türk Sesi Gazetesinden 1924 Tarihli Bilin- meyen Bir Tefrika.” Journal of Turkology 25, no. 1 (June 2015): 189-233. https://doi.org/10.18345/tm.49572. google scholar
  • Tannenwald, Nina. “The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Normative Basis of Nuclear Non-Use”, International Organization, 53/3 (1999): 433-468. Accessed 7 October 2024, https://doi.org/10.1162/002081899550959. google scholar
  • Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. google scholar
  • Tuan, Yi-Fu. Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. 8th edition Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001; originally published in 1977. google scholar
  • Tunçay, Mete, Cemil Koçak, Hikmet Özdemir, Korkut Boratav, Selahattin Hilav, Murat Katoğlu, Ayla Ödekan and Akşin Sina. Türkiye Tarihi 4: Çağdaş Türkiye, 1908-1980. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi, 1987. google scholar
  • Vucetic, Srdjan. The Anglosphere: A Genealogy of a Racialized Identity in International Relations. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2017. google scholar
  • Weber, Max. Sosyal Bilimlerin Metodolojisi. Translator Vefa Saygın Öğütle. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2012. google scholar
  • Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. google scholar
  • Wendt, Alexander. “Identity and Structural Change in International Politics”, In, The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, Editors Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil, 47-64. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996. google scholar
  • Wright, Erik Olin. Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. google scholar
  • Yerasimos, Stefanos. Azgelişmişlik Sürecinde Türkiye: 2 - Tanzimat'tan I. Dünya Savaşı'na. Türkçesi: Babür Kuzucu. İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları, 1975. google scholar
  • Yıldırım, Onur. Diplomasi ve Göç: Türk-Yunan Mübadelesinin Öteki Yüzü. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2006. google scholar
  • Yıldırım, Onur. Diplomacy and Displacement: Reconsidering the Turco-Greek Exchange of Populations, 1922-1934. New York and London: Routledge, 2006. google scholar
  • Ziss, Avner. Estetik. Translator Yakup Şahan. İstanbul: Hayalbaz Kitap, 2011. google scholar
  • Zürcher, Erik Jan. Modernleşen Türkiye’nin Tarihi: Turkey, A Modern History. Translator Yasemin Saner. 34th edition İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2017. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Gürel, O. (2025). Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne. Journal of Turkology, 35(1), 173-195. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270


AMA

Gürel O. Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne. Journal of Turkology. 2025;35(1):173-195. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270


ABNT

Gürel, O. Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne. Journal of Turkology, [Publisher Location], v. 35, n. 1, p. 173-195, 2025.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Gürel, Onur,. 2025. “Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne.” Journal of Turkology 35, no. 1: 173-195. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270


Chicago: Humanities Style

Gürel, Onur,. Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne.” Journal of Turkology 35, no. 1 (Jun. 2025): 173-195. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270


Harvard: Australian Style

Gürel, O 2025, 'Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne', Journal of Turkology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 173-195, viewed 26 Jun. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Gürel, O. (2025) ‘Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne’, Journal of Turkology, 35(1), pp. 173-195. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270 (26 Jun. 2025).


MLA

Gürel, Onur,. Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne.” Journal of Turkology, vol. 35, no. 1, 2025, pp. 173-195. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270


Vancouver

Gürel O. Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne. Journal of Turkology [Internet]. 26 Jun. 2025 [cited 26 Jun. 2025];35(1):173-195. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270 doi: 10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270


ISNAD

Gürel, Onur. Identity and Diplomacy: The Construction of Turkish National Identity During the Population Exchange Process Under the Treaty of Lausanne”. Journal of Turkology 35/1 (Jun. 2025): 173-195. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1607270



TIMELINE


Submitted25.12.2024
Accepted25.04.2025
Published Online20.06.2025

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE



Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.