Hilal

Assist. Prof.

While analyzing the individual staff of literary works in the text analysis, the word “hero” is used for every person in the work; in fact, not all people in the work are heroes. This attitude, which has become a habit in text analysis, has become popular and established. The individual is regarded as the “hero a particular event. The individual does not need to possess innate or acquired heroic qualities. Actually, heroism is like a title that is generally accepted after military, religious, historical, political and social success. In the texts that are the product of national consciousness and collective unconsciousness, like legends, epics and fairy tales, the heroic type which is placed in the center takes on the role of savior / protector by providing extraordinary features, and continues its existence by being transferred from generation to generation. Berna Moran was born in the twentieth century, in his book Literary Theory and Criticism; he states that this theory, which is one of the methods of criticism of work, has benefited from various disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, history and comparative religion. In this respect, he likens it to ”historical and sociological” criticism. The reason why this method of criticism is included in the work-oriented criticism methods is not because it reveals the structure that creates the aesthetic life in the work, but because it reveals the archetypes that have influenced people since ancient times. Archetypes repeating in the literary works with stereotypes such as person, image, symbol and plot help to analyze the meaning universe of the work.1 Loral Lee Portenier in The Heroine’s Journey, according to J.L. Henderson (1964) and Carl Gustav Jung (1964) the most archetypal archetype in the world is the heroic archetype. It also states that the heroic archetype always refers to a powerful human or god person who creates evil. The heroic archetype as a result of a journey includes “action, adventure, excitement, success, renewal, fun and return home...” Overcoming significant difficulties, the hero tests his character.2 The Epic Hero, Dean A. Miller talks about Joseph Campbell, who brought a new perspective to the image of heroism.&nbsp;Campbell’s first and foremost work in this field is The Hero with a Thousand Faces, is based on the tradition of scholars working in the field of psychology and mythology, such as Otto Rank. Furthermore, Campbell sets out from legends rather than an epic hero in this work. Campbell harmonizes the model of eternal heroism with the cosmic cycle; “Monomite / myth analysis” and Jung’s “archetypes / early examples” theory. According to Campbell, “the hero dies as a modern man; but it is perfected as an eternal man and reborn as a universal man. ”3 Therefore, according to Campbell, the duty of the resurrected hero is to return to us, to turn and to teach his adventure. Therefore, in order to prove his transformation, it is necessary to follow the stages / categories of his biography and his experiences tested.Kemal Tahir’s novels on the National Struggle show that both his historical and fictional figures resemble mythological heroes in certain aspects. Kemal Tahir’s novels on the National Struggle have played an important role in the construction of national identity. Esir Şehrin İnsanları, Esir Şehrin Mahpusu, Yol Ayrımı and Yorgun Savaşçı tired warriors’ trilogy historical background of the novel describes the transition to the new Ottoman Turkey. The first two volumes of the trilogy reveal the status of Istanbul after the occupation, and the years of National Struggle on the axis of the adventure of Kamil Bey, the “chosen hero” of the works. When Kamil Bey lived in Europe, far away from the realities of his country as the intellectual of the time, he returned to his country in order to save the legacy of his father Selim Pasha after World War I and the occupation of the country, he found himself in the midst of chaos. The hero turned into an intellectual who fought for the salvation of the country on his way to save his father’s land. It was quite effective for this transformation that he met his old school friends, started working in the “Blackuncle” magazine and the Ottoman State desperately took refuge in the American mandate. At the end of the novel, the People of the Prisoner Kamil Bey, who was involved in Kuvayı Milliye and tried to bring the Greek occupation plan to Anatolia and was sentenced to shovel for seven years, was willing to lose his family. He completed the individualization process in prison and became a full hero. Kemal Tahir, with this type of hero, fictionalized both the terms of the National Struggle years, and what the task of the enlightened in these conditions revealed. In the novel “Tired Warrior “, the accusation of the Ottoman Empire, Committee of Union and Progressive Terrorists who succumbed to World War I was fictionalized within the “chosen hero Hell’s Artillery Cemil”. Cemil returned to Istanbul after the defeat in World War I; after twenty years of military service, he became a tired warrior because this process was too heavy for him. He was very unhappy that he had not been able to relieve his mental fatigue and was accused of treason. However, he soon went to Anatolia and joined the National Struggle, and struggled for the liberation of his country. As a hero, he cannot return both in real and spiritual terms, although he has completed his maturity. As a result, the hero created&nbsp;by Kemal Tahir in his novels about National Struggle comes to the forefront, and both heroes chosen in the work do not give up their country against all the “defeat, exile, pain, betrayal and oppression. In fact, the heroes represent the Ottomans in some ways on an allegorical basis. Although Kamil Bey was an intellectual, he could not see the truth, and when his power and money were exhausted, everyone turned his back on him. Cemil is an officer who has succumbed and is exhausted from the twenty years of struggle, and is accused of treason. Both are consistent with the heroes of the tragedy experienced by the Ottoman period, but as both heroes who participated in the National Struggle, heroes of a new Ottoman. The New Republic of Turkey is transformed to reach the “freedom to practice”.

Kemal Tahir's Novel on The National Struggle “Choice Hero” And “Magic Object”

Abdurrahman

Assoc. Prof.

In World War I, Bulgaria was defeated by the Allied Powers and had to sign the Armistice of Thessaloniki and thereby lost its authority over Western Thrace. Similarly the authority of the Ottoman Empire in Eastern Thrace was weakened by the Armistice of Mudros. Following the Armistice of Thessaloniki and Armistice of Mudros, the French occupied Western and Eastern Thrace representing the Allied Powers. French did not prevent the expansion of the Greeks in these regions where Turks were a majority. In the meantime, the French had to loosen their control in Thrace due to their goals towards the Straits region, Cilicia and Syria. The Greeks, who were aware of this opportunity, increased their activities in the region with their population movements, political, military, economic and intensive propaganda activities. Due to the current conditions and the pressures of the Allied Powers, the Turks (who could not get the necessary support from Istanbul) and the Bulgarians (who had a low population) could not establish enough organization in the region, and this situation created a picture in favor of Greece in the region. However, the competition between Allied Powers, the Treaty of Neuilly and Treaty of Sèvres gave the ground for Greece's historical aspirations towards Thrace. In this process, the Allied Powers aimed to isolate Bulgaria from the Aegean Sea and Turkey from Europe by establishing a special status in Western and Eastern Thrace. Therefore, to ensure that the Turks accepted the Treaty of Sèvres, the Allied Powers asked Greece to initiate a military operation against Western and Eastern Thrace together with Western Anatolia. The Bulgarian and Ottoman governments, which were under greater pressure due to the oppression of the Allied Powers and Greek operations, could not react to the invasion of Thrace beyond political attempts and had to accept this situation. Despite the passive attitude of the Ottoman Government, the Turkish forces in Thrace tried to resist the Greek operation. However, these forces did not have sufficient military equipment and they did not succeed. As a result Western and Eastern Thrace were fully controlled by Greece. On August 10, 1920, the Allied Powers decided to transfer Eastern and Western Thrace to Greece with the treaties they signed with the Ottoman Empire and Greece. The Treaty of Sèvres between the Entente States and the Ottoman Empire foresaw the transfer of Eastern Thrace to Greece. The Treaty Concerning Thrace signed at Sèvres and The Treaty Between the Principal Allied and Greece on the other hand, allowed the transfer of Western Thrace to Greece with some obligations and conditions. Thus, from the Çatalca-Istranca line, the Turkish administration in Europe would come to an end, with the exception of Istanbul and Gelibolu (Gallipoli) which was occupied by the Allied Powers. Although the Allied Powers did not allow the Greeks to have an influence on the Straits Region, the Greek occupations in Western Anatolia along with Eastern and Western Thrace were the forerunners of radical changes in the near east. The provisions of the treaties on Eastern and Western Thrace also included allowing Turks and other ethnic communities in Thrace to enjoy minority rights in Greece and to establish a new organization in the province of Edirne. However, the Entente States had some rights and privileges in these treaties, especially in Western Thrace. These rights and privileges, including the preservation of freedom of transit within Western Thrace and the fair trade of other nations, were also guaranteed to establish a commercial area in the port of Alexandroupolis and the Aegean outlet, economically promised to Bulgaria with the Treaty of Neuilly. Furthermore, the port of Alexandroupoli, which is one of the most important ports of Western Thrace, was accepted as an international port by the treaties signed by Greece in Sèvres. The debates or the problems that could arise from these issues would be solved by the League of Nations, known to be under the auspices of the Britain. Therefore, if the treaties on Thrace signed in Sèvres came into force, the effect of Britain on this region would become permanent. As a result, Greece, defeated in Anatolia, was forced to surrender Eastern Thrace to Turkey. However, Greece continued her occupation of Western Thrace due to the policies of the Allied Powers. Although the treaties on Thrace signed in Sèvres were updated and adapted to the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923, Greece did not recognize the rights that she had granted to minorities in Lausanne.

Transfer of Thrace to Greece By the Allied Powers (1920)

Nejla

Prof.

After World War I, the Armistice of Mudros was signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied Powers. This deal, often criticized for being too harsh, had granted the Allies to occupy and seize any strategic points in case of a threat to the Allied security (via its 7th Stipulation), and the right to demobilize the Ottoman Army. However, incursion by the Allies into Anatolia in the name of restoring order without any casus belli soon followed.&nbsp;Marash was occupied by the British Forces in November 1919. During this time, Armenians who were deported from Marash in 1915/1916 were on their way back to the city. The British Administration decided to settle these Armenians in some neighborhoods or villages which were not traditionally inhabited by the Armenian Communities. This led to mutinies between the Armenian and Turkish communities within the city. After 8 months, the British handed over Marash to the French.Marash housed a considerable amount of Armenian Catholics. When the French, who had seen themselves as the sole protector of the Catholic world for centuries, seized the city, the Armenian Community was quite satisfied with the developments, and welcomed the French in a very hospitable manner. In return, the French Army militarized the Armenian Community of Marash by leasing them weapons and building protected headquarters for their use. This move only resulted in increased tension between the Muslims and the Armenian minorityIn contrast, the Muslim Community did not have sufficient materials with which to fight. Seeing the Armenian preparations and witnessing the arrests of their leaders by the French Army, the Muslims also started to prepare for a clash which was inevitable. Muslim leaders,&nbsp;Dr. Mustapha, his brother Pharmacist Lutfi, Kadızada Hacı Hasan Efendi, his son Mehmet Ziya, Katipzada Mehmet, Vehbizade Hasıp, Kocabashzade Omar, Mustapha and Nazim, who wanted to merge the Muslim response to the French occupation under a single banner, created the “Marash National Struggle Committee” on October 28th, 1919 in Albistan, Marash. These individuals tried to gather much needed weapons and ammunition. Ali Rıza Begh and his friends founded a resistance organization led by a board of directors.The Committee of Representation, which governed from Sivas, incorporated Marash into its sphere of influence. The leader of the Committee of Representation, Mustapha Kemal Pascha, elected Kilic Ali to mount an organized defense of the city. Kilic Ali selected 3 wellknown locals form both Marash and Aintab as his companions. Arslan Begh, Evliya Efendi and Hafız Ali Efendi were selected from Marash, and Sadik Efendi, Kazim Efendi and Mulazim Mustapha Efendi were selected from Aintab. Kilic Ali, who quickly organized the forces of Marash and Aintab, carefully planned the defence of Marash and Aintab in consultation with the Beghs and Efendis mentioned earlier.Captain Kilic Ali Begh, Leader of the Atmali Tribe’s Yakup Hamdi and Memik Agha would take up positions in Pazarcik. Their main duty was to cut off French supply bands and reinforcements which would be sent to Marash from Aintab immediately after the beginning of the clashes. Captain Yoruk Selim would be deployed in Goksun with Pharmacist Lutfi Bey. Major Ali Begh and Nakipzada Mehmet Begh would be responsible for the communications with the Committee of Representation for additional troops. Arslan Begh was selected to the Marash National Struggle Committee as the president with Kirmaci Hadji Efendi being his deputy. They would separate Marash into 10 zones and take up commanding duties during the struggle.On January 20th, French soldiers lowered the Turkish Flag and replaced it with the French Flag. This move was not accepted by the exasperated Muslim Community and resulted in skirmishes between the Turks and the Occupiers. For 22 days and 22 nights they clashed in the streets of Marash. Turkish casualties numbered around 200 martyrs and hundreds if not thousands of veterans. General Querette, commander of the French Occupation Force, retreated from Marash on the night of February 11th and was soon followed by his forces and Armenian collaborators.The victory at Marash created a spark which would turn into a fire when it also saved Aintab, Urfa and Adana from occupation and this fire would save a nation from its annihilation. TBMM (Grand Assembly of Turkey) awarded Marash with the Independence Medal (İstiklâl Madalyası) in 1925 and would add the word “hero” into its name as a title in 1973, hence the name Kahramanmarash.

