Research Article


DOI :10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460   IUP :10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460    Full Text (PDF)

On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh

Sherubay KurmanbaiulyMarlen AdilovGaukhar Alimbek

Words whose meaning has expanded or narrowed or whose original meaning has changed are phenomena characteristic of language. Words can have several meanings in Turkic languages, including Kazakh. A certain word may quite possibly have a figurative meaning in dialects or examples from oral literature. One example of this is the literary word täte, which is used in dialects in the derivative (as well as original) sense of the word. The word täte in literary language is used to refer to older female relatives. Its opposite meaning (i.e., father or uncle) is used in relation to men and has a dialectical character. Nevertheless, writers from southern regions of Kazakhstan continue to use this word’s dialectal meaning. In addition, such usage is observed in earlier works. For example, in a letter to Abai’s brother, Khaliolla, Abai used the word täte with the meaning of father. This article examines the reasons and bases for the uses of the word täte in the Kazakh language when addressing a man and analyzes the word’s scope and origin. The article also examines the meanings of other Kazakh kinship honorifics such as äje, äke, and apa, which have undergone more semantic changes compared to in other Turkic languages.

DOI :10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460   IUP :10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460    Full Text (PDF)

Kazakçada Anlam Değiştiren Bazı Akrabalık Adları Üzerine

Sherubay KurmanbaiulyMarlen AdilovGaukhar Alimbek

Standart dildeki tek bir anlamlı sözcüğün farklı ağızlarda çeşitli anlamlarda kullanılması olası bir durumdur. Edebî dilde var olup ağızlarda ilk anlamı veya sonradan kazanılan anlamıyla kullanılmasına örnek sözcüklerden biri de täte sözcüğüdür. Täte sözcüğünün yaşça büyük kadın akrabaları ifade ederken kullanılması standart dilde kalıplaşmış bir durumdadır. Fakat bu sözcüğün erkek kişileri ifade ederek “baba, amca” anlamında kullanılması Kazak ağızlarına özgüdür. Bu sözcük Kazakistan’ın güneyindeki yazarların dilinde yerel ağızdaki anlamıyla kullanılmaktadır. Bunun yanında, erken dönem yazma eserlerde de benzeri kullanımlara rastlanmıştır. Örneğin; Abay, kardeşi Haliolla'ya yazdığı mektubunda täte sözcüğünü “baba” anlamında kullanmıştır. Täte akrabalık adının erken dönemdeki kullanılışlarını inceleyecek olursak sözcüğün “baba tarafından akrabaları” ifade etmek için kullanıldığını yalnızca Kazakistan’ın güney bölgelerinde değil batı, doğu, hatta kuzey bölgelerinde de görmek mümkündür. Täte akrabalık kavramının böylesine geniş bir alanda, standart dilden farklı bir anlamda kullanılıyor olması boşuna değildir. Sözcüğün tarihini açıklayabilmek için sözlü edebiyat ürünleri, erken dönem yazılı kaynakları ve eski Türk eserlerine değinmemiz gereklidir. Eski Türkçe eserler incelendiğinde täte sözcüğünün “baba, dede” anlamında kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, täte sözcüğünün Kazakçada erkek akrabayı ifade etmek maksadıyla hâlen kullanılıyor olmasının sebepleri araştırılmıştır. Kazakçadaki täte sözü gibi anlam yönünden değişen äje, äke, apa akrabalık adlarının da temel anlamları ile yan anlamları karşılaştırılıp incelenmiştir.


EXTENDED ABSTRACT


Many research studies have been conducted in order to learn the historical development, source, and primary meaning of many words in Kazakh local language heirlooms. Dialectology specialists who’ve participated in linguistic research trips or researched the language of a particular region have focused on the etymology of the words they have found and identified in their studies. In the regional dictionary of the Kazakh language, semantic analyses have also been made over certain oral words, with their different forms in Turkic languages having also been shown. The source of certain lexical units has also been examined in research on kinship names and honorifics. This topic especially attracts the attention of neighboring and distant foreign language experts and researchers.

