USAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTATIVE MOOD MORPHEMES IN KOSOVAR TURKISH
İsa Sulçevsi, Fikret TuranAccording to the classifications related to the Turkey Turkish dialects, Kosovo Turkish takes place in Western Balkans Turkish dialects group. Kosovo Turkish dialect is the dialects spoken by the Turkish community living in Kosovo, speaking it as their mother tongue, as well as, by the other non-Turkish communities, speaking it as “city language”. Considering the current official statistics, the number of those who speak Kosovo Turkish as their mother tongue is considerably lower than the number of those who speak Turkish language as “city language”. On the other hand, those who speak Turkish as a native speaker are mostly diglots or polyglots. As a result, Kosovo Turkish is in intense contact with other languages spoken in Kosovo. This language contacts had some impact on the verb inflection in Kosovo Turkish. This work is focused on the morphemes used for the inflection of the “optative mood” as well as, comparisons to the Standard Turkey Turkish meanings and / or functions. We will strive to create an opinion on Kosovo Turkish optative mood morphemes examples and their Albanian and Serbian equivalents doing the verb inflection comparison in order to reveal which of these languages have influenced the code copying.
KOSOVA TÜRKÇESİNDE İSTEK KİPİ BİÇİMBİRİMLERİNİN KULLANIM ÖZELLİKLERİ
İsa Sulçevsi, Fikret TuranKosova Türkçesi, Türkiye Türkçesi ağızlarıyla ilgili yapılmış olan sınıflandırmalarda Balkan Türkçesinin Batı Ağızları grubunda yer alır. Kosova’da yaşayan Türklerin anadili ve Kosova şehirlerinin bazılarında yaşayan Türk olmayan topluluklar tarafından “şehir dili” olarak konuştukları Türkçe, Kosova Türkçesidir. Mevcut resmi istatistiklere bakıldığında Kosova Türkçesini anadili olarak konuşanların sayısı “şehir dili” olarak konuşanların sayısından oldukça azdır. Diğer yandan Türkçeyi anadili olarak konuşanlar çoğunlukla iki veya daha çok dillidir. Bunun sonucu olarak Kosova Türkçesi Kosova’da konuşulan diğer dillerle yoğun bir ilişki içerisindedir. Bu dil ilişkisinin Kosova Türkçesinde fiil çekimine bazı etkileri olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Türkçe gramer yazım geleneğinde çoğunlukla “istek kipi” başlığı altında ele alınan ve bu fiil çekiminde kullanılan biçimbirimlerin Kosova Türkçesinde kullanıldığı durumlar ele alınıp Standart Türkiye Türkçesinde bu yapıların karşıladığı anlamlar ve / veya işlevlerle karşılaştırılacaktır. İstek kipi biçimbirimlerinin Kosova Türkçesinde kullanıldığı örneklerin Arnavutça ve Sırpça karşılıklarıyla fiil çekimi karşılaştırmaları da yapılarak kod kopyasının bu dillerden hangisinden gelişmiş olabileceği hakkında fikir ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır.
Studies related to the Kosovo Turkish language within the Western Balkan dialects were mainly focused on their phonetical and morphological features. Within this frame, optative mood was treated from the morphological viewpoint, while apart of the necessitative mood, morpho-syntactic features were not accented.
In Kosovo Turkish dialect, necessitative mood is expressed with the phrase lazım+optative . Sources related to the Kosovo Turkish dialect, mainly write of the necessitative mood being expressed with lazım, in rare cases mecbur, while lazım+optative was not mentioned. On the other hand, some sources related to the Cyprus Turkish and Gagauzian Turkish lazım+optative formula was mentioned as admissible.