First Victory of The National Struggle: The National Struggle and Heroism of Marash

Fahri

The press supportive of the national struggle played a crucial role in informing people and seeking national and international support for the National Struggle. Mustafa Kamal Pasha aimed to continue the Struggle with the support of the press. In this period the newspapers Minber, İrade-i Milliye and Hakimiyet-i Milliye paved the way for the foundation of Anatolian News Agency and the Press General Directorate.&nbsp;There was a visible increase in the number of Anatolian press supportive of the national struggle carried out under the leadership of Mustafa Kamal Pasha after the Greek occupation of İzmir. These newspapers, published with great devotion, became the announcers for the national struggle rising as a result of the unfair occupation of Anatolia by the Allied Powers. The newspapers were published nonwithstanding big difficulties financially and technically, but published only 200-600 pieces. Generally, most of them were colourless two pages without pictures, only with one sheet. Those published two-three times a week were four pages.&nbsp;We must appreciate the effort and determination of those newspapers that supported the national struggle despite material and nonmaterial difficulties, sought ways for the liberation of the nation and the land, and tried hard to raise the awareness of the people. One of those newspaperswhich were published in line with national profits despite censor and oppression by the Allied Powers and the collaborator Damat Ferit Pasha Government, was the newspaper Dertli, published in Bolu. The newspaper published in the Bolu Provincial Press acted as spokesperson in the region for the National Struggle, and raised awareness among the people with its issues, including local news, the newspaper usually conveyed the National Struggle themed news and developments in the national and international press. The paper had the goal to inform its readers on fields like education, health, history and religion, as well as citing national and international political issues. It was generally published as one sheet,&nbsp;two pages, and the upper part of the first page included a logo of Dertli, the grant holder, managing director, printing house, editorial room, year, issue, sales, subscription info and advert fares. The newspaper was published from 1919 until 1928. The grant holder of the newspaper was İlyaszade Şükrü Bey, Member of Parliament for Bolu. The newspaper was published weekly, and the editor in chief was attorney Ali Saib Bey, while the contributors included names such as Tunalı Hilmi Bey. It included publishing about the National Struggle and the Republican Period, as well as political, financial and cultural issues in Bolu, and the environment. The people of Bolu supported the Struggle and held aid campaigns with all efforts as in all of Anatolia. The amounts collected via these campaigns were released to the public in detail in the relevant issues. Each victory in the National Struggle was announced to the readers with great joy in every issue. The celebrations in the city, as a result of those good news, were also included in the newspaper. The headlines in the newspaper were Mustafa Kamal Pasha, parliamentarian elections, the Independence Court, the Damat Ferit Pasha Government, Sultan Vahdettin, Turkish-Greek War, election rallies held in Bolu during the National Struggle, aid campaigns in Bolu during the National Struggle, the Paris Conference, the sultanate, the caliphate, the Treaty of Lausanne, practices of forestry, industry, prosperity and education in Bolu, and the Malta memoirs of Mehmet Akif Bey. Analysing the editorials, articles highlighting social unity, political and financial development catch our attention. Articles generally had a fluent language use and included comments on the National Struggle. Besides, there were periodical writings on political developments, education, prosperity and economy. Because of the political and social circumstances Mustafa Kamal wrote often on love of the country, nation, and flag, not submitting to the enemy, giving one’s own, being determined andanti-Greek. The newspaper Dertli is an outstanding example of Anatolian press that has been kept until today as a whole collection. Thus, the newspaper is a fundamental source for the history of the National Struggle.&nbsp;In this work, all issues of the newspaper Dertli based in the Hakkı Tarık Us Library will be scanned, writings and news will be analysed, and the editorial staff, publishing principal and policy will be evaluated. A qualitative research method based on document analysis will be used. We will discuss Contribution of the Struggle-related news and writings of the Turkish Revolutionaries formed in the region.

Dertli Newpaper During the War of Independence

Tekin

The progress of the Ottoman Empire in Europe and the spread of Islam in this geography alarmed Christian European countries, and in time these states started to implement their plans which they called the ‘’Oriental Question’’ and whose aim was to remove Turks from Europe and even Anatolia. The weaknesses that emerged in the administration of the Ottoman Empire weakened the state against the strengthened Europe. In the face of this situation, some European countries with imperialist goals agreed to share the lands of the Ottoman Empire and considered it as a right to intervene in the internal affairs of the state with pretexts such as political, military, economic impositions, and minority rights. The fact that these states were the victors of the First World War showed that the Ottoman lands would narrow and even Turks would not be granted the right to live in many regions. In accordance with the agreements reached by the Allied Powers, they immediately started to invade the lands of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the war and made many attempts in such a way that disregarded international law.&nbsp;The Turkish nation, which remained unresponsive to the invasions, preferred to fight rather than live stateless and embarked on an important struggle against the occupation forces by establishing the National Forces. Meanwhile, with the support of the British, the invasion of Izmir by the Greek forces became the final straw and the occupation was protested all over the country. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who was assigned to ensure public order around the Black Sea, started the National Struggle movement to spread the same understanding throughout the country. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who managed to raise public awareness through congresses and meetings organized in various parts of Anatolia, became a threat for both Allied Powers and the Istanbul government. Mustafa Kemal Pasha challenged both parties by opposing the&nbsp;invasions and stating that the Istanbul government was not performing its duties in the face of these invasions.The Allied Powers, who wanted to pass on the bill of the war to the defeated states and wanted to create legal ground by protecting their interests, first came together in Paris, but could not determine the provisions of the peace agreement to be signed by the Ottoman Empire. Later, the Allied Powers, which finalized the peace text with the London and San Remo conferences, were also able to make the Ottoman Empire sign the Sevres Agreement, which was the death sentence for the Turkish nation, to separate the Istanbul government from the National Struggle movement. However, the National Struggle movement, which started in Anatolia, declared to the world that it did not recognize the signed peace agreement or the Istanbul government. Their military success proved that the National Struggle and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey established in Ankara could not be ignored. The most important objective of the National Struggle movement, which succeeded in getting the text of the National Pact in the last Ottoman Parliament (Meclis-i Mebusan), opened in Istanbul, was to introduce this document to the whole world and it was once again declared that independence would not be compromised.The significant achievements of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and its regular army brought the Allies, especially France, to Ankara, and Ankara’s government was forced to make peace by promising some changes to the unacceptable Sevres text. For this reason, the Allied Powers convened a conference in London and invited representatives of both the Istanbul government and the Ankara government. The Allied Powers, who wanted to take advantage of this situation, could not find what they had hoped for and realized that the unity between them had started to disintegrate. Mustafa Kemal Pasha noticed this issue and he immediately contacted the French counterparts in order to leave England alone against France. The Ankara Agreement signed between the government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and France was accepted as the first great diplomatic success of the National Struggle period and it was seen that the revolution, namely the liberation, was at the door. Realizing that they could not hold in Anatolia as a result of the Sakarya Pitched Battle and the Commander-in-Chief Battle, the Allied Powers had to come to the table for a ceasefire and then for peace. Finally the Turkish side, which had left the table as a defeated party five years ago, came to the table as the victorous state and the establishment of an independent Turkish state within the national borders was declared to the world.As a result, the imperialist states that started with the Armistice of Mondros and tried to impose their ambitions on Turkish territory with the Treaty of Sevres failed in the face of the National Struggle movement initiated and executed by Mustafa Kemal Pasha and they had to accept the justified Turkish cause in the process from occupation to revolution. Although the new Turkish state, which had achieved a great deal of its national goals with the Treaty of Lausanne, had to deal with some border issues in the following years, it entered into a total renewal process in the judicial, financial, economic, legal and political fields.

Diplomatic Dimension of National Struggle Movement from Occupation to Revolution

Fatih

Bulgaria came into prominence for the Ottoman Empire, which entered the First World War on the side of the Central Powers, because its location provided an opportunity for overland connection between the Ottoman Empire and Germany, Austria-Hungary. Therefore, the Ottoman Empire, which had serious issues with Bulgaria, desired the latter to enter the war as an ally of the Central Powers. In fact, the administrators of the Ottoman Empire had started to improve relations with Bulgaria prior to the outbreak of World War I. The defeat of the Allied Powers at the Gallipoli Campaign was determinative for Bulgaria’s preference. In addition, Bulgaria tried to guarantee its prospective interest which could be obtained as a result of taking part on the side of the Central Powers. On September 6, 1915, the Convention of Sofia between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire rearranged the border, leaving Karaağac and Didymoteicho to Bulgaria. This agreement was the clearest move of Ottoman policy to bring Bulgaria into the war on the side of the Central Powers.Subsequently, Bulgaria declared war against Serbia and entered the war as an ally of the Central Powers. In this way, the overland connection, which was crucial for the Central Powers, was achieved. Bulgaria had an indispensable strategic location, not only facilitating the campaign of the Central Powers but also achieving overland connection between the Ottoman Empire and Germany, Austria-Hungary. For these reasons, Bulgaria’s involvement in the war is significant for the Ottoman Empire. In addition, the Macedonian Front which was established by the Allied Powers was a particular concern for the future and the security of the Central Powers.&nbsp;That is why the Ottoman Empire followed both Bulgaria’s situation on the front and its domestic policy. Although the supporters of the Central Powers were in power, some politicians supported the Allied Powers and Pan-Slavism.This study aims to reveal the relations between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria from the Ottomans’ point of view. The study includes the historical period beginning from the premiership of A. Malinov in June, 1918, to the end of the Macedonian Front. It is important to note the effect of the power change on the Ottoman Empire which was brought about in Bulgaria by Malinov.&nbsp;The change of power in Bulgaria was significant for the Ottoman Empire in several respects. Firstly, Bulgarians might have made an objection to the decisions of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the Treaty of Bucharest which meant several benefits for the Ottoman Empire. Secondly, as mentioned above, Bulgaria’s strategic location was significant for&nbsp;the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, Malinov’s close contact with the Allied Powers may have caused negative consequences for the Ottoman Empire. All in all, the rise to power by an Allied Powers’ supporter was crucial. This also gives rise to the question whether Bulgaria might have sat on a dialogue table for peace with the Allied Powers, because the Macedonian Front had not ended yet.On the whole, both the relations between the Ottoman-Bulgarian and Ottoman- the Central Powers were deeply affected by the armistice of Thessaloniki. In addition, the armistice became a phase of disintegration within the Central Powers. In the light of this, the following crucial questions will be touched upon in this study: Were Ottoman-Bulgarian relations affected negatively because of the power change in Bulgaria? Did Malinov’s rise to power have an influence on the course of World War I as well as Ottoman-Bulgarian relations? With the change of power in Bulgaria, how did the Ottoman authorities react to the Bulgarians’ approach? These questions will be examined through looking at the correspondence of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Ottoman Archives and the Ottoman press. In addition, the archive of the Ottoman Embassy in Sofia which has recently become available contributed to the study. In this way, the importance of Bulgaria for the Ottoman Empire between June and September, 1918, will be examined through the eyes of Ottoman bureaucracy. Moreover, in the theses and articles which thus far have studied this period, mainly the foreign press and the Ottoman press have been used. However, when the Ottoman newspapers are analyzed, it can be seen that there is an information gap. However, there is also parallelism between the Ottoman archive sources and the newspaper articles. This parallelism was probably derived from the fact that the foreign press was the same and the only source used by both the Ottoman ambassadors and the Ottoman press.

The Government of Alexander Malinov and its Effect on TurkishBulgarian Relations (June-September 1918)

Ahmet

National identity includes the common value judgments of a nation as well as finding one’s roots and supporting the nation’s struggle to exist. Therefore, national identity is needed for the formation of national consciousness. The highest identity on the social ground is national identity. Our national identity, like our gender, is natural. Although we do not have a chance to choose it later, it is possible that we voluntarily become citizens of another country. But this is not national identity, but citizenship identity. Therefore, people are born as members of a nation. Turkish parents are born from Turkish parents, Arab parents are born from Arab. Therefore, it is not wrong to say that the first element constituting national identity is the parents. Even though there are interventions, our parents, who gave birth to us belong to a certain nation.1 Within a rapidly changing world, it is possible for individuals to survive in a comfortable and peaceful manner within their own states or societies without falling into the search for identity, but only through the state administration and awareness-raising policies which follow a traditional social structure. Such awareness-raising movements are sometimes made by calling for political law, sometimes by means of ideology and ideological devices, but often all together in cases where the historical and political situation is not suitable for the ideal type. Thus, the construction of national identity, in which ”we” is made more evident against the “others” and individuals become more conservative, is started.2 While a mass devoid of national identity consciousness cannot go beyond the community, those who have this consciousness have gained the qualification of being a nation. Thus, the love, respect and loyalty of individuals to the homeland and the flag is strengthened.It is possible to extend the mental limits of a nation and to give its people identity through cultural identities to be imposed on individuals. At this point, the greatest role falls to literature.&nbsp;A person embraces the nation by embracing the common ties with other members of the society he/she is a member of, and is strengthened by the stories formed by the literature that is seen as a mirror of the society. Thus, thanks to fictional works, an environment where readers can evaluate themselves without being subjected to any social pressure is created. The reader begins to see his/her environmen,t, and therefore the world, through the eyes of fictional heroes, and starts to hear his/her own life story. As he/she gets to know the fictional hero, he/she detects the similarities and differences between that hero and him/herself. So he/ she identifies him/herself with the hero or with others.3 In the light of this, Halide Edib Adıvar tries in her works to transfer to future generations the problematic process that the Turkish people have experienced by means of fictional heroes created by starting from real people. For this reason, the heroes of the author, both in her stories and in her novels, are of great importance in terms of contributing to the national conscience of future generations. Halide Edib, when we consider her childhood, learnt national and religious culture at home through private teachers and became the first Muslim Turkish student of the American Girls College. The solid culture she received from home gave her a comparative mentality, and she was never affected by the various cultures she later encountered. She did not feel inferior in the face of the superior powers that came before her because of her comparative mind structure. As a person who always knew the values of her nation and the courage to defend them, she has been revered both in Turkey and abroad.What makes Halide Edib such a great author is that she is able to express and write her thoughts clearly. For this reason she has frequently been mentioned since the 1910’s. Halide Edib has participated in many associations’ activities, especially in Turkish Quarries, and has given conferences. From May 1919 to January 1920, she gave speeches at the Istanbul Rallies, especially the Sultanahmet Rally, under threat, and went to Anatolia to join the National Struggle.5 (Argunşah) As a result, people who lead society by leading the public, especially through fictional works, heroic fighting against the enemy to defend the nation, exhibit their attitude towards everyone around the country and are full of love; by transferring the heroes who do not hesitate to take lives and take lives for the sake of their values with a great national consciousness to the next generations, they became an example for the generations that come after them to gain a national consciousness, thus forming the new / modern human types of the period. Halide Edib shaped the heroes she created in her fictional works in this direction and influenced her readers with the same understanding in terms of the construction of national identity.