Words whose meaning has expanded or narrowed or whose original meaning has changed are a characteristic phenomenon of language. Words can have several meanings in Turkic languages, including in Kazakh. A certain word may quite possibly have a figurative meaning in dialects or examples from oral literature. One example of this is the literary word täte, which is used in dialects in the derivative (as well as original) sense of the word to refer to older female relatives, with its opposite meaning of “father” or “uncle” also being used in relation to men, showing this word to have a dialectical character. Nevertheless, writers from the southern regions of Kazakhstan continue to use this word’s dialectal meaning mainly when describing their native land, childhood, and family. In addition, such usage is observed in earlier works, such as in a letter to Abai’s brother, Khaliolla, where Abai used the word täte to mean father. If one considers the earlier usage of the honorific täte, this word can be seen to have been used in relation to relatives on the father’s side not only in southern regions of Kazakhstan but also in some western, eastern, and even northern areas of Kazakhstan. The kinship honorific täte had some reason for being used over such a vast territory with a meaning different from that used in the literary language, and therefore an explanation must exist for this. When studying the origin of the word, one must refer to samples of Kazakh oral literature, to works written in antiquity, and to sources in other Turkic languages. From ancient Turkic monuments, one can trace the use of the word täte as having meant father. The article examines the reasons and justifications for using the word täte in the Kazakh language when addressing a man while analyzing its scope and origin. The article also examines the meanings of other Kazakh kinship honorifics such as äje, äke, and apa, which have undergone more semantic changes compared to in other Turkic languages.

Täte, äje, äke, and apa are some of the words used to signify age or gender regarding kinship honorifics in Turkic languages. Standard forms and phonetic variants of words are actively used both in the literary language and in Kazakh dialects. These words have been preserved with their old meanings and old phonetic forms in Kazakh proverbs and stereotyped expressions. For example, although the honorific täte is used to refer to related men in the language of the local people in the southern and some western regions, it is also used to refer to related women in the northern region as well as in the standard language. 

The honorific apa is used in southern regions as the equivalent of the word aje [grandmother], while western regions use it to denote an older woman or an older sister. The east also uses the form apay, which means “sister” or “aunt”. The interesting thing is that täte [aunt] in the literary language is never used in the same sense. Some parts of the east use täte to mean mother, while it means father in western Kazakhstan. In the stereotypical expression “Ay der aja, koy der koja jok,” the word äje in the standard language is used in the form of aja to mean elder or elder of a house. However, one dialectical difference is that the word äke, which is part of the noun äpeke (apa+eke), expresses its elder meaning.

While apa, äje, and äke were initially used to address elders in Turkic languages, the male or female meanings have changed over time. For this reason, difficulty is had in saying that every encountered kinship honorific is used only for women or only for men. Some kinship honorifics were initially used to address men, while they later began to be used differently to address women.

Kinship honorifics that are used without having undergone any change and by preserving the original meaning are very rare in modern Turkic languages. In particular, the meanings of kinship honorifics in Kazakh do not coincide with old Turkic. Instead, they are observed to have taken on completely opposite meanings. The Turkic cognates täte, äke, äje, and apa are all used to denote different meanings than in the Kazakh of the old Turkic period. Although changes have occurred in meaning in the standard language, the old meanings clearly are sometimes preserved in dialects and idioms as has been shown in the examples above, as well as in old Turkic inscriptions.


