SPIES FOR THE SULTAN: INTELLIGENCE, SABOTAGE AND BRIBERY IN THE 16TH CENTURY

SULTANIN CASUSLARI: 16. YÜZYILDA İSTİHBARAT,  SABOTAJ VE RÜŞVET AĞLARI

Ahmet

Assoc. Prof.

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Türkiyat Mecmuası - Journal of Turkology is the publication of Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology, which was founded in 1924 by (Ord. Prof. Dr.) Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad on the instructions of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk).

Türkiyat Mecmuası, one of the first academic journals of the Republic of Turkey in the field of social sciences, has been continuing its publication life since 1925. Türkiyat Mecmuası, which publishes original scientific studies on Turkish Language, Turkish Literature, Contemporary Turkish Dialects and Literatures, Turkish History, Turkish Art, Turkish Culture and Turkology in general, is an open access, refereed, national and international scientific journal. It is published twice a year in June and December.

It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English.

There are no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles. All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University.

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<div>Türkiyat Mecmuası - Journal of Turkology is the publication of Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology. It is an open-access, peer-reviewed, scientific journal published biannually in June and December. Established in 1925. It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English.Türkiyat Mecmuası is a well-established journal targeting both national and international academic communities. Its editorial board includes experts from both national and international fields. The journal aims to increase contributions from international authors.​Türkiyat Mecmuası, which publishes original scientific studies on Turkish Language, Turkish Literature, Contemporary Turkish Dialects and Literatures, Turkish History, Turkish Art, Turkish Culture and Turkology in general.Türkiyat Mecmuası- Journal of Turkology aims to contribute to the dissemination of scientific knowledge and to contribute to the scientific community in the field of Turkology by publishing high quality articles in accordance with international publication standards. </div>

Aim & Scope

<ul><li>SCOPUS</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>MLA International Bibliography</li><li>EBSCO (Academic Search Complete)</li><li>SOBIAD</li><li>Gale Cengage</li><li><a href="https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/Ulrichsweb/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Ulrichsweb</a></li><li>Erih Plus                                                                                                                                                                                                            </li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Submitted articles should be appropriate to the purpose and scope of the journal. Original, fully or partially unpublished articles that are not in the process of evaluation in another journal, with high academic research and impact value, based mainly on primary sources, and whose content and submission have been approved by each author are accepted for evaluation.Articles derived from dissertations/thesis and related to the author's thesis topic are not accepted for evaluation.Articles derived from or extended from proceedings, or orally presented articles-even if they have not been published- are not accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors..Plagiarism, duplication, false authorship/ denied authorship, research/data fabrication, article slicing, sliced publication, copyright infringement and concealment of conflict of interest are considered unethical behavior. All articles that do not comply with accepted ethical standards are removed from publication. This includes articles containing possible irregularities or non-compliances detected after publication.Editorial Review, Plagiarism Scanning and Double Blinded Peer ReviewArticles are evaluated by the editor in terms of originality, methodology, subject matter and format in accordance with the scope of the journal. Pre-checked articles are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. Authors are informed if plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected. If necessary, editors may subject the article to plagiarism check at various stages of the evaluation or production process. Articles in which plagiarism or self-plagiarism is detected will not be published. The similarity rate should be less than 15%.The editor-in-chief ensures that articles undergo fair double-blinded peer review and the article is submitted to at least two referees from Turkey and/or abroad. If the referees deem necessary, the Editor-in-Chief approves the publication of the article after the requested changes are made by the authors.Authors who have an article in the process cannot submit an article again before the completion of the process. The Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Management Board or Editorial Board may decide to have the articles returned or revised if deemed necessary at any stage of the evaluation process. The researcher has a period of at least 4 issues / 2 years after the publication of his article to submit a new article.

Policies

<div>The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license. </div>

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

<div>Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li style="text-align: justify;">There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li style="text-align: justify;">It contains plagiarised content. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">It reports unethical research. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li style="text-align: justify;">The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul></div>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

<div>Journal of Turkology - Türkiyat Mecmuası is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, to access the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.</div>

Ethics

Journal of Turkology - Türkiyat Mecmuası adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B48C35DD6FCA4C2FB91F51863B30BBDB" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.&#65279;

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender,  citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation. Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender,  citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.&#65279;

Articles that have not been previously published or are not currently under review for publication in another journal and are approved by each author are accepted for consideration. Submitted articles that pass the preliminary check are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After the plagiarism check, eligible articles are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, methodology, importance of the topic covered and compatibility with the scope of the journal.Articles deemed appropriate by the editor-in-chief in terms of the journal's publication policy are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation in accordance with the double blind review system. The decision to publish is made by the editor-in-chief after the edits made by the authors as a result of the referees' evaluations and the referee process.The editor-in-chief does not allow any conflict of interest between authors, editors and referees. He/she has full authority to appoint referees and is responsible for making the final decision on the articles to be published in the journal.Reviewers' evaluations should be objective. During the review process, reviewers are expected to consider the following points.-Does the article contribute to the field?-Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the article?-Is the structure of the article and the research method defined in a coherent and comprehensible manner?-Are the interpretations and conclusions substantiated by the findings?-Are adequate references given to other studies in the field?- Is the quality of language and expression adequate??Reviewers should ensure that all information about submitted articles remains confidential until the article is published and should report to the editor if they notice any copyright infringement or plagiarism on the part of the author.If the referee does not feel qualified to review the article or is unlikely to be able to provide timely feedback, he/she should inform the editor and ask him/her not to involve him/her in the review process.During the review process, the editor should make it clear to reviewers that articles submitted for review are the private property of the authors and that this is a privileged communication. Reviewers and editorial board members may not discuss articles with other individuals.