From National Struggle to National Identity Construction: Ateşten Gömlek

Behçet

Miraçhan

This article aims to reveal the economic developments occurring in Turkey between 1970 and 1980, as seen through the eyes of British diplomats. It is also aimed at the non-specialists who want to understand more about Turkish economy in 1970s. Despite the political consequences, the economic consequences of the 1960 coup had been good overall, as far as financing was concerned, but they did unintentionally lead to some&nbsp;commercial stagnation. Statements by Ministers and other leading figures, for the first time, laid before the Turkish people the serious economic situation in which they had found themselves, and the “extravagance and incoherence” with which financial affairs had previously been directed. Much emphasis was placed on budgetary economy, and a State Planning Organisation (SPO) was set up, with foreign advisers, to lay down the broad lines of economic development and investment. Apart from resolving the political questions inherited from the Democrat Party era, the 27 May regime gave priority to finding solutions for the bankrupt economic legacy of the Democrat years. The most important decision in this regard was the creation of the State Planning Organisation (SPO), whose principal function was to supervise the workings of the economy in a rational manner within the context of a plan.The immediate beneficiary of the 1960 coup was the Justice Party, a successor to the dissolved Democrat Party, which, in spite of military efforts to hold it back, won more votes than its rival People’s Republican Party (PRP) in every general election between 1961 and 1971. Initially, it was forced to join a series of short-lived coalitions with the PRP. However, after its convincing victory in the 1965 election, it was able to form a government of its own under its new leader, Süleyman Demirel. Demirel was the one who consolidated the party’s organizational strength by using his control over what remained essentially a highly politicized programme of planned economic development. However, it was also Demirel who saw this same strength weaken as elements on the right defected from his leadership to form new organizations like the National Action Party and the Islamic National Order Party. One reason generally put forward to explain this phenomenon was the further multiplication of often contradictory economic interests that could no longer be contained within a single organization. Another reason was the growing militancy of a number of workers’ and student organizations.It is clear that many army officers shared this apprehension, and were only too ready to launch a second intervention in 1971 to put an end to a situation of growing administrative chaos and political violence. However, once again, the senior generals who took charge of events had no agreed programme of reforms, and contented themselves with minor constitutional amendments aimed at curbing some of the freedoms granted in 1961. Given the highly politicized atmosphere in Turkey in the 1970s, and the fact that it resulted in yet another military intervention in 1980, it is probably inevitable that analysts tend to highlight quite different explanations for the lack of a firm government, the politicization of most parts of the state administration and the growing violence. Others concentrate more on the underlying stresses and strains posed first by a period of rapid social transformation and then by a long period of economic crisis from 1973 onwards, when high oil prices combined with a loss of American aid after the intervention of Cyprus and a decline in the remittances sent back by Turkish workers in Europe to produce a crippling shortage of foreign exchange. In the events, of course, all these factors played their part. Nevertheless, it should also be noted that by 1980, the year of the third military intervention, the economic situation had much improved as a&nbsp;result of the introduction of the economic stabilization plan agreed with the IMF in January 1980. There is no doubt that, when it came, the army’s intervention in 1980 had widespread popular support. However, this does not mean that the majority of the Turkish people were prepared to see a long period of military rule. The generals intended to return to full civilian rule as soon as possible. The fact was that ANAP was able to dominate Turkish politics for the rest of the 1980s. One of the reasons for that was the partial success of its domestic policies aimed at transforming Turkey from a protected, inward-looking economy to one based on the export of manufactured goods in the highly competitive world markets.

Economic Developments in Turkey According to British Annual Reports (1970-1980)

Mustafa

Prof. Dr.

Yüksel

Ayna

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

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Assist. Prof. Dr.

The formation of the Mongol Empire in Central Asia brought many innovations. One of them was the source of the new dynastic ideology. After Chinggis laid the foundations of the Mongol Empire at the assembly in 1206, many scattered tribes in Central Asia rallied around Chinggis Khan. Thus, the tribal formations in Inner Asia melted into a centralised was to be a descendant of Chinggis. This was also the case for the Ilkhanate State. However, when the last Ilkhanate ruler Abū Sa‘īd Bahādur Khan died in 1335 without leaving a son, a khanate crisis emerged in the Near East. For about six years, the powerful tribes put their own ruler candidates on the throne. Later, Shaykh Hasan, a member of the Jalayirids, a Mongol tribe, saw that this situation did not prevent the chaos and dismissed the last ruler candidate Jahān Tīmūr and established his own state. However, to be recognised as a legitimate ruler, one had to be a descendant of Chinggis. Therefore, he used his descent from Chinggis Khan through his wives. In addition, he used a mixture of Chinggisid, Persian and Islamic symbolisms to justify his legitimacy. The Chinggis symbolism of Shaykh Hasan of Jalayir was that he was the amīr-i ulūs of the Ilkhanate, belonged to the Mongol tribe of Jalayir, and married the wife of the last Ilkhan Abū Sa‘īd. By marrying Dilshād Khātūn, Shaykh Hasan (r. 1340-1356), in a sense, confirmed his status as an Ilkhanate heir. However, despite all this, he could not use the title of khan until his death. His successor Shaykh Uways (r. 1356-1374) was called khan because he was the son of Dilshād Khātūn. In order to portray Shaykh Uvays as the legitimate khan, the patrons of the Jalayirid dynasty, who wrote historical and literary works during this period, stated in their works that this ruler's lineage goes back to Chinggis Khan. In addition, Shaykh Uways, like his father Shaykh Hasan, tried to use a mixture of Chinggis, Persian and Islamic symbolism. He was also successful in this. Writers and poets of the Shaykh Uways period propagandised the Jalayırid dynasty. In the Timurid period, it is seen from the accounts of Timurid historiographers that they were successful in this propaganda. The image of the Jalayirid dynasty had been state for a while. After Chinggis Khan, the prerequisite for using the title of “khan” in Central Asia and the Near East elaborated by the propagandists of the Shaykh Uvays period. By the XVth century, no one had any doubts about the legitimacy of the Jalayirids. As a matter of fact, the propaganda of the Jalayirid dynastic ideology was reflected in the works of Timurid historians. This is evidenced by the fact that Hāfiz-ı Abrū, who wrote his work in the first quarter of the XVth century, and later Timurid historians narrated the ascension of the Jalayırid ruler Shaykh Uways with a poem by Salmān Sāvajī. This record of Timurid historians shows that Shaykh Uways was recognised as the legitimate khan. After Shaykh Uways, his son Sultan Husayn (r. 1374-1382), who succeeded to the throne, also used the title of khan on the coins minted during his reign. During the reign of Sultan Ahmed (r. 1382-1411), who ruled after Sultan Husayn, the title of khan was also used on coins. In addition, the reign of Sultan Ahmed was a period when the image of the Jalayirid dynasty was fully established. Especially in the eyes of the Mamlūk Empire, Sultan Ahmed represented the Jalayırid dynastic charisma. In fact, the Jalayirid ruler who fled from Timur and took refuge in the Mamlūks was welcomed with respect by the Mamlūk Sultan Berkuk. During the reign of Sultan Ahmed, the image of the Jalayirid dynasty reached the highest level. So much so that in order to be considered a legitimate ruler in Azerbaijan, it was now necessary to be descended from the lineage of Shaykh Uways, more generally from the Jalayirid lineage. The Qarā-Quyūnlū, who became an influential power in the Near East in the XVth century, needed Sultan Ahmed’s charisma to use the title of khan, just as the Jalayirids needed the Ilkhanate origin. When Sultan Ahmed fled from Amir Timur and took refuge with the Mamlūks, Qarā Yūsuf, who had been imprisoned with him in Damascus, had a son, Pir Budaq, whom Sultan Ahmed adopted as his son. Based on this connection, Qarā Yūsuf declared Sultan Ahmed’s adopted son Pir Budaq Khan. Qarā Yūsuf could not use the title of khan even after the death of his son Pir Budaq Khan. He only used the title of Noyan on the coins. Likewise, the AqQoyunluids were able to use the title of khan based on their descent from Oghuz Khan since Uzun Hasan. Thus, by the time of the Aq-Qoyunluids, the Mongol super-identity was replaced by the Oghuz super-identity

Emergence of a New Dynastic Ideology in Near East After the Fall of the Ilkhanate: The Case of the Jalayirids

Emrah

Classification of Turkic (and via Turkic) Loanwords in the Polish Vocabulary

Hakan

Language serves as a mechanism reflecting the emotions, thoughts, and accumulated knowledge of societies with diverse ethnic backgrounds through symbols. In this regard, language can be said to fulfill a significant function in understanding the thought patterns and behavioural norms of societies. Therefore, resorting to the oral cultural products in language is necessary for revealing, analysing, and interpreting the thought structure, worldview, and cultural heritage of a society. Lexical assets of language, such as idioms, proverbs, and fixed expressions, vividly reflect the shared history, belief system, and cultural values of societies. Particularly in recent years, there has been a growing interest and curiosity among researchers in examining the cultural dimension of language. As a result, in Modern Linguistics, the reflection of how societies from different cultures perceive and interpret the world through verbal cultural products has been extensively researched within the framework of cultural linguistic methods.&nbsp;&nbsp;Cultural linguistics, which investigates the interaction between language and culture within the framework of cultural linguistic methods, allows us to interpret linguistics data. These interpretations enable us to determine the values, beliefs, and worldview of societies, and to see the perspectives of different societies regarding these concepts. The aim of this study is to uncover and understand the thought patterns of the Turkish and Russian people, which are distinct religious, social, and cultural entities. To achieve this goal, the term “gold” has been selected due to its significant importance and value across various aspects of life, stemming from its inherent qualities since ancient time.In this study, the aim is to reveal and understand the thought patterns of the Turkish and Russian people, two religiously, socially, and culturally distinctive societies. For this purpose, the concept of “gold”, which has been attributed significant importance and value across various aspects of life since ancient times due to its inherent qualities, has been employed. Because “gold”, like in many other societies, serves as a symbolic representation of concepts such as power, dominance, prosperity, and wealth in Turkish and Russian history, providing insights into perspectives on life and humanity. Therefore, it is possible to say that “gold” is one of the cultural symbols that most vividly reflects the thought of the Turkish and Russian people in the oral products of language. In this regard, as a cultural symbol, “gold” acquires certain specific and characteristics in figurative expressions beyond its denotative meaning of ‘precious metal’. Accordingly, using semiotic and linguoculturological approaches, Turkish and Russian set phrases, idioms, and proverbs containing the lexeme “gold” are comparatively analyzed to uncover and describe the Turkic and Slavic folk thought regarding “gold” in both cultures. Thus, the study aims to reveal the perceptions, thoughts, and associations related to “gold” in the Turkish and Russian thought systems from ancient times to present day. In line with this purpose, various electronic and printed Turkish and Russian dictionaries have been utilized to identify and determine idioms, proverbs, and other fixed expressions, which are verbal products of folk culture. During this study, it has been noted that the primary and secondary&nbsp;meanings of the word “gold” as a cultural symbol are limited in the Great Turkish and Russian Dictionaries. Throughout history, Turks and Russians have attached great importance to “gold” and have used it as a motif, image, symbol, and metaphor in various aspects of their lives. The examination and interpretation of Turkish and Russian folk thought reflected in proverbs, idioms, and other fixed expressions related to “gold” have become significantly important for addressing this deficiency in dictionaries. We attempted to eliminate this problem by providing a cultural interpretation of the linguistic assets under examination.&nbsp;&nbsp;As result of the research, it has been understood that the folk thoughts regarding “Gold” vary in Turkish and Russian linguistic assets, indicating both common and different linguistic view of the World in the two languages. In this article, it has been understood that the physical and chemical qualities of “gold”, such as its brightness, durability, mesmerizing nature, scarcity, resistance to tarnishing, corrosion, and abrasion, as a natural mineral, are reinterpreted in the mental worlds of Turkish and Russian people through metaphor, symbol, and analogy. As a result, “gold” has been recognized as a cultural symbol that qualifies objects, actions, and phenomena related to human life.&nbsp;A comparative linguocultural analysis of set expressions containing the lexemes “zoloto” (Russian) and “altın” (Turkish) has revealed both shared and distinctive features of Russian and Turkish cultures.&nbsp;The following common features of the two linguocultures can be highlighted: Both Turkish “altın” and Russian “zoloto” symbolize wealth, material power, and prosperity in both cultures. In both linguocultures, “altın” and “zoloto” are perceived as money and are used metonymically to represent currency. Both cultures view “altın” and “zoloto” as symbols of wealth, abundance, enrichment, and material welfare. Wealthy and affluent individuals are associated with and defined by “altın” and “zoloto” in both linguocultures. Valuable, significant, and important individuals or objects are often identified with “altın” and “zoloto”. Successful individuals, generations, and historical periods are often compared to “altın” and “zoloto”. Both lexemes serve as symbols of external beauty in relation to individuals or objects.Key distinctions between the two linguocultures include the following: Unlike the Russian lexeme “zoloto”, the Turkish term “altın” symbolizes not only external beauty but also human health. In Russian linguoculture, the lexeme “zoloto” is not associated with concepts such as good name, reputation, or prestige. In contrast to Turkish “altın”, Russian “zoloto” is perceived as a symbol of exclusivity and social distinction for a particular group or community. In Turkish linguoculture, the lexeme “altın” is not associated with the concept of deceptive appearances or false impressions.Semiotic and linguoculturological analysis reveals that the concept of “gold” in Turkish and Russian extends beyond its material value, encompassing a rich array of metaphorical and symbolic meanings. This comparative study reveals that the folk beliefs, worldviews, mentalities, and cultural structures of Turks and Russians regarding “gold” are reflected in their linguistic assets and have been passed down through generations.