PDF View

References

  • Atalay, Besim. Et-Tuhfetu’z-Zekiyye fi’l-Lugati’t-Türkiyye. İstanbul: TDK, 1945. google scholar
  • Ayan, Ekrem. Bir devrin aynası Abay Kunanbay ve Kara Sözler. Ankara: Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi, 2017. google scholar
  • Battal, Abdullah. İbnü-Mühennâ Lügati. İstanbul: Devlet Matbaası, 1934. google scholar
  • Borovkov, Aleksandr. Bada’i Al-lugat: Slovar’ Tali İmani Geratskogo k Soçineniyam Alişera Navoi. Moskva: İzdatel’stvo vostoçnoy literaturı, 1961. google scholar
  • Borovkov, Aleksandr. Leksika Sredneaziyatskogo Tefsira XII-XIII vekov. Moskva: İzdatel’stvo Vostoçnoy Literaturı, 1963. google scholar
  • Bökeyhan, Alihan. Alihan Bökeyhan Şıgarmaları. Astana: Sarıarka, 2016. google scholar
  • Burıykin, Aleksey. “Problemı Semantiçeskoy Rekonstruktsiy Terminov Rodstva v Altayskih Yazıkah i Perspektivı Rekonstruktsii Obşe Altayskoy Sistemı Terminov Rodstva”. Algebra Rodstva 7, (2001): 136-172. google scholar
  • Caferoğlu, Ahmet. AbüHayyanKitâbu’l-İdrâk liLisân al-Atrâk. İstanbul: Evkaf Matbaası, 1931. google scholar
  • Çeremisov, Konstantin. Buryat-Mongol’sko-Russkiy Slovar’. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoye İzdatel’stvo, 1951. google scholar
  • Doskarayev, Jumat. “Kazak Tilindegi Üy, Tam Degen Sözder Tuwralı”. Kazak SSR Gılım Akademiyasınıg Habarları, Filologiya Seriyası, 2 (9), (1959). 3-8. google scholar
  • Doskarayev, Jumat. “Arıs Govorındagı Söz Tulgaları”. Mestnıye Osobennosti v Kazakhskom Yazıke. Almatı: Gılım, (1973): 14-23. google scholar
  • Egorov, Vasiliy. Etimologiçeskiy Slovar’ Çuvaşkogo Yazıka. Çeboksarı: Çuvaşkoye Gosudarstvennoye İzdatel’stvo, 1964. google scholar
  • Ojegov, Sergey, Şvedova, Natalya. Tolkovıy Slovar’ Russkogo Yazıka. Moskva: Az’, 1992. google scholar
  • Eren, Hasan. Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü. Ankara: Bizim Büro Basımevi, 1999. google scholar
  • Ercilasun, Ahmet Bican, Akkoyunlu, Ziyat. Dîvânu lugâti ’t-Türk (giriş-metin-çeviri-notlar-dizin). Ankara: TDK, 2015. google scholar
  • Fedotov, Mihail. Etimologiçeskiy Slovar’ Çuvaşkogo Yazıka. Çeboksarı, 1996. google scholar
  • Garkavets, Oleksandr. Urumskiy Slovnik. Alma-Ata: Baur, 2000. google scholar
  • Gronbech, Kaare. Komanisches Wörterbuch, Türkischer Wortindex zu Codex Cumanicus. Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942. google scholar
  • Iskakov, Ahmedi. Kazirgi Kazak tili, Morfologiya. Almatı: Mektep Baspası, 1974. google scholar
  • Kaliyev, Gabdolla, Nakısbekov Okas, Sarıbayev Şora. Kazak Tiliniy AymaktıkSözdigi. Almatı: Arıs, 2005. google scholar
  • Keykin, Jardem. Kazaktın 7777Makalı menMateli. Almatı: Ölke, 2002. google scholar
  • Kunanbayev, Abay. Abay Şıgarmalarının Bir Tomdık Tolık Jıynagı. Almatı: Memlekettik Körkem Adebiyet Baspası, 1961. google scholar
  • Li, Yong Song. Türk Dillerinde Akrabalık Adları. Ankara: TDK Yayınları, 2020. google scholar
  • Malov, Sergey. Yazık Jyoltıh Uygurov. Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1957. google scholar
  • Nurmagambetov, Âbilbek. “Türikmenstandagı Kazaktar Tilindegi Keybir Sözderdig Etimologiyası”. Kazak Tili men Tarihı Tuwralı Zerttewler, Almatı (1965): 238-246. google scholar
  • Nurmagambetov, Âbilbek. “Kazak Govorlarındagı Keybir Leksikalık Erekşelikterdiıj Payda Boluw Jolı men Etimologiyası (kitap bölümü). Kazak Tilindegi Jergilikti Erekşelikter. Almatı: Gılım (1974): 105-115. google scholar
  • Nurmagambetov, Âbilbek. Jergilikti TilErekşelikteriniy Törkini. Almatı: Mektep, 1985. google scholar
  • Nurmagambetov, Âbilbek. “Tilimizdegi Keybir Diyalektizmder Törkini” (kitap bölümü). Kazak Tilindegi Aymaktık Erekşelikter. Almatı: Gılım (1990): 5-29. google scholar
  • Petek, Ercan. Abay Kunanbayulı Gakliya Kitabı. Almatı: Ulagat Baspası, 2020. google scholar
  • Pokrovskaya, Lyudmila. “İstoriçeskoye Razvitiye Leksiki Tyurkskih Yazıkov”. Terminı Rodstva v Tyurkskih Yazıkah. Moskva: İzdatel’stvo Akademiya Nauk SSSR, (1961): 11-81. google scholar
  • Radlov, Vasiliy. Opıt Slovarya Tyurskih Nareçiy. Sankt-Peterburg: Tipografiya imperatorskoy akademiy nauk, 1893. google scholar
  • Ramazanova, Dariya. “Terminı Rodstva v Altayskih Yazıkah: Eke/Aka”. Filologiçeskiye Nauki, Voprosı Teoriy i Praktiki 5 (23), (2013): 175-178. google scholar
  • Râsânen, Martti. VersuchEinesEtimologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. Helsinki: Suomalais Ugrilainen Seura, 1969. google scholar
  • Sevortyan, Ervand. Etiymologiçeskiy Slovar’ Tyurkskih Yazıkov. Moskva: Nauka, 1974. google scholar
  • Şabaşov, Andrey. “Tyurskiye Terminı Rodstva v Drevneruskih Pis’mennıh Pamyatnikah do 1480”. Algebra Rodstva 13, (2012): 148-158. google scholar
  • Tatarintsev, Boris. Etimologiçeskiy Slovar’ Tuvinskogo Yazıka. Moskva: Nauka, 2000. google scholar
  • Tekin, Tekin. Orhon Yazıtları. Ankara: TDK Yayınları, 2010. google scholar
  • Tsintsius, Vera. “K Etimologii Altayskih Terminov Rodstva”. Oçerki Sravnitel’noy Leksikologii Altayskih yazıkov, Sbornik statey, Leningrad: Nauka (1972): 80-98. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Kurmanbaiuly, S., Adilov, M., & Alimbek, G. (2024). On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh. Journal of Turkology, 34(1), 257-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460