It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English.All correspondence regarding the submitted articles will be made with the responsible author. All responsibility of the studies sent to our journal for publication within the rules belongs to the author / authors.Article submission should be made online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/journal/989/submission/step/manuscript/new">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a>, which is accessed from Turkiyat Mecmuası &gt;&gt; Home Page. The articles should be submitted in three separate files when uploading to the Dergipark system.<ul><li>Articles derived from undergraduate theses, master's theses, or doctoral dissertations will not be considered for evaluation.</li></ul><ul><li>Articles derived from or expanded upon conference proceedings, including those orally presented, will not be evaluated, even if the proceedings have not been published.</li></ul><ul><li>Researchers may submit a new article only after at least four issues (2 years) have passed since the publication of their previous article.                                                                                                                                                                                          </li><li>The article title should be uploaded to the system in the language in which the article is written as the primary language. </li></ul><ul><li>Articles are listed in the journal alphabetically by the authors' last names.</li></ul><ul><li>Excluding abstracts, footnotes, and references, articles must be at least 5,000 words in length.</li></ul><ul><li>The main text file of the article must not include any information identifying the author. Articles that do not comply with this rule will be returned without entering the evaluation process.</li></ul><ul><li>Draft articles submitted to the journal must adhere to the journal's submission guidelines. Articles that do not comply with the submission guidelines will be directly rejected or returned.</li></ul><ul><li>Submitted works, whether published or not, will not be returned to the authors.</li></ul><ul><li>Once an article is submitted for publication, no author's name may be removed from the author list, no new author may be added, and the order of authors may not be changed without the written consent of all authors.</li></ul><ul><li>Authors with ongoing submissions cannot submit new articles until the process is completed. The editorial board reserves the right to return or request revisions for articles at any stage of the evaluation process.</li></ul><ul><li>Türkiyat Mecmuası communicates with authors and other relevant parties exclusively via email or the messaging module within the journal's automation system. Messages sent to any email address other than turkology@istanbul.edu.tr will not be considered.</li></ul>MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION GUIDE1. Article Full Text File** Microsoft Word 2003 and above versions must be used. Articles should be prepared using the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C158422B1FB64697839C4368061BC23F" target="">Article Template.</a> The text of the article should not include the identity information of the author(s) due to the double-blinded peer review process. (Important note: The main headings in the article template only show how the content of the article should be formed. Authors are not obliged to use these headings.)* The article must consist of at least 5000 words, excluding the abstract, footnotes, and references.2. Cover Page** <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/142CD7ECA70D42D2969C7D17206CEDBE" target="_blank">The cover page</a> should include the type of article, article title (article language / English) title and institutional affiliation of the author or authors, current address and telephone numbers, ORCID information and e-mail addresses.* The financial support, conflict of interest and acknowledgment sections should be stated separately in both the language of the article and in English.* In the initial submission file of the manuscript, statements such as acknowledgments will not be included; these matters will only be specified on the cover page. 3. Copyright Agreement Form** Must be signed by all authors with a wet signature. <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15420">The Copyright Agreement Form</a> requires wet signatures in three different sections.*The sections on financial support, conflict of interest, and acknowledgments must be stated in both the language of the article and in English.TITLE: If each study has a different language for Turkish, English, and the article language, the title should be provided in that language. The title of the study should clearly reflect ıts content and be comprehensive.* MAIN TITLES: All words should be written in all capital letters and bold. They must not exceed 15 words.* Subheadings: All words should be written in bold, with only the first letters of each word capitalized. A line break should follow the title.* Lower-Level Subheadings: All words should be bold, with only the first letter of the first word capitalized and the first letters of subsequent words in lowercase. A colon (:) should be placed at the end of the title, and the text should continue on the same line.ABSTRACT: The abstract should include the purpose, methodology, and scope of the study and should be placed after the title but before the introduction section in the article. The Turkish abstract should be between 180-200 words, and the English abstract should be between 180-250 words. Beneath the abstracts, there should be up to five keywords that represent the content of the study.EXTENDED ABSTRACT: The extended abstract should include the purpose, methodology, scope, and results of the study and should be placed after the Turkish and English abstracts in the article. The extended abstract in English should be between 700-800 words.* In Turkish articles, there should be two abstracts, one in Turkish and English, and extended abstract in English. English articles should include two abstracts, one in English and one in Turkish. There should be no extended abstract. For articles written in other languages / dialects, there should be three abstracts (in the language of the article - English- Turkish) and an extended abstract in English.* The title of the article should be given in the order of the number of abstracts and the language of the article. See example <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F985C0668F824D99BF77B994BF747B8C">article.</a>TABLES, FIGURES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND GRAPHS: Figures, pictures, tables and graphs in the text should be numbered as 1, 2, 3. Photographs, plans, maps, etc. used in the text should be attached to the documents to be submitted with the extension &#34;.jpg / .tiff&#34;. Care should be taken to ensure that such documents have a resolution suitable for the printing technique (at least 300 dpi) and a size that does not exceed the page area, and if there is more than one, they should be numbered and titled (Picture 1; Map 1; Table, Figure 1, etc.). Images can be cited in the text, but if they are cited in the text with parentheses as (Annex 1), the images should be added as an appendix at the end of the article. The source of the cited images should be indicated both under the image and in the bibliography.