The Reflection of Turkish and Russian Folk Beliefs in Phraseological Units: A Case Study of the Word Gold

Hürriyet

Çiğdem

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

The classification of word classes is a central topic in grammatical research on Modern Turkish. Identifying and clarifying the functions of words within sentences is an essential criterion for determining word types. Semantic, formal, and syntagmatic features are used in the word categorizing process. In the grammar sources of Modern Turkish, researchers typically classifies word types based on various criteria. In addition, to explain the usage of a word in different classes, it is important to explore whether words are confined to specific categories or whether transitions between word classes can occur. To determine a word’s type, its function in the sentence must be considered. A word can shift to a different class without structural changes. This phenomenon is called a "functional shift." In Modern Turkish, such shifts are observed between some nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.The distinction between word types is emphasized in grammatical research. Identifying word types helps to clarify their functions in a sentence. For example, words in the subject position of a sentence must typically be nouns, whereas words that describe or qualify nouns are usually adjectives. Establishing the word type is a critical step in understanding the roles of words within a sentence. At this point, it is useful to define the terms "word" and "word type." A word is a unit comprising one or more sounds that performs a syntactic function and carries meaning within a sentence. Word types are groups of words that share common grammatical features and can function interchangeably within syntax. The semantic, formal, and syntactic features are considered when classifying word types.This study aims to demonstrate functional shifts between word classes. In this context, four pairs of antonyms that can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs in Modern Turkish were selected based on their relatively high frequency in the Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi / Turkish National Corpus (TUD/TNC): güzel (beautiful) - çirkin (ugly), yakın (near) - uzak (far), sıcak (hot) - soğuk (cold), yanlış (wrong) - doğru (correct). These words were selected because they can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs without any suffixation or changes in form. Sample sentences illustrating the usage of these words as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs were extracted from the TNC.In the first section of the study, the perspectives of researchers who have worked on classifying words in Modern Turkish were examined. In this regard, two main approaches to the classification of word types in Modern Turkish can be identified. The first approach groups words into three categories: nouns, verbs, and prepositional origins. In this classification, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs are categorized as "noun words," verbs form a separate&nbsp;group, and prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections are grouped as "prepositional words." In contrast, the second approach divides word types into eight categories: nouns, adjectives, determiners, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, exclamations, and verbs. Based on this, it can be concluded that there is no consensus on the classification of word types in the literature.The second section of this study focuses on the functional shifts between nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Based on the opinions and explanations provided in grammatical sources, it is evident that nouns, adjectives, and adverbs classified as nominal in Modern Turkish can undergo class shifts within sentences. These shifts occur without structural changes to the words. For a class shift to occur in a sentence, semantic and syntactic compatibility is required.In the third section, the functional shifts explained in the previous section are demonstrated through a database of sentences. The study sample comprises 120 sentences containing five randomly selected examples in which the specified words are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. The syntagmatic relationships between nouns, adjectives, and adverbs were analyzed within these sentences, and usage patterns were investigated. Each sentence was coded based on the word's function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The placement of words within sentences and syntactic elements before and after them were also analyzed, and a formula representing word order in the sentences was developed.In the evaluation section, these formulas were classified according to their usage as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The formulas were then compiled into a single formula and explained in tables.In the conclusion section, based on the analysis of the selected sample sentences, formulas regarding the word order required for a word to function as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence were provided. It was concluded that words classified as nominal in Modern Turkish (nouns, adjectives, and adverbs) can be explained using a syntactic formula and form a pattern. Increasing the number of words and sentences in future research and verifying the accuracy of these formulas will further contribute to the literature.

Functional Shift Between Nouns, Adjectives and Adverbs

İsmail

The Menhubat (Plunder Detection) Commissions Established to Determine the Damages of the Greek Occupation

Mehmet

Leila

The Altai Mountains are a region of profound significance in the history of Early or ProtoTurkic metallurgy. The southwestern Altai hosts some of the world's richest ore belts, which have provided essential raw materials for the advancement of metallurgical practices. These resources include the Kalba-Naryn gold belts, extensive polymetallic ore belts (containing tin, lead, zinc, copper, platinoids, and rare elements) in the northeastern and southeastern areas, and iron ore belts located in the southern Bukhtyrma River region.Until recently, research on the early Iron Age in Eastern Kazakhstan primarily focused on archaeological data from burial grounds associated with the Mayemer Culture. This culture, exemplified by sites such as Mayemer, Solnechniy Belok, Kurtu, Izmailovka, and others, is distinguished by the emergence of horseback riding, the Scythian animal style in art, and absence of iron tools.Today, Akbauyr stands as the only known settlement complex in East Kazakhstan containing the Late Bronze Age monuments, with the setllement neighborhoods dating to the Early Iron Age. The complex encompasses settlement clusters, petroglyphs, mines, workshops, and burial grounds, offering a unique and comprehensive view of the period.Excavations at Akbauyr, directed by Prof. Dr. Zainolla Samashev since 2019, aim to uncover the characteristics of early mining and iron smelting practices in the region. Findings indicate that Akbauyr was not merely a production center but also a sizable settlement, systematically organized into eight distinct residential groups. These areas supported a range of activities, including animal husbandry, agriculture, and craft production, and featured facilities such as ceramic kilns and metallurgical workshops.The Akbauyr I settlement, situated in the northern part of the site, has been the focus of the most extensive excavations. This area contains the primary settlement structures and production facilities, making it a key zone for understanding the site's organization and functionality. A prominent structure in Akbauyr I, believed to be a dwelling, covers approximately 60 m² and is oriented along a northeast-southwest axis. The building's walls exhibit varying lengths, and its architecture suggests a wooden pyramidal lantern roof—an element commonly associated&nbsp;with the vernacular building traditions of the Altai and Siberia. This roof design would have allowed ventilation and light, particularly important in harsh climatic conditions.Beyond Akbauyr I, other residential groups, including Akbauyr II, III, VI, and VII, also exhibit architectural diversity. These groups feature rectangular or oval buildings with rounded corners, often accompanied by adjacent spaces interpreted as outbuildings. These structures likely served multifunctional purposes, combining residential, storage, and workshop activities.Archaeological finds from these areas include hearths, furnaces, and a variety of artifacts such as bronze tools, stone implements, bone objects, and ceramic fragments. These discoveries provide critical insights into the material culture and daily lives of the settlement's inhabitants, as well as their technological capabilities in mining and metallurgy.The site contains a diverse array of furnaces and hearths, varying in size, design, and construction materials, reflecting advanced metallurgical and domestic practices. At Akbauyr I, an oval hearth constructed from stone materials was uncovered at the center of the main dwelling, possibly serving as a focal point for domestic or communal activities. Additionally, a stone furnace with a circular base lined with clay was identified near the main dwelling, indicating its central role in metallurgical production.Across Settlement I, approximately ten circular or oval stone hearths have been uncovered, distributed throughout the area. At Akbauyr III, a domed clay-lined hearth was discovered, adding to the variety of furnace types of present. These hearths likely served multifunctional purposes, ranging from heating and cooking to ore processing, demonstrating the complex integration of domestic and industrial activities within the settlement.Animal remains recovered at the site provide significant insights into the subsistence strategies of Akbauyr's inhabitants. Domesticated animal bones—including cattle, sheep, goats, horses, camels, and dogs—indicate extensive animal husbandry. Meanwhile, the presence of bones from wild species such as wolves, foxes, boars, and deer suggest that hunting also played an important role in their economy, supplementing domesticated livestock resources.Preliminary analysis of artifacts reveals the multifunctional nature of stone tools at Akbauyr. Approximately 60% of the tools are associated with mining and metallurgy, 25% with agricultural activities, and 12% with ceramic production. This distribution underscores the settlement’s primary focus on metal production while supporting a diverse range of supplementary activities.Ceramic analysis indicates that the majority of ceramic artifacts date to the early Iron Age (10th–8th century BC), with only about 1% attributed to the late Bronze Age. These findings further establish Akbauyr as a key early Iron Age settlement and production center in the region.Elemental analysis of four metallurgical slag samples from Settlements I and VI, conducted using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), revealed diverse metallurgical practices at Akbauyr. One sample was identified as copper slag, another as silicate slag with no significant metallic content, and the remaining two as iron slags. The high iron concentrations in the iron slag samples, combined with the absence of copper traces, confirm Akbauyr's role as a significant iron production center at the Altai during the early Iron Age.

The Settlement of Akbauyr: Iron Age Metallurgic Center in Southwestern Altai

Metin

Ottoman historiography is full of rich and diverse sources. The chronicles written about Ottoman history are important tools to illuminate a period’s social, economic, and political aspects. In this context, the 1683 Vienna Campaign has a significant place in Ottoman historiography because this event marks the point where the Ottoman expansion into Western Europe stopped and a period of transformation began. Contemporary and later manuscripts on this event constitute essential sources for understanding the siege and its consequences. Therefore, examining the chronicles written on this expedition has great importance in terms of a versatile evaluation of historical events. In addition, this initiative is valuable in terms of showing how this significant event that affected the fate of the Ottoman Empire was perceived and interpreted in historiography.In 1683, the Ottoman army under the command of Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha laid siege to Vienna, but the failure to achieve success and defeat led to the end of the Ottoman expansionist policies in Europe. In historical context, the Second Siege of Vienna has an important place in European and Ottoman history in terms of both its military and diplomatic consequences. As a matter of fact, for the Ottoman Empire, the failure of this siege was the beginning of a retreat period, and for the European states, it increased the importance of the Holy Alliance as a result of the coalition formed against the Ottomans.The manuscript titled Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç, which is the subject of the research and has not been seriously examined before, is an important chronicle that confirms and completes the contemporary chronicles describing the process of this campaign. This manuscript, written in 1731 but whose author is unknown, is now in the archives of the National Library of France. This manuscript consists of 27 folios. In addition, the work, translated into French, was dedicated to the Count of Maurepas by a linguist named Latine and presented as a New Year’s gift.&nbsp;It is known that the chronicle titled Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç was first mentioned in the literature in a section written by Joseph von Hammer in a catalog prepared in 1822. Researchers such as German Orientalist Franz Babinger, French Orientalist Edgard Blochet, and Turkish literary historian Agâh Sırrı Levend have briefly touched upon this work, providing limited and repetitive information. Richard F. Kreutel claimed that the manuscript in Paris could be a copy of the&nbsp;“Vekâyi‘-i Beç” a work by the Ceremonial Master, one of the significant eyewitnesses of the campaign. However, subsequent examinations have shown that the Paris manuscript differs in structure and content from its contemporaries to some extent. This chronicle, which contains the campaign process from beginning to end, brings a new perspective to the literature on the 1683 Vienna Campaign by providing occasionally different information about the political and diplomatic background of the campaign, the preparations, the realization of the siege, and its results. The work is also noteworthy in that it reveals the multifaceted effects of historical events and the long-term consequences of these effects on societies.Compared to contemporary manuscripts, this work presents a noteworthy research opportunity to explore its potential contributions to the literature, particularly in terms of its original content, narrative style, and the subjects it addresses. Therefore, while this study aims to evaluate the causes, consequences and historical importance of the siege through the Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç, it also aims to examine what kind of a narrative was established about this period in Ottoman historiography and the place of this narrative in this historiography. In this context, the research questions to be answered are as follows: What were the motivations behind the writing of the work, and how have these motivations impacted its content and style of narration? How has the author explained the failure of the siege? How are the decision-makers during the 1683 Vienna Campaign represented in this specific work, and how can this portrayal relate to the period’s political and social structures? In the study, which primarily focuses on these questions, first of all, information is given about the author of the transcribed work, its introduction, and literature evaluation, and then, in line with the findings, the importance of the work in understanding the 1683 Vienna Campaign and in Ottoman historiography is determined.&nbsp;The findings of this study cover a wide range of topics, from the content and narrative style of the work to the author’s motivations for writing, explanations for the failure of the siege, the representation of decision-makers, and the relationship of this representation with the political and social structures of the period. In explaining the failure of siege and portraying the decisionmakers, the work considers both the deficiencies of war strategies and the complexities of Ottoman domestic politics. The author describes the events that led to the Ottoman defeat and heavily criticizes the faulty decisions of the key figures that were effective in this failure. This approach provides significant clues into the work’s place in Ottoman historiography of the period and how the author viewed this process compared to his predecessors. The simplicity of the language used in the work and the way the events are conveyed have been interpreted as a reflection of the author’s desire to convey these events to a wide readership. However, the fact that Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç was not sufficiently disseminated and used in historiography has shown that this text had a limited impact on social memory. As a result, this work has been demonstrated to be an important historical source that facilitates understanding of the multifaceted impacts of a historical event and the socio-political structure of the period within the context of historiography.&nbsp;

Historiography and Social Memory: A History Construction in the Example of “Târîh-i Sefer-i Beç” Dated 1731

