Review


DOI :10.5222/j.child.2019.43650   IUP :10.5222/j.child.2019.43650    Full Text (PDF)

Phosphate Metabolism

Hasan Önal

Maintenance of serum phosphate in the physiological range is critical for many biological processes. Phosphate is an essential component of bones, nucleic acids, and cell membranes, and it plays a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism, intracellular signaling by phosphorylation of proteins, and release of oxygen from hemoglobin. Phosphate is an important urinary and blood acid base buffer. The serum phosphorus level is maintained through a complex interplay between intestinal absorption, exchange intracellular and bone storage pools, and renal tubular reabsorption. The kidney plays a major role in regulation of phosphorus homeostasis by renal tubular reabsorption. Type IIa and type IIc Na transporters are important renal Na dependent inorganic phosphate transporters, which are expressed in the brush border membrane of proximal tubular cells. Both are regulated by dietary inorganic phosphate intake, vitamin D, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone.

DOI :10.5222/j.child.2019.43650   IUP :10.5222/j.child.2019.43650    Full Text (PDF)

Fosfat Metabolizması

Hasan Önal

Serum fosfatın fizyolojik aralıkta korunması birçok biyolojik işlem için kritiktir. Fosfat, kemiklerin, nükleik asitlerin, hücre zarlarının önemli bir bileşenidir ve hücresel enerji metabolizmasında, proteinlerin fosforilasyonuyla hücre içi sinyalizasyonda ve hemoglobinden oksijen salınmasında önemli bir rol oynar. Fosfat önemli bir idrar ve kan asidi baz tamponudur. Serum fosfor seviyesi, bağırsak emilimi, hücre içi ve kemik depo havuzlarının değişimi ve renal tübüler yeniden emilim arasındaki karmaşık bir etkileşimle sağlanır. Böbrek, tübüