Three Tombs from the Ayyubid, Aq Qoyunlu and Ottoman Periods in Güroymak
Güroymak district is an important town of Islamic art with its especially tombstones. Three tombs with a different plan than the Karanday Aka Tomb located in the district centre were considered in the study in order to be evaluated within the discipline of art history. The Şeyhan Tomb with a foundation record from the first half of the 13th century, the Kanireş Tomb with an inscription dated 1470 and the Mışkan Tomb without any record were examined and the comparison of those with similar structures in Muş and Siirt. The rectangular plan of the structures and the repetition of the mihrab niche arrangement in the interior spaces also in the structures of Muş and Siirt revealed the existence of a regional style. It is understood that the Şeyhan Tomb was probably built with a zawiya in Şeyhan Village, which was dedicated to Sheikh Ali Mirce by Nureddin Kutlumuş, one of the local administrators under the Ayyubid rule, and the Kanireş Tomb, with its inscription dated 1470, was built by Emir Hüseyin bin Emir Shah Ali, who was appointed to the region during the period when the Akkoyunlu rule was established. It has been emphasised that the Mişkan Tomb cannot be dated to a period earlier than the 17th century due to its plan and material characteristics; it is probably a structure built in the 19th century Ottoman period. In this study, three structures within the Ayyubid, Aq Qoyunlu and Ottoman religious architecture in Güroymak district.
Güroymak’ta Eyyubi, Akkoyunlu ve Osmanlı Dönemlerinden Üç Türbe
Güroymak ilçesi barındırdığı eserler ve özellikle mezar taşlarıyla İslam sanatının önemli bir beldesi niteliğindedir. İlçe merkezinde konumlanan Karanday Aka Kümbetinden farklı bir planlamaya sahip olan üç türbe, sanat tarihi disiplini içerisinde değerlendirilmek amacıyla çalışma dahilinde ele alınmıştır. 13. yüzyılın ilk yarısına ait bir vakfiye kaydına sahip Şeyhan Türbesi ile 1470 tarihli bir kitabesi bulunan Kanireş Türbesi ve herhangi bir kitabe ya da vakfiye kaydı bulunmayan Mışkan Türbesinin mimari özellikleri ve tarihsel süreçleri bağlamında ele alınarak incelenmesi ve bu üç eserin Muş ve Siirt’teki benzer nitelikte yapılarla karşılaştırılması çalışmanın temel amaçlarındandır. Yapıların sahip olduğu dikdörtgen planlama ve iç mekandaki mihrap nişi düzenlemesinin Muş ve Siirt’teki yapılarda tekrarlanması bölgesel bir üslubun varlığını ortaya koymuştur. Şeyhan Türbesi’nin, Eyyubi hakimiyeti altındaki yerel yöneticilerden Nureddin Kutlumuş’un Şeyh Ali Mirce’ye vakfettiği Şeyhan Köyü’nde muhtemelen bir zaviye içerisinde, 1470 tarihli kitabesiyle Kanireş Türbesi’nin ise Akkoyunlu hakimiyetinin tesis edildiği bir dönemde bölgeye atanan Emir Hüseyin bin Emir Şah Ali tarafından inşa ettirildiği anlaşılmıştır. Mışkan Türbesi’nin plan ve malzeme özellikleri itibarıyla 17. yüzyıldan daha önceki bir döneme tarihlenemeyeceği; muhtemelen 19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı döneminde oluşturulmuş bir yapı olduğu üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu çalışmayla Güroymak ilçesindeki Eyyubi, Akkoyunlu ve Osmanlı dini mimarisi içerisindeki üç yapı, mimari özellikleri itibarıyla sanat tarihi disiplini içerisinde incelenmiştir.
The district of Guroymak, which is located in the area known as Çukur Plain and forms a part of the wide plain between the cities of Bitlis and Muş, is an important town of Islamic art with its works and especially gravestones. In addition to the Karanday Aka Tomb, which is located in the district centre and dates back to the last quarter of the 13th century, three tombs that are understood to have a different architectural plan were evaluated within the scope of this study in order to be evaluated within the discipline of art history. In this study, three structures in the Güroymak district that can be evaluated within the Ayyubid, Aq Qoyunlu and Ottoman religious architecture were examined within the discipline of art history in terms of their architectural features.
The Şeyhan Tomb, which has a foundation record from the first half of the 13th century, the Kanireş Tomb, which has an inscription dated 1470 and the Mışkan Tomb, which does not have any inscription or foundation record, were examined in the context of their architectural features and historical processes, and these three were compared with similar structures in Muş and Siirt. The rectangular plan of the structures and the repetition of the mihrab niche arrangement in the interior spaces in Muş and Siirt reveal the existence of a regional style. The Hacı Ali Tomb in Çatbaşı in Muş; the Sheikh Selman Tomb in Çalıdüzü and Şeyh Hüseyin and Murad Han Tombs in Beykent in Kurtalan-Siirt; Şeyh Ali Tomb in Çevrimtepe and another tomb in Adakale in Baykan-Siirt have similarities with the Guroymak tombs.
Among the structures, the earliest one is probably a unit of a zawiya in Şeyhan Village, which was dedicated to Şeyh Ali Mirce by Nureddin Kutlumuş, one of the local amirs during the Ayyubid rule in the 13th century. On the other hand, the foundation record of Şeyhan Tomb reveals the Ayyubid domination in the region at the time of Mongols raids even if there is such a thought that Nureddin Kutlumuş is a Dilmaçoglu Prince. Although they have not survived to the present day, structures in the endowed village by Nureddin Kutlumuş prove the existence of an zawiya of Sheikh Ali Mirce for whom the foundation was established.
The Kanireş Tomb with its inscription dated 1470 was built by Emir Hüseyin bin Emir Şah Ali, who was appointed to the region during the period when the Aq Qoyunlu rule was established. Because of this study, the reason for the conflicts between the Pazuki Tribe and the Bitlis Emirate in the 15th and 16th centuries has been better understood, especially based on the Kanireş Tomb inscription. Indeed, there was no evidence that the Pazuki forces were very close to the city of Bitlis before. Again, although there is not enough information about Emir Hüseyin and his father Emir Şah Ali in the inscription, the fact that they are recorded very briefly in the Şerefname suggests that they did not have any administrative qualifications. However, the expressions "Emiru'l Kebir" and "Emiru'l Azam" (both meaning great emir) in the inscription reveal that they were people who held important positions under the Aq Qoyunlu rule. Although it has a similar plan and construction technique with Şeyhan Tomb shows that the tomb in Mişkan Village cannot be dated to a period earlier than the 17th century, it was probably a structure built in the 19th-century.
As a result, it was understood that this rectangular plan with a mihrab niche on one side, reminiscent of the 15thcentury masjids in Bitlis and the 17th-century and later tombs in Muş and Siirt, was included in a different group from the other polygonal tombs in the region. It is essential that these three works, which are understood to belong to the emirs who ruled the region during the Ayyubid, Aq Qoyunlu and Ottoman periods and the institutions they endowed, and whose historical background and architectural features are explained in detail within the discipline of art history, should be considered among the cultural assets that need to be protected and should be protected in this sense.