Okan

This study examines the travel memoirs of Ivan Franjo Jukić (1818-1857), a Bosnian intellectual, Franciscan friar, and cultural figure who was exiled from Sarajevo to Istanbul in 1852 on suspicion of involvement in a Pan-Slavic conspiracy. Jukić's journey from the Balkans to the Ottoman capital, passing through important cities such as Sarajevo, Pristina, Skopje, and Thessaloniki, offers important testimonies of the social, economic, and administrative conditions of the Ottoman lands in the mid-19th century. The article begins with a detailed biographical summary highlighting Jukić's multifaceted contributions to Bosnian culture and literature. His role in organizing the region's literary life, distributing important books, and founding the first Bosnian literary journal is highlighted. Jukić's activities as a compiler of folklore, historian, geographer, geographer, statistician, lexicographer, and ethnographer are also noted, emphasizing his importance in the intellectual development of 19th-century Bosnia. The study then explores the historical context of Jukić's exile, examining the complex political landscape of the Ottoman Balkans during the Tanzimat period. It discusses the initial optimism regarding the Tanzimat reforms and Jukić's hopes for improving Christians' situation, followed by his disappointment and eventual arrest. It argues that Jukić's case exemplifies the tension between reform efforts and the realities of Ottoman rule in the provinces.The analysis of Jukić’s travelogue focuses on the following key themes:1. Physical and Psychological Challenges: This study provides a vivid account of Jukić's challenging journey and highlights the physical and psychological challenges he faced. His experiences of poor health, harsh weather conditions and constant uncertainty about his fate significantly shaped his narrative and perceptions. 2. Ethnic and Religious Diversity: Jukić's keen observations of the different ethnic and religious groups he encountered are examined in detail. The article highlights Jukić's special interest in the conditions of the Christian population under Ottoman rule and his notes on linguistic and cultural practices in the regions he traveled.3. Historical Reflections: This study analyzes Jukić's reflections on historical places and events, especially those related to Bosnian history. It argues that these reflections reveal Jukić's Pan-Slavic sympathies and romantic nationalist outlook and place his work in the broader context of 19th-century Balkan intellectual movements. 4. Ottoman Administration: Jukić’s critical observations on Ottoman governance are scrutinized, including his comments on corruption, poor infrastructure, and the perceived ineffectiveness of Tanzimat reforms. The article suggests that these critiques offer valuable insights into the challenges of implementing centralized reforms in the empire’s peripheral regions. 5. Urban centers: This study examines Jukić’s detailed descriptions of the cities and towns he visited, including their populations, economic activities, and administrative structures. 6. Literary and Linguistic Aspects: This article discusses the stylistic and linguistic features of Jukić’s writing, noting his use of Turkish loanwords and dialectal features. It situates his work within the context of emerging Slavic-language travel literature and compares it to other contemporary travelogues.This study emphasizes the importance of Jukić’s travelogue as a historical source that bridges Balkan and Ottoman historiography. This paper argues that such studies can provide nuanced insights into the complex interplay of imperial governance, local realities, and emerging nationalist sentiments in the 19th-century Balkans. This article concludes by reflecting on the potential of translated primary sources like Jukić’s travelogue to foster dialog among different historiographical traditions. It suggests that making such works accessible to Turkish-speaking scholars and students can contribute to a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the Ottoman Empire’s final century, particularly from the perspective of its non-Muslim subjects. Finally, the study includes a full Turkish translation of Jukić’s travelogue and a map of his journey, making this important primary source available to Turkish researchers for the first time. This translation is presented as a significant contribution to the field, opening new avenues for comparative and cross-cultural research on the 19th-century Balkans.

A Story of Exile: A Bosnian Franciscan Friar’s Journey From Sarajevo To Istanbul

Osman

The aim of this study is to discuss the relationship between language and technology in various dimensions and then to analyze the status of Turkish as a language of technology with its historical background, current situation and future predictions.&nbsp;Thought, which is the source of technology, can be produced using the possibilities offered by language. In this regard, the productive power of language directly affects technological development. On the other hand, it is stated that technology as a discourse is a changingtransformative influence factor for the structure of thought, language and social order. In the same way, science and technology have contributed to the modernization of language and the change in forms of communication. Today, the relationship between language and technology is mostly considered in the context of the interaction between digital technology and language.&nbsp;Owing to its structural and functional features, language can be considered a technological tool because it is a common form of production and development, solves people’s problems in daily life, is adaptable to every new situation and cultural context, and has the feature of “natural collective technology”. Meanwhile, technology changes communication styles and preferences in the digital environment. Society’s self-expression in digital environments is called “digital discourse” and linguistics is conducting important research in this field. With the development of technology, “human language technology” has also developed, which enables computers to understand human language and produce using language mechanisms.&nbsp;In this study, in which a basic qualitative research method was used, document analysis was preferred as a data collection tool. By considering relevant studies in the literature, an inductive data analysis was used to draw a framework for the issue of Turkish as a language of science.Human language allows us to express and categorize all concepts, whether concrete or abstract, and to reason within the framework of these concepts. Therefore, the results of thought production such as science and technology are expressed and developed through language. Researchers establish a direct relationship between language and thought. From the relationship between language and thought, it can be seen that much of our conceptual system is metaphorical, i.e., the development of a technology requires the use of existing conceptual networks. Thus, technological developments are directly related to language as they require&nbsp;‘metaphorical thinking’, ‘abstraction’, ‘communication’ and ‘synthesis’ skills in the conceptual dimension and sufficient level of ‘vocabulary’.&nbsp;Technological developments change language, and the way people think because technological tools affect the forms and capacities of communication. Today, because of the impact of internet technology on communication, there has been a great change in the textual and verbal dimensions of language. When we divide human history into oral and written paradigms in terms of communication, it is stated that the second oral paradigm emerged in language with the internet.Another effect of technology on language is that new technologies encourage the derivation of new concepts and words. Therefore, while technology is explained using the existing vocabulary when it first emerges, new terms suitable for this technology are developed over time.&nbsp;Studies on the effects of technology, especially internet-based digital technologies, on language generally focus on the breakthrough of the internet in communication and the phenomenon of globalization. Therefore, when we examine the effect of technology on Turkish, we can focus on issues such as the introduction of new words and concepts into the language, foreign word borrowings, foreign grammatical borrowings, and foreign language spelling features.&nbsp;The effects of technology on Turkish today are generally characterized as negative. However, Turkish has also made significant contributions to science and technology throughout history. With the Industrial Revolution, it was observed that Turks lagged in the field of science and technology, but after the establishment of the Turkish Republic, Turkey started to make intensive efforts toward scientific and technological production. Today, Turkish production is carried out in many technological fields, and efforts are being made to Turkify the term.&nbsp;In fact, the issue of Turkish as a language of technology should be addressed in terms of its characteristics as a language of science. Because scientific production turns into technologies used in daily life at the next stage. Differences in development between Turkey and developed countries producing technology, the current status of Turkish education, and, of course, Turkish language’s competence are the sub-headings that need to be addressed in terms of Turkish being a language of science and technology. From this perspective, it is appropriate to discuss the possibilities of Turkish becoming a language of technology from four dimensions.First, it is stated that for a language to become a language of science and then a language of technology, it must first be a ‘language of education’. Since the Ottoman Empire, Turkish has been used as the language of education, and studies have been conducted since the Tanzimat Period to Turkify terms. The second important feature of the language is that it is ‘prone to abstract thinking and has words that evoke rich associations in penetrating existence’. It is emphasized that simplification studies have damaged the richness of thinking in the past, but currently, Turkey has a sufficient vocabulary, can express thoughts in detail, and can successfully create technological terms. The third feature is ‘the language being suitable for the human mind to think and not having difficulty expressing thought’. The suitability of the language structure for development and its power of derivation makes Turkish competent in technology production. The Turkifying of terms by the Turkish Language Association (TDK) ensures that technological production is compatible with the Turkish mindset. The fourth important feature of being a language of science and technology is its suitability for development and enrichment and its ability to produce equivalents for innovations in the fields of science and technology.&nbsp;

Turkish as a Technology Language

Özgür

The Primary Sources of Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar’s Fictional World, or Was Hüseyin Rahmi Able to Embrace Naturalism?

Saidbek

Muhakamat al-Lughatayn is a significant work by Navayî. However, not as many copies of Navayî’s other works have survived to date. This may also be due to the fact that the work is not purely literary. Nevertheless, with printed editions of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn in cities like Paris (1841), Crimea (1842), Istanbul (1897), and Kokand (1916), the work gained widespread recognition, leading to scholarly investigations into it in academia.In contemporary times, seven complete copies and one incomplete copy, totaling eight manuscripts of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn, are known to exist. Topkapı, Fatih, Paris, Budapest, Hyderabad, Tabriz, and Ankara manuscripts are complete copies, whereas the Konya copy is incomplete. This article was prepared based on the Ankara manuscript.The Ankara copy of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn is predominantly written in black ink; however, words such as rubai, bayt, qit’a and some section headings are written in red ink. Throughout the text, in both the poetry and prose sections, red ink is frequently noted. Like other copies of this work, the Ankara copy generally lacks the vowel marks in the text. However, one of the remarkable orthographic features of this copy is that in some places the vowel marks of words with important differences in meaning are shown: &nbsp;levnleri الری ونْ ْ لََ) 5 b/4), birer varaq راریب (5b/7), ‘alemdür .(11b/2 (رد .The copyist copied the text almost too carefully. However, despite some spelling mistakes and occasional omissions in the copy, either due to the copy the copyist used as a source or due to his/her own mistakes, these are not very frequent. In the Ankara copy, the word etlikni (12b/6) was written instead of öleŋni, the word örtege (20b/3) was written instead of öterge, and the word o kūy was written instead of ol kūy. It is possible to see that some words, word groups, and sentences were written incompletely in the Ankara copy. Sometimes, one or a few words are missing within a sentence; while in rare instances, entire sentences may be omitted. Sometimes the copyist may have intervened in the original text.The Ankara copy is highly compatibile with other copies of the work. However, it is also noteworthy that in some places, different words are used compared to other copies. Although all copies contain the phrase mes̠̠nevīde bir jemā’at xūb ta’rīfide mundaq deyilipdür kim, in the Ankara copy, bitilipdür ki is written instead of deyilipdür kim. In the section where different forms of drinking are shown, information is given about the verb tamşımaq, while the following sentence is included in the copies: tamşımaḳ ki ġāyet ẕevḳdın bat içme, leẕẕet tapa&nbsp;tapa az az içer. However, in the Ankara copy, bāde içmesi was written instead of bat içme, and the copyist believed that the sentence was complete. The copyist must have understood the meaning of the sentence as “Tamşımaq - drinking wine with great pleasure”.Although there are some spelling mistakes and missing or incomplete writings in the Ankara copy, there are also successful aspects of the text. These aspects help to understand Muhakamat al-Lughatayn correctly and completely. Because it is known that there are issues regarding the work that have not yet been fully resolved. Newly found copies may be helpful in resolving such issues. One of such situations can be seen in the section where the poet talks about the Fevayidü’l-Kiber. In other copies, there is a sentence like this: …anda uluġlarġa fāyideler zülālın yėtkürüp-mėn ve heveleri şu’leiġa naṣāyiḥ zülālıdın u urup-mėn. Navayî seems to use the word zülāl twice in one sentence. This is a situation that is outside the integrity of the relevant part of the work. In the Ankara copy, delāyilin (21b/4) appears instead of the word zülālın, and this is more suitable for the parallelism and meaning in the sentence.While giving information about causation in verbs in the Turkish language, Navayî states that the verb is formed by increasing one letter. While in other copies there is the sentence alar lafẓġa bir ḥarf artturġan bile muŋa oxşaş bir żamīrni arturupdurlar, in the Ankara copy it is clearly shown which letter is the letter being talked about: alar lafẓġa “t” ḥarfi arturġan bile muŋa oḫşaş bir żamīrni arturupdurlar (16b/6). This corresponds to the examples in the text and must be the correct format. As a result, while information about word derivation is given with suffixes in the later parts of the work, the poet always indicates with the name of the letter which letter comes to the word: çīm ḥarfi vaṣl ḳılınur; kāf ve re ḥarfi… ilḥāq qılurlar; lām ilḥāq qılurlar; ḳāf ilḥāq qılıp etc.&nbsp;Although the copy is a work in Chagatai Turkish, it is sometimes possible to come across Oghuz features, unlike other copies. It is noteworthy that in the manuscript, instead of the Chagatai preposition bile/birle, the preposition ile or its suffixed form +lA is preferred in four examples, which is a characteristic of Oghuz language. The preposition üçün is written as "içün" (17b/4) in one example, in another example the copyist wrote the ablative suffix as +dAn rather than +dIn (başdan ayaġıġa 29b/3). So the copyist probably used the form in his own dialect. Such Oghuz features are not seen in other copies of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn.It can be said that the Ankara copy of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn was created in 1873 in the Western Turkic (Oghuz) area, most likely in the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Because the Oghuz elements in the copy that cannot be seen in other copies probably reflect the language of the copyist. Tanzimat intellectuals may have had an influence on the creation of this copy, which was copied in the last periods of Tanzimat. Although the Ankara copy of the work does not differ significantly from the others in terms of text, it also makes some contributions to obtaining the most accurate and closest text to the author’s copy.

Ankara Copy of Muhakamat al-Lughatayn

Samet

Which is the Oldest Manuscript of Rabghūzī’s Qisas alAnbiyā?