AMA

Kurmanbaiuly S, Adilov M, Alimbek G. On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh. Journal of Turkology. 2024;34(1):257-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460


ABNT

Kurmanbaiuly, S.; Adilov, M.; Alimbek, G. On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh. Journal of Turkology, [Publisher Location], v. 34, n. 1, p. 257-277, 2024.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Kurmanbaiuly, Sherubay, and Marlen Adilov and Gaukhar Alimbek. 2024. “On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh.” Journal of Turkology 34, no. 1: 257-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460


Chicago: Humanities Style

Kurmanbaiuly, Sherubay, and Marlen Adilov and Gaukhar Alimbek. On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh.” Journal of Turkology 34, no. 1 (Nov. 2024): 257-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460


Harvard: Australian Style

Kurmanbaiuly, S & Adilov, M & Alimbek, G 2024, 'On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh', Journal of Turkology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 257-277, viewed 14 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Kurmanbaiuly, S. and Adilov, M. and Alimbek, G. (2024) ‘On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh’, Journal of Turkology, 34(1), pp. 257-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460 (14 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Kurmanbaiuly, Sherubay, and Marlen Adilov and Gaukhar Alimbek. On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh.” Journal of Turkology, vol. 34, no. 1, 2024, pp. 257-277. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460


Vancouver

Kurmanbaiuly S, Adilov M, Alimbek G. On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh. Journal of Turkology [Internet]. 14 Nov. 2024 [cited 14 Nov. 2024];34(1):257-277. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460 doi: 10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460


ISNAD

Kurmanbaiuly, Sherubay - Adilov, Marlen - Alimbek, Gaukhar. On Some Kinship Honorifics That Have Changed Meaning in Kazakh”. Journal of Turkology 34/1 (Nov. 2024): 257-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/iuturkiyat.1297460



TIMELINE


Submitted16.05.2023
Accepted26.12.2023
Published Online28.06.2024

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.