In fact, the paradigm of Kosovo Turkish optative mood, being considered within the historical progress, is created from the suffixes used in imperative mood. Due to this, some studies mention these suffixes with the term of imperative-optative. These suffixes have undergone some phonetical changes appearing within the two dialects groups as: in the Eastern and Southern dialects (singular form) 1. -(y)Aym, 2. -(y)Asın, 3. -sın, -sUn, -son (Prizren and Mamuşa), (plural form) 1. -(y)Alım, -(y)am(Prizren), -(y)om(Mamuşa), 2. -(y)Asınız, 3. -sınłar; Central and Northern dialects (singular) 1. -(y)Am, 2. -(y)Asın, 3. -sın, -sUn, (çokluk) 1. -(y)Alım, -(y)Alık, 2. -(y)Asınız, 3. -sınłar.
Kosovo Turkish have copied some grammar categories from the contacting languages in the form of selected copy. Due to this, instead of Turkish synthetic verbs structures there are used some analytic inflection phrases. In the important part of the analytic verb structures the paradigm of optative mood plays significant role. Among the analytic structure verb inflections we can mention future mode, potential mode and necessitatives.
Future tenses in Kosovo Turkish can be formed with both analytic form and synthetic verb phrases. In the formation of analytic future tense we use var+optative. The word Var and its antonym yok are used in the sense of noun in Turkish. While in Kosovo Turkish in the analytic future tense formation, these words are used as tense formatting elements. On the other side, in Albanian language the synonym of the word var, which is kam in Albanian has the meaning of have. With this feature, the word is a verb. While the same word in Gheg dialect with the phrase kam+infinitive is used to form the future tense. Albanian Gheh dialect uses s’kam, for the negative form of future tense, while Kosovo Turkish uses the word yok. The phrasal var+optative can both express future tense, as well as, carries the meaning of necessity and obligation. Ex. While with the sentence: yarın var uyuyalım dokuza kadar (tomorrow we will sleep until nine) we express future intention, the example of: var işleyeym dokuza kadar (I have to work until nine) expresses the necessity and obligation. On the other hand using the sentence: Yarın yok cideym işe (I won’t go to work tomorrow) we can derive either the meanings of intention or necessity. From the context we can comprehend one of these meanings: I will not go to work tomorrow, I don’t intent to go to work tomorrow or I don’t have to go to work tomorrow.
Analytic inflectional phrase formed with Var/yok+optative plus added (-di perfect tense), (-miş past tense) and conditionals of i- verb (to be) (idi, imiş, ise), can form compound verb conjugations as var idi+optative (-AcAktI-) future past tense, var imiş+optative (-AcAkmIş-) future inferential tense, or optative (-AcAksA-) future conditional. Moreover, using the phrase var imiş idi+optative there is created double compound conjugation, which expresses pluperfect that does not exist in Turkish.
As mentioned above, necessitative mood is formed of two words in analytic moulds. Whereas, Turkey Turkish language expresses the necessity with the suffix -mAlI. Using Lazım+optative as analytic necessitative structure we express simple present tense necessity. While using past tense, perfect tense and conditionals (idi, imiş, ise) of iverb (to be) we derive the meanings: lazım idi+optative (verbal noun+possessive suffix: gerekti / gerekirdi / -mAlIydI-), lazım imiş+optative (verbal noun+possessive suffix: gerekmiş / gerekirmiş / -mAlIymIş-) and lazım ise+optative (verbal noun+possessive suffix: gerekse / gerekirse / -mAlIysA-).
In Kosovo Turkish, apart from the Prizren Turkish dialect, potential mood can be used in synthetic and analytic form. Analytical potential mode is formed with edebil- +optative. Ex. edebilırım konuşaym (I can speak), edebilır misın yazasın (Can you write).
Moreover, optative mood can be used in modal auxiliary verbs. Although these structures are formed as phrases -mAk iste-, -mAyA başla-, -mAyI düşün- in Turkey Turkish, in Kosovo Turkish the words forming these phrases are different in the aspect of sequence and paradigm. In Kosovo Turkish, these potential modes can be forms with phrases such as isteym+optative, başlaym+optative, düşünim+optative.