Savaş

The linguistic relationship between Turkish and Mongolian dates back to ancient times. These two languages, which are in the same language group, have been heavily influenced by each other throughout history. This interaction, which occurred in different periods and regions, caused the exchange of words between these two languages. Therefore, Turkish words took place in Mongolian and Mongolian words took place in Turkish. Many studies have been done on this subject; In these studies, either Turkish elements in Mongolian or Mongolian elements in Turkish were discussed. However, the similarities, differences, parallelism, etc. between the two languages. There are also studies on topics such as.According to some scientists, there are no words of Mongolian origin in Old Turkish. If there is a common word for Turkish and Mongolian languages and the word is detected in Old Turkic texts dating back to the 13th century, the word in question is most likely of Turkic origin and should be examined as a loanword in Mongolian languages. On the other hand, there are scientists who argue that there are Mongolian words in Old Turkish.It is seen that Mongolian has an influence on Iraqi Turkmen Turkish as well as on other contemporary Turkish dialects and it is the case that the words borrowed from the language in question live on. While some of these words are used by the Iraqi Turkmens in general, some of them seem to survive in one or more regions of Iraq. An article entitled “Mongolian Words Used in the Iraqi Turkmen Turkish Language” was prepared that deals with the Mongolian elements in the Iraqi Turkmen Turkish language. This article belongs to Hamdi Lateef Khairullah and was published in the scientific journal Majallat Jamiat Kirkuk lid-Dirasâtu'l-İnsâniyye in 2020. In this study, the author identified and examined 14 words of Mongolian origin used in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish. The words identified are: aġa 'village owner, feudal lord; title given to some noble families; a form of address for grandfather or father', babanaḫla- 'to hum', dalda 'a place to take shelter from the sun's heat, rain, storm, shelter', daldala- ~ dalda ėtmeğ 'to protect something or someone from being seen or from sunlight, cover etc. to cover with', daldalan- 'to cover', em 'a kind of local medicine', küreken 'groom', maral 'female deer', nuḫta 'halter', sileken 'saliva leaking from the mouth', solaḳay 'left-handed', sona 'duck', şülen 'aşure, wheat soup', yėkke 'big, big, huge'. It has come to our attention that there are other words of Mongolian origin used in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish that are not discussed in this article. This study was needed to draw attention to words of Mongolian origin that were not included in the analysis and to contribute to the article in question.In this study, 33 words transferred from Mongolian to Iraqi Turkmen Turkish were identified and examined. 30 of these words are nouns (ceyran ‘gazelle’, cidav ‘deep-seated wound usually seen in horses and donkeys’, cik ‘flat side of lamb's foot bone (play tool)’, çandavıllığ ‘getting too involved; wander around too much’, çigin ‘shoulder’, çöl ‘1. desert, 2. secluded place’, dasalat ‘ability’, dümüg ‘busy’, ḥeneg ‘joke’, ḳaban ‘wild boar’, ḳabırġa ‘rib’, ḳadaġa ‘prohibited, state of being forbidden’, ḳanḳâvır ⁓ ḳanḳâvur ‘bell, rattle’, ḳanşar ‘front’, ḳantarma ‘bridge connecting the roofs of two houses, bridge connecting the roofs of old houses, vaulted ceiling’, ḳavra ‘file’, ḳeççi ‘scissors’, keḥkül ‘bangs’, ḳoraḳay ‘termite’, ḳubur ‘gun’, ḳuda ‘the father-in-law or mother-in-law of one's child’, salt ‘alone’, savġat ‘gift’, savḫa ‘clothing taken off the dead’, sērin ‘cool, chilly’, şavır ⁓ çavır ‘whistle; flute’, tebene ‘big needle’, teşpi ‘saucer’, toġay ⁓ tugay ‘low places by the river’, ussu ‘water’) and 3 are verbs (araçla- ‘separating two things from each other; 'separating people fighting', ḳadan- ‘get stuck’, tapta- ‘1. a lot eating, 2. beating’). ‘çöl, ḳaban, ḳantar-, ḳada-, ḳuda’ while words such as are used as in Mongolian (without any phonetic changes), it is observed that vowel and consonant sound changes occur in others. ‘dasalat+sız, ḥeneg+siz, serin+le-, keḥkül+lü’ new words were derived from words such as (by adding Turkish suffixes) and compound verbs were formed from some nouns (‘ol-, et-, sıyır-, çal-’ with auxiliary verbs such as). ‘toġay⁓tuġay, ḳanḳavır⁓ḳanḳavur, ḳabırġa⁓ḳabirġ, ḳeççi⁓ḳėçi, dasalat⁓dastalat, teşpi⁓tepşi, şavır⁓çavır, keckil⁓keḥkül⁓keḥkil, araçla-⁓araçala-’ it has been determined that words such as have double/triple usage. It has been determined that two forms of the word 'savġad' (savġat, savḫa) are used and each of them is used in a different sense. It is noteworthy that the words 'savġad, çöl' are also used in Iraqi Arabic. Words such as 'dasalat, ḥeneg, ḳoraḳay, şavır ⁓ çavır' (with these forms and meanings) are not found in other Turkish dialects; It is possible that these words were quoted during the Ilkhanid State (1256-1337). Finally, together with the words examined by Hamdi Lateef Khairullah (14 words), a total of 47 words (excluding controversial and overlooked words (if any) were identified in Iraqi Turkmen Turkish.

Mongolian Loanedwords In Iraqi Turkmen Turkish

Selda

One of the most significant features of the modern era is its acceleration and facilitation of travel and transportation for both men and women. It is undeniable that the global power struggles and influence competitions of the new imperial era were important factors behind this. In the 19th century, when the Industrial Revolution expanded new imperial ambitions geographically, it is known that, along with scientific curiosity, meeting different cultures also shaped the travel motivations of Western people. In fact, there was a relationship between scientific research and travel during this century. The desire of explorers to understand and record the experiences and cultures of the nations they always encountered motivated their next expedition.Apart from scientists, diplomats, writers, and journalists, the travels of Western women and their motivations for venturing out of their comfort zones and the travel notes they left are also important. This study addresses the interest, travels, and observations of Lady Hester Stanhope, a famous name of English aristocracy, regarding the Levant. Observing the heterogeneous cultural and societal characteristics of the Eastern Mediterranean and settling permanently there, Lady Hester would never return to England. The adventure of a woman from an aristocratic family who left the English way of life to establish a new life in the Levant is remarkable. However, her aristocratic background provided her with wealth, fame, and reputation in England. However, the price of all these opportunities was to behave according to status and etiquette specific to the stagnant, noble class and to live within a suffocating household regime. It was the gloom of this life that caused Virginia Woolf to write A Room of One’s Own (1929), almost a hundred years after Lady Hester. The gloom surrounding this life inspired Lady Hester to go to the Levant to build her own room. Why had she chosen the old East over the New World, for example, America, where English immigrants had established a new and glittering order? The spirit of the Enlightenment, -Voltaire’s Candide had almost traveled around the whole world-, Napoleon’s landing in Egypt in 1798, the spread of sympathy for Ancient Greece in European capitals, and the increase in transportation opportunities and travel culture among the upper classes provide an explanation. Likewise, the fact that almost all men, such as Byron, Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Gabriel Charles, Melchior de Vogué, Hellespont, Chevron, and Edouard Blanc, went to the Levant shows that it became a fashion. This is precisely a form of traveling that continued from the end of the 18th century until the middle of the 19th century, a movement we call “Grand Tour”. Indeed, some of these famous&nbsp;figures met Lady Hester in Istanbul, Damascus, and sometimes in Joun. In short, the East in the early 19th century was a place of adventure and enterprise, compared to the standard life of the modern West; it was dangerous but unrestricted. For adventurous people, there are exciting aspects that await discovery.The main texts on which this study is based were written by Hester’s close friend and doctor, Charles Lewis Meryon (1783-1877). Meryon had witnessed a significant part of Lady Hester’s life as her doctor and friend. Dr. Meryon published a 6-volume work that saved her from oblivion in 1845 and 1846. Hester's Memoirs was first published in three volumes in 1845. The following year, he published her Travels in another three volumes. This extensive collection, written by Dr. Meryon based on his observations while accompanying Lady Hester and using her letters, diaries, and other notes, complements each other. Memoirs and Travels not only recount the personal adventures of Lady Hester, who conducted archeological excavations, dressed like a man, learned Arabic, and incited the Druze to rebel against Mehmed Ali Pasha, but they also provide detailed information about the lifestyles, customs, and cultural habits of the people living in what is now Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. Therefore, it is important to present the life story of the person at the center of all these adventures.Lady Hester began her Levant journey in 1810 at the age of 35 and first came to Malta. While traveling to the Near East, she dressed like a man. The location of ancient monuments is an important part of her travels. She even determined her route from the Great Pyramids to Palmira based on ancient sites. However, in 1821, she settled in Joun, Lebanon and lived there until her death. Lady Hester hosted European and local guests at her mansion in Joun. Through these contacts, she acquired information about both the region and the state of post-Napoleon Europe. She also employed spies to collect intelligence on the region. The newspapers of that period showed interest and support for her adventures in the Levant. She was bestowed with titles such as “Queen of the Desert”, “modern Zenobia”, and “uncrowned queen of Lebanon”. The period in which she lived witnessed the strengthening of the authority of Mehmed Ali and his son Ibrahim Pasha in Egypt and Bilad al-Sham against the Sultan. Although her aristocratic background did not prevent her from admiring Napoleon, she had no sympathy for Mehmed Ali Pasha and his son Ibrahim and supported the Ottoman Sultanate.From her Memoirs, we also understand that Lady Hester adopted a mission for herself. The fact that she aimed to “civilize” this Ottoman region, not just as a woman seeking adventure and respected for her adventures in the Levant but also as a British missionary of civilization, shows that she became a product of 19th-century orientalism. Initially, she pursued a sense of mission typical of 19th-century Orientalism, the sentiment that could be summarized as bringing Western light to the East. However, over time, she herself transformed, adopted the mystic customs of the Near East. The same person who disciplined Arab servants with a whip in her mansion in Joun was also the one who opened her home to the poor, beggars, and nobles pursuing Ibrahim Pasha at the cost of increasing her debts. Choosing to die in poverty in Joun instead of spending her last years in London shows that she maintained her aristocratic values.

Lady Hester Stanhope and Her Levant Adventure (1810-1839)

Sercan

Sûrnames, a genre specific to Turkish literature, are texts based on the narration of circumcision or marriage ceremonies organized by the will of the Ottoman sultans. The work we are subject to this study can change common chronological information about the surname genre. While Nâfî’s Peyâm-ı Sûr, written in 1858 and whose translated text was examined by Mehmed Arslan, is accepted as the last example of surnâme, the work we examined was prepared in 1882-1883.Sûrnâme was, preserved at the University of Leipzig, Cod. Turc. 67 was, prepared by the author entirely in rik’a calligraphy, with varying numbers of lines, and without a ruler. The work, consisting of 6 sheets, is available individually in a volume covered with black cloth.Lutfî Efendi Sûrnâme comprises of three parts. The chapters are arranged with titles written by the author. In the introduction section, there is information and evaluations about what happened during the preparation phase of the sûr, thoughts about the previous sûrs, and general opinions and information about the prepared sûr. In the second chapter called, Tafsîl-i Sûrnâme, details of the 3-day sûr-ı hümâyûn are given. Although the events are given daily under subheadings, the conversations are summarized or conveyed directly. Lutfî EFfendi stated that he wanted to end the sûrnâme with historical verse, as is the customary. For this purpose, he completed the sûrnâme by writing a ten-couplet history in stanza verse form.Sûrnâme contains 1 couplet in Turkish, 2 stanzas and historical verse, and one couplet in Persian. All of the mentioned poems have the features of eulogy. The first verse piece, the couplet, contains the poet’s feelings when the sultan came to the area where the wall was built in the “Tafsîl-i Suver-i Eyyâm-ı Sûriyye” section. Lutfî EFfendi manages to integrate the sentences with expressions in the prose section with the expressions in the couplets, both in meaning and form. The second poem is a stanza of two couplets. The author states that after narrating the third day of the Imperial Wall, he wrote a stanza to inform the reader that story has been completed. The last verse of Sûrnâme is a ten-couplet history in stanza form in the poem in which Abdülhamid’s praise is discussed, the sultan’s devotion to the rules of religion is emphasized.&nbsp;The three-day sûr-ı hıtân, which was organized for the circumcision of Abdülhamid’s princes Mehmed Seyfeddîn, Abdulmecîd, Mehmed Şevket and Mehmed Selîm, was depicted by Ahmed Lutfî EFfendi, who was commissioned by the sultan. In the first part of the work, after the preparations for the circumcision ceremony and the intermediate section in which&nbsp;the author evaluates the activities carried out in the old walls from a critical perspective, the activities carried out from Monday to Wednesday are explained.The preparations for the sur-ı hıtan, which began with the will of the Sultan, were postponed for a while due to financial difficulties. Considering that the amount of expenditure, which was more than one hundred fifty thousand gold coins, was reduced to sixty thousand by complying with the saving measures, it was decided to build the imperial walls at the end of Filice, 1300, and the necessary preparations for the circumcision of 6000 children were ordered to be completed one week before the determined date.While Ahmed Lutfî Efendi provided information about the health status of children who were circumcised due to the sûr-ı hıtân, which is the subject of his work, he also included his negative criticisms, highlighting the shortcomings of the old sûr-ı hıtân in an intermediate section not separated by a title. The author evaluated the negative effects caused by the old walls on health, economy, and social life. The author also describes the tents set up in the areas where old palace weddings were held and the entertainment elements in these places from a critical perspective.Sûr-ı Hümâyûn started on the twenty-first Monday of Filice, 1300. The circumcision procedures of the princes were completed in four. Ulema, sheikhs, and directors were invited to dinner held at 11 in the Mabeyn-i Humayun. After the meal, evening prayers were performed, followed by a “peace lesson” as is customary. The Sultan came to the place where the guests were to give a thank you speech.On the second day, representatives of non-Muslim subjects; A banquet was held for the patriarchs and the chief rabbi. The Greek Patriarch prayed to the sultan on behalf of the patriarch and the non-Muslim subjects. In the evening, after a banquet organized for military representatives, consisting of two tables for 82 and 151 people, Grand Vizier Said Pasha delivered a speech of thanks and congratulations. On the occasion of Sur, it was decided to release 72 prisoners whose sentences were to be terminated.On Wednesday evening, a banquet was held for the ambassador, chief translators and bank managers. The circumcision procedures of the six thousand children stated in the introduction continued for a few days after Wednesday, when the Imperial Sura was completed.The 1300-1301 sûr-ı hıtân, the subject of Lutfî EFfendi’s work, is one of the first examples of the change that palace weddings in the Ottoman Empire experienced in terms of performance and function. This circumcision ceremony is an indication that the entertainment and festivity that had become traditional in palace weddings had ended and social service/social state understanding had been brought to the fore.Although Sûrname is small in volume, it is important because it contains information about late Ottoman culture, history, life, and the economy. Lutfî EFfendi’s views reflected in the work; It is noteworthy because it includes a change in the approach of the Ottoman intellectuals of the Tanzimat Period, who were raised in institutions providing traditional education, to obsolete institutions and practices.In the sûrnâme that was examined and the text of which was presented, the first of the palace weddings held during the reign of II. Abdülhamid is discussed. This work, which is a prose surname prepared by the order of the Sultan, is considered to be the last example of sûrnâmes, one of the important genres of divan literature whose, date and author are known.&nbsp;

Unknown Work of Chronicler Ahmed Lutfî Efendi: Sûrnâme

Coşkun

Yücel

From Lausanne to Montreux: Türkiye's Diplomatic Struggle for the Reconsideration of the Straits Regime

Zaynabidin

The National Idea of Turkestani Jadids: Developing and Implementing

Elif

Res. Assist.