Author Guidelines

Research Article: As research articles, manuscripts presenting original scientific results on topics appropriate to the scope of the journal are considered. Research articles consist of abstract, keywords, introduction, method, findings, discussion, conclusions, references, tables, graphs and figures.Review: Manuscripts prepared by experts who have a great depth of knowledge in the field and whose expertise is reflected in the international literature in terms of publications and impact are evaluated. The review article should consist of title, abstract and keywords, main text sections and referencesTranslation: These are translated articles. Translations of articles written by experts in the field with a high impact value are evaluated.* In translated text publications, &#34;permission has been obtained from the original author and publisher&#34; and &#34;citation details of the original text&#34; must be specified in the full-text file. See <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3057174">example article.</a>Book Review: Brief or detailed reviews of books published in the last 5 years are evaluated. Book reviews are a type of writing that evaluates issues such as the book's formal and substantive features, the way it deals with the subject(s), its suitability for the purpose for which it was written and its success in realizing this, what is needed to eliminate its deficiencies and shortcomings and make it better. Book reviews should be written according to the book review template. Brief reviews written in a language other than the language in which the book was published are given priority. (For example, a book review written in Kazakh about a book published in Turkish.)Points to consider for book reviews- The introduction should have an &#34;independent original title&#34; specific to the book- The cover photo of the book being reviewed should be included in the text (on the first page, under the title, and aligned to the left).- The bibliographic information of the introduced book should be provided in full in the References section.- 5 keywords, both in Turkish and English, should be added.

FORMS<a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15420" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"></a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B48C35DD6FCA4C2FB91F51863B30BBDB" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5C46AD279E4242B68D3D82EABAEEBF71" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Author Form</a> <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/142CD7ECA70D42D2969C7D17206CEDBE" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Title Page</a> TEMPLATES<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4DCAECFD87F04B9281421C9EC4F92F69" target="_blank">Article Template</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/31257" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Book Review Template</a>

<a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15420" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/22325" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/142CD7ECA70D42D2969C7D17206CEDBE" target="_blank">Cover Page</a>Templates:<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6FB79A0A58F74FCFA4BC31315924C3E9" target="">Article Template</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/31257" target="_blank">Book Review Template</a>FINAL CHECKLISTEnsure that none of the following is missing:-        The type of the article is clearly stated.-        The article has not been submitted to another journal.-        If there is a relationship with a sponsor or a commercial firm, it is indicated.-        The article has been checked for English language accuracy.-        References are formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition.-        The journal policies, detailed in the Writing Guidelines section, have been reviewed.* Copyright Agreement Form* Author Form* Permission Document (if previously published material, such as text, images, or tables, is used).* Cover Page:<ul><li>Article category,</li></ul><ul><li>Title in the article's original language and in English,</li></ul><ul><li>Authors’ full names, academic titles, affiliated institutions (including university and faculty information, followed by the city and country), and email addresses,</li></ul><ul><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full mailing address, work phone number, mobile phone number, and fax number,</li></ul><ul><li>ORCID IDs for all authors.</li></ul>* Article Main Text;-        Important: The main text must not include any identifying information about the author(s).-        Titles in both the article's original language and in English,-        Abstracts: 180–200 words in the original language, 180-200 words in English, and an extended abstract of 700–800 words in English,-        Keywords: 5 in the original language and 5 in English,-        Sections of the main text,-        Financial support (if any, specify),-        Conflict of interest (if any, specify),-        Acknowledgments (if any, specify),-        References,-        Tables, Images, Figures (with titles, descriptions, and captions).

Submitted	22.05.2017
Accepted	22.05.2017

Journal of Turkology

Book Review

SPIES FOR THE SULTAN: INTELLIGENCE, SABOTAGE AND BRIBERY IN THE 16TH CENTURY

SULTANIN CASUSLARI: 16. YÜZYILDA İSTİHBARAT, SABOTAJ VE RÜŞVET AĞLARI

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