On a Life-Giving and Cultural Resource: A Review on Nagihan Baysal's Work entitled Water in Turkish Folk Culture

Vasil

Review of “The Turkish Morphological-Lexical Elements in the Macedonian Toponymy” by Zoran Spasovski

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Translation, though concerning quite many scientific disciplines such as medicine, pharmacy, mathematics, physics, philosophy, history, linguistics etc., and many other areas concerning practical lives like politics, trade, literature; for the most part, deals with interlinguistic connections.&nbsp;The interactions between Arabic and Turkish started to flourish after the Turks’ adoption of Islam. The translations from Arabic to Turkish stemmed mainly from the need to learn about the religion of Islam. Oghuz Turkish, in its formation process as a written language, was also fulfilling such a demand. Hence, the texts with religious content seriously predominated the ones that were produced in the early periods.&nbsp;The expansion of Oghuz Turks into larger lands under the Seljuk dominion, and their adoption of a new religion as large masses, took place in periods that are quite close to each other. Whereas the need for written correspondence in the state hierarchy was being fulfilled via Persian, it is obvious that Arabic or Persian would fall short of such a proper function in the case of spreading religious knowledge. For this reason, a small number of literate Turks went into the effort of producing texts in Turkish, which was the common spoken language among Oghuzs and other clans. One may argue that the endeavour to write in Turkish gradually spread towards the west, beginning in the Horasan region. The adoption of Islam by the Oghuzs, and the formation of a large state organization in a simultaneous way, both came into play in the flourishment of the Oghuz language in the written form. Though the need for an official language was met by correspondences that were being written in Persian, it was not sufficient for the learning of the new religion, and in corresponding the demand for knowledge, which came forward in various strata of society in differing proportions. The fact that Arabic was the language of the main religious source, and the official language being Persian was leading to a shortage of communication for the larges masses of Oghuzs, with both the state and religion. Though the official language, being Persian, did not constitute a serious problem for the people who did not have grave concerns about the state mechanism, their disconnection with religion was quite of an inconvenience.Firstly expanding to the Horasan region, and up to the inlands of Anatolia afterwards, Oghuz settlements necessitated their meeting with the new religion, and re-organizing their lives in accordance with the two motives, along with adapting to a new geography. Except&nbsp;for the migrant settler masses, religious knowledge had become a necessity for the Oghuzs, who adopted a sedentary life in their daily practices. The fact that it was religious motives behind the transmission of knowledge from Arabic to Turkish aggravated the responsibility of the translators who shouldered it. Any mistake that was to be made in the translation of a literary text would at worst vitiate the aesthetic flavour of the text. However, the translation of a religious text obviously requires much more sensitivity. Hence, one should admit that it requires a very special effort in the translation of such issues as the faith and the attributions of Allah, which also shape one’s conception of God. The Quranic translations that were produced with such a sensitivity as much served for the formation of the written Turkish as for the comprehension and teaching of the religion.&nbsp;The young Turkish scholars, who did not know any other written sources other the Arabic ones, must have used Arabic as a guide during their translations. We should admit that the translation of Arabic expressions to a language that had been used in written form before, must have been very difficult. Especially, the translation of some peculiar Arabic phrases to Turkish correctly, required the utmost prudence, so as to understand the source of religion in the most correct way.The underline translation method which was commonly used in the early periods, despite being a poor method for the phrases, was successful in producing comprehensible Turkish written texts. In the course of these translations, there were some peculiar elements in Arabic, such as ism-i fail (present participle), sıfat-ı müşebbehe and the exaggerative present participle, which were alien to Turkish to a great extent. Building the conception of God in accordance with the understanding of oneness (and unity), the Quran presents the idea of God as almighty andbenevolent, by often making use of the aforementioned peculiar expressions. It also uses those word structures in order to explain the condition of men in the face of orders and prohibitions to which it appeals in regulating human life. The suffix -IcI in Oghuz Turkish virtually seems to have taken on a very special task, so as to meet the peculiar expressions of Arabic in question. The suffix IcI, which did not usually come forward in the early years in Old Turkish and the Anatolian region, is now one of the most common elements, and it is one of the indicators of verb performers.We know that the suffixes -GlI and -GAn were being used for certain verb performers of Arabic in the Karakhanid and Khorezmian regions. Such a differentiation indicates the rising sensitivity in the Anatolian geography with regard to the translations of these aforementioned structures. It also shows that the written language in Anatolia developed quite separately from the Turkistan region. Although the Quranic translations that were written in Karakhanid and Khorezmian Turkish contain some occasional instances of the suffix -IcI (=ĠUçI), it seems to have been used far less in proportion to the Anatolian region.Besides the historical dialects such as Karakhanid and Khorezmian, there are some examples that it was from time to time corresponded by the suffixes -IcI (küçi and Kuçi) in Afghanistan Uzbek Turkish and Kazan Tatar Turkish.

The Place of Suffix -IcI in The Formation of Turkish as a Written Language

Gülten

Onur

The Place of Woman in Siberian Realm Turkish Legends and the Perception of Ancient Turks in This Regard

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Latif

Fatma

While, in the first reading phase, reading as a language skill appears in the form of learning how the systematics of reading functions by making sense of certain writing symbols, it turns out to be the most fundamental means of acquiring knowledge and developing language in the later stages. Texts stand out as the most essential instrument used in the acquisition of four basic language skills in foreign language education. The reading passages used in both native language education and teaching Turkish as a foreign language are primarily regarded as teaching aids and materials. In Turkish teaching process, all texts ranging from the low-level texts such as warning and instruction signs on undergrounds and buses to the literary texts that involve deep meanings like poems have their own area of use in language education. For instance, in teaching Turkish to foreigners, a dialogue between a ticket officer and a passenger in the stage of buying a ticket for the underground or a column in a newspaper assumes a textual quality. Similarly, a poetry text containing figurative language and literary phrases or a text conveying information about a topic related to Turkish culture in a course book involves a textual characteristic with respect to a specific language skill. In other words, each meaning element that can be read, listened, written or spoken has a textual feature in terms of language teaching.&nbsp;Reading basically has the aim of communication and certain types of factors are present in the process of reading. These factors include the author, the text, the reader and the feedbacks. The most significant of all these during the process are the reading texts. In this respect, texts occupy a highly important place in teaching Turkish as a foreign language. The texts are not only involved in reading skill but also frequently used in the development stages of other language skills. When the sets designed to teach Turkish as a foreign language are closely examined, it is observed that the majority of the texts available in course books is made up of reading passages. As for the activities related to other language skills, a great majority of them is associated with the reading texts and their formation is based on the texts in question. To cite an example, in an activity aimed at the development of writing or reading skill, a dialogue or story text is given to the students to be read and they are asked to continue the text by speaking or writing.&nbsp;When texts are analyzed in terms of their types, it is seen that no association is present among the researchers with regard to the classifications of text types and that the categorizations have been achieved by the researchers in quite different ways. Despite the fact that each text classification is consistent and meaningful in itself, a variety of text type classification has come up due to the differences between the researchers’ points of view. Concerning language teaching, however, the concepts of texts and text types differ from the related classifications in some aspects. The reason for this is that the text to be used in the teaching of language involves a material quality. In this way, it is possible to regard every teaching material which can achieve the objectives and acquirements as a text.&nbsp;When the studies conducted upon text classifications are examined, it is observed that the related categorizations contain certain defects in terms of the field of language teaching. This being the case, a text type classification that can be used in language teaching has been performed in this study. In accordance with this classification, texts are divided into two as texts based on the aim of formation and those based on their functions. The former is also separated into two groups as fictional texts aimed directly at language teaching and original texts intended for the daily use of native language speakers and used indirectly in foreign language teaching. The texts formed on the basis of their functions, on the other hand, have been analyzed in terms of writing purpose and language use and gathered under two main titles as texts with utility function and literary texts. The original texts involved in the texts classified in accordance with their aim of formation are also divided into two in themselves as daily texts and literary texts. The daily texts contain such passages like menus, tickets, posters, warranty certificates and graffiti that are prepared with no aesthetic concern and that assign native language readers as their target group. As for the literary texts, they include novels, stories, tales, legends, etc that are put down on paper with an aesthetic concern and with native language readers being their target group. With respect to the texts based on their functions, the texts with utility function refer to all reading materials that can be readily experienced in daily life and that neither involve literary value in terms of the aim of writing or use of language nor aesthetic concern. The texts with utility function have been gathered within themselves under three titles as formal, instructive and communicative texts. The literary texts are those that are formed with an aesthetic concern in relation to the aim of writing and language use. These texts are also titled in three ways within themselves as instructive texts, texts based on expression/demonstration and poetry.&nbsp;Apart from the classification of text types, this study involves, as well, the analysis and comparison of the reading texts available in Yedi İklim Turkish Teaching Set and İstanbul Turkish Teaching Set for Foreigners along with recommendations related to which text type might be used in which language level.

The Classification of Text Types and The Evaluation of Reading Passages Available in Course Books in Teaching Turkish as A Foreign Language

Home economics appeared as an independent field of research in the nineteenth century and began to be included in the curriculum of girls’ schools in many countries through the second half of the century. As a scientific field, home economics defines systematic, modern and pedagogical standards for housework with a particular focus on household chores being part of the daily routine and aims to increase productivity and professionalism at home. Standardization, discipline, order, rationality, pragmatism, and hygiene appeared as the main principles of home economics. These principles defined the reform programs of many states, which were initiating a modernization process in the realms of political, economic and sociocultural areas in the nineteenth century. These principles are also among the main criteria of Norbert Elias’s definition of the civilizing process, which he defined by focusing on the change and transformation of the standards of correct and proper behavior in Europe from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Therefore, the rational and scientific approach to house related issues and the introduction of home economics as a course to the curriculum of girls’ schools appear closely related to the modernization and civilizing attempts of the states.&nbsp;In the pre-modern Ottoman world, home administration (ilm-i tedbîr-i menzil), which was considered as a subject of ethics and included as a chapter in ethics books, began to be taken as an independent field as home economics (idâre-i beytiye) in books and periodicals after the second half of the nineteenth century as well as being taught as a course in girls’ schools through the last quarter of the century. Ottoman authors examined the decoration and physical conditions of the house, house-cleaning, health issues, heating, dressing, raising of children, eating and food, table manners, etiquette and all kinds of issues that may be related to the house under the title of home economics. The target of writing on home economics was the disciplining and rationalization of the Ottoman house life with definite standards. This literature criticized the traditional Ottoman house life as being scattered, irregular, and haphazard and proposed a new model of house management based on scientific, rational and pedagogical data, dominated by discipline, order, and hygiene.The opening of new schools for girls at different levels from primary schools to teachers’ schools was an important development for the participation of Ottoman women in the formal education process. Furthermore, the discussions to define the object and content of girls’ curriculum reveals that Ottoman authorities considered the education of women within&nbsp;the perspective of the traditional role and status of Ottoman women as housewife, wife, and mothers despite Ottoman women beginning to benefit from the possibilities of formal education and public life. It seems that the number and the weight of courses related to home economics increased in the curriculum of girls’ schools of the time and attempts were made to fill the girls’ curriculum with those sciences regarded as necessary and useful to femininity, housewifery, and motherhood. The language used in the Ottoman textbooks of home economics shows that the traditional female discourse continued in many aspects. It seems that this literature on home economics aims to reorganize the living space of the family, which is the nucleus of the society according to the scientific, rational, technological and pedagogical standards and approaches of the age.With the introduction of the home economics courses to the curriculum of Ottoman girls’ schools in different levels and the definition of women’s status as home managers, domestic life became a public issue and also a political matter on which state and public authorities developed policies. Because these books are textbooks for girls’ schools and each textbook is published with the permission of the Ministry of Education, it can be said that the woman’s discourse emerging from these books not only represents the idea of authors but also the policy of Ottoman political authorities. However, the introduction of home economics to the curriculum of girls’ schools both in the Ottoman and western world was not a result of an agenda to question or improve women status, rather it seems like a consequence of a process initiated by the state authorities to modernize all segments of life. In this context, the involvement of the course in the curriculums seems primarily related to the modernization and civilization process in almost every realm of Ottoman life from the second half of the nineteenth century, and the Ottoman house which was an area that needed to be reorganized in line with modern standards to serve and contribute to this change and transformation process.

Teaching Scientific Home Economics in Late Ottoman Girls’ Schools: Curriculum and Textbooks

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Türkiyat Mecmuası - Journal of Turkology is the publication of Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology, which was founded in 1924 by (Ord. Prof. Dr.) Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad on the instructions of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk).

Türkiyat Mecmuası, one of the first academic journals of the Republic of Turkey in the field of social sciences, has been continuing its publication life since 1925. Türkiyat Mecmuası, which publishes original scientific studies on Turkish Language, Turkish Literature, Contemporary Turkish Dialects and Literatures, Turkish History, Turkish Art, Turkish Culture and Turkology in general, is an open access, refereed, national and international scientific journal. It is published twice a year in June and December.

It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English.

There are no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles. All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University.

Emine

MLA International Bibliography

Scopus

EBSCO

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

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Journal of Turkology

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Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Section Editor

Ethics Editor

Editorial Assistant

Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

Advisory Board Member

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<div>Türkiyat Mecmuası - Journal of Turkology is the publication of Istanbul University Research Institute of Turkology. It is an open-access, peer-reviewed, scientific journal published biannually in June and December. Established in 1925. It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English.Türkiyat Mecmuası is a well-established journal targeting both national and international academic communities. Its editorial board includes experts from both national and international fields. The journal aims to increase contributions from international authors.​Türkiyat Mecmuası, which publishes original scientific studies on Turkish Language, Turkish Literature, Contemporary Turkish Dialects and Literatures, Turkish History, Turkish Art, Turkish Culture and Turkology in general.Türkiyat Mecmuası- Journal of Turkology aims to contribute to the dissemination of scientific knowledge and to contribute to the scientific community in the field of Turkology by publishing high quality articles in accordance with international publication standards. </div>

Aim & Scope

<ul><li>SCOPUS</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>MLA International Bibliography</li><li>EBSCO (Academic Search Complete)</li><li>SOBIAD</li><li>Gale Cengage</li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Submitted articles should be appropriate to the purpose and scope of the journal. Original, fully or partially unpublished articles that are not in the process of evaluation in another journal, with high academic research and impact value, based mainly on primary sources, and whose content and submission have been approved by each author are accepted for evaluation.Articles derived from dissertations/thesis and related to the author's thesis topic are not accepted for evaluation.Articles derived from or extended from proceedings, or orally presented articles-even if they have not been published- are not accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors..Plagiarism, duplication, false authorship/ denied authorship, research/data fabrication, article slicing, sliced publication, copyright infringement and concealment of conflict of interest are considered unethical behavior. All articles that do not comply with accepted ethical standards are removed from publication. This includes articles containing possible irregularities or non-compliances detected after publication.Editorial Review, Plagiarism Scanning and Double Blinded Peer ReviewArticles are evaluated by the editor in terms of originality, methodology, subject matter and format in accordance with the scope of the journal. Pre-checked articles are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. Authors are informed if plagiarism/self-plagiarism is detected. If necessary, editors may subject the article to plagiarism check at various stages of the evaluation or production process. Articles in which plagiarism or self-plagiarism is detected will not be published. The similarity rate should be less than 15%.The editor-in-chief ensures that articles undergo fair double-blinded peer review and the article is submitted to at least two referees from Turkey and/or abroad. If the referees deem necessary, the Editor-in-Chief approves the publication of the article after the requested changes are made by the authors.Authors who have an article in the process cannot submit an article again before the completion of the process. The Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Management Board or Editorial Board may decide to have the articles returned or revised if deemed necessary at any stage of the evaluation process. The researcher has a period of at least 4 issues / 2 years after the publication of his article to submit a new article.

Policies

<div>The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license. </div>

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

<div>Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li style="text-align: justify;">There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li style="text-align: justify;">It contains plagiarised content. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">It reports unethical research. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li style="text-align: justify;">The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li style="text-align: justify;">The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul></div>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

<div>Journal of Turkology - Türkiyat Mecmuası is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, to access the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.</div>

Ethics

Journal of Turkology - Türkiyat Mecmuası adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B48C35DD6FCA4C2FB91F51863B30BBDB" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.&#65279;

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender,  citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation. Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender,  citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.&#65279;

Articles that have not been previously published or are not currently under review for publication in another journal and are approved by each author are accepted for consideration. Submitted articles that pass the preliminary check are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After the plagiarism check, eligible articles are evaluated by the editor-in-chief in terms of originality, methodology, importance of the topic covered and compatibility with the scope of the journal.Articles deemed appropriate by the editor-in-chief in terms of the journal's publication policy are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation in accordance with the double blind review system. The decision to publish is made by the editor-in-chief after the edits made by the authors as a result of the referees' evaluations and the referee process.The editor-in-chief does not allow any conflict of interest between authors, editors and referees. He/she has full authority to appoint referees and is responsible for making the final decision on the articles to be published in the journal.Reviewers' evaluations should be objective. During the review process, reviewers are expected to consider the following points.-Does the article contribute to the field?-Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the article?-Is the structure of the article and the research method defined in a coherent and comprehensible manner?-Are the interpretations and conclusions substantiated by the findings?-Are adequate references given to other studies in the field?- Is the quality of language and expression adequate??Reviewers should ensure that all information about submitted articles remains confidential until the article is published and should report to the editor if they notice any copyright infringement or plagiarism on the part of the author.If the referee does not feel qualified to review the article or is unlikely to be able to provide timely feedback, he/she should inform the editor and ask him/her not to involve him/her in the review process.During the review process, the editor should make it clear to reviewers that articles submitted for review are the private property of the authors and that this is a privileged communication. Reviewers and editorial board members may not discuss articles with other individuals.

It is published in Turkish, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan Turkish, Tatar and Gagauz Turkish, French, Russian, German and English.All correspondence regarding the submitted articles will be made with the responsible author. All responsibility of the studies sent to our journal for publication within the rules belongs to the author / authors.Article submission should be made online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/journal/989/submission/step/manuscript/new">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a>, which is accessed from Turkiyat Mecmuası &gt;&gt; Home Page. The articles should be submitted in three separate files when uploading to the Dergipark system.<ul><li>Articles derived from undergraduate theses, master's theses, or doctoral dissertations will not be considered for evaluation.</li></ul><ul><li>Articles derived from or expanded upon conference proceedings, including those orally presented, will not be evaluated, even if the proceedings have not been published.</li></ul><ul><li>Researchers may submit a new article only after at least four issues (2 years) have passed since the publication of their previous article.                                                                                                                                                                                          </li><li>The article title should be uploaded to the system in the language in which the article is written as the primary language. </li></ul><ul><li>Articles are listed in the journal alphabetically by the authors' last names.</li></ul><ul><li>Excluding abstracts, footnotes, and references, articles must be at least 5,000 words in length.</li></ul><ul><li>The main text file of the article must not include any information identifying the author. Articles that do not comply with this rule will be returned without entering the evaluation process.</li></ul><ul><li>Draft articles submitted to the journal must adhere to the journal's submission guidelines. Articles that do not comply with the submission guidelines will be directly rejected or returned.</li></ul><ul><li>Submitted works, whether published or not, will not be returned to the authors.</li></ul><ul><li>Once an article is submitted for publication, no author's name may be removed from the author list, no new author may be added, and the order of authors may not be changed without the written consent of all authors.</li></ul><ul><li>Authors with ongoing submissions cannot submit new articles until the process is completed. The editorial board reserves the right to return or request revisions for articles at any stage of the evaluation process.</li></ul><ul><li>Türkiyat Mecmuası communicates with authors and other relevant parties exclusively via email or the messaging module within the journal's automation system. Messages sent to any email address other than turkology@istanbul.edu.tr will not be considered.</li></ul>MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION GUIDE1. Article Full Text File** Microsoft Word 2003 and above versions must be used. Articles should be prepared using the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C158422B1FB64697839C4368061BC23F" target="">Article Template.</a> The text of the article should not include the identity information of the author(s) due to the double-blinded peer review process. (Important note: The main headings in the article template only show how the content of the article should be formed. Authors are not obliged to use these headings.)* The article must consist of at least 5000 words, excluding the abstract, footnotes, and references.2. Cover Page** <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15417">The cover page</a> should include the type of article, article title (article language / English) title and institutional affiliation of the author or authors, current address and telephone numbers, ORCID information and e-mail addresses.* The financial support, conflict of interest and acknowledgment sections should be stated separately in both the language of the article and in English.* In the initial submission file of the manuscript, statements such as acknowledgments will not be included; these matters will only be specified on the cover page. 3. Copyright Agreement Form** Must be signed by all authors with a wet signature. <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15420">The Copyright Agreement Form</a> requires wet signatures in three different sections.*The sections on financial support, conflict of interest, and acknowledgments must be stated in both the language of the article and in English.TITLE: If each study has a different language for Turkish, English, and the article language, the title should be provided in that language. The title of the study should clearly reflect ıts content and be comprehensive.* MAIN TITLES: All words should be written in all capital letters and bold. They must not exceed 15 words.* Subheadings: All words should be written in bold, with only the first letters of each word capitalized. A line break should follow the title.* Lower-Level Subheadings: All words should be bold, with only the first letter of the first word capitalized and the first letters of subsequent words in lowercase. A colon (:) should be placed at the end of the title, and the text should continue on the same line.ABSTRACT: The abstract should include the purpose, methodology, and scope of the study and should be placed after the title but before the introduction section in the article. The Turkish abstract should be between 180-200 words, and the English abstract should be between 180-250 words. Beneath the abstracts, there should be up to five keywords that represent the content of the study.EXTENDED ABSTRACT: The extended abstract should include the purpose, methodology, scope, and results of the study and should be placed after the Turkish and English abstracts in the article. The extended abstract in English should be between 700-800 words.* In Turkish articles, there should be two abstracts, one in Turkish and English, and extended abstract in English. English articles should include two abstracts, one in English and one in Turkish. There should be no extended abstract. For articles written in other languages / dialects, there should be three abstracts (in the language of the article - English- Turkish) and an extended abstract in English.* The title of the article should be given in the order of the number of abstracts and the language of the article. See example <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/F985C0668F824D99BF77B994BF747B8C">article.</a>TABLES, FIGURES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND GRAPHS: Figures, pictures, tables and graphs in the text should be numbered as 1, 2, 3. Photographs, plans, maps, etc. used in the text should be attached to the documents to be submitted with the extension &#34;.jpg / .tiff&#34;. Care should be taken to ensure that such documents have a resolution suitable for the printing technique (at least 300 dpi) and a size that does not exceed the page area, and if there is more than one, they should be numbered and titled (Picture 1; Map 1; Table, Figure 1, etc.). Images can be cited in the text, but if they are cited in the text with parentheses as (Annex 1), the images should be added as an appendix at the end of the article. The source of the cited images should be indicated both under the image and in the bibliography.

Author Guidelines

Research Article: As research articles, manuscripts presenting original scientific results on topics appropriate to the scope of the journal are considered. Research articles consist of abstract, keywords, introduction, method, findings, discussion, conclusions, references, tables, graphs and figures.Review: Manuscripts prepared by experts who have a great depth of knowledge in the field and whose expertise is reflected in the international literature in terms of publications and impact are evaluated. The review article should consist of title, abstract and keywords, main text sections and referencesTranslation: These are translated articles. Translations of articles written by experts in the field with a high impact value are evaluated.* In translated text publications, &#34;permission has been obtained from the original author and publisher&#34; and &#34;citation details of the original text&#34; must be specified in the full-text file. See <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3057174">example article.</a>Book Review: Brief or detailed reviews of books published in the last 5 years are evaluated. Book reviews are a type of writing that evaluates issues such as the book's formal and substantive features, the way it deals with the subject(s), its suitability for the purpose for which it was written and its success in realizing this, what is needed to eliminate its deficiencies and shortcomings and make it better. Book reviews should be written according to the book review template. Brief reviews written in a language other than the language in which the book was published are given priority. (For example, a book review written in Kazakh about a book published in Turkish.)Points to consider for book reviews- The introduction should have an &#34;independent original title&#34; specific to the book- The cover photo of the book being reviewed should be included in the text (on the first page, under the title, and aligned to the left).- The bibliographic information of the introduced book should be provided in full in the References section.- 5 keywords, both in Turkish and English, should be added.

FORMS<a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15420" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"></a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B48C35DD6FCA4C2FB91F51863B30BBDB" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5C46AD279E4242B68D3D82EABAEEBF71" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Author Form</a> <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15417" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Title Page</a> TEMPLATES<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4DCAECFD87F04B9281421C9EC4F92F69" target="_blank">Article Template</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/31257" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">Book Review Template</a>

<a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15420" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/22325" target="_blank">Author Form</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/15417" target="_blank">Cover Page</a>Templates:<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/6FB79A0A58F74FCFA4BC31315924C3E9" target="">Article Template</a><a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/31257" target="_blank">Book Review Template</a>FINAL CHECKLISTEnsure that none of the following is missing:-        The type of the article is clearly stated.-        The article has not been submitted to another journal.-        If there is a relationship with a sponsor or a commercial firm, it is indicated.-        The article has been checked for English language accuracy.-        References are formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition.-        The journal policies, detailed in the Writing Guidelines section, have been reviewed.* Copyright Agreement Form* Author Form* Permission Document (if previously published material, such as text, images, or tables, is used).* Cover Page:<ul><li>Article category,</li></ul><ul><li>Title in the article's original language and in English,</li></ul><ul><li>Authors’ full names, academic titles, affiliated institutions (including university and faculty information, followed by the city and country), and email addresses,</li></ul><ul><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full mailing address, work phone number, mobile phone number, and fax number,</li></ul><ul><li>ORCID IDs for all authors.</li></ul>* Article Main Text;-        Important: The main text must not include any identifying information about the author(s).-        Titles in both the article's original language and in English,-        Abstracts: 180–200 words in the original language, 180-200 words in English, and an extended abstract of 700–800 words in English,-        Keywords: 5 in the original language and 5 in English,-        Sections of the main text,-        Financial support (if any, specify),-        Conflict of interest (if any, specify),-        Acknowledgments (if any, specify),-        References,-        Tables, Images, Figures (with titles, descriptions, and captions).

Issue Type	Special
Editor(s)	Mustafa Balcı, Yüksel Özgen, Ayna Askeroğlu Arslan
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Full Text (PDF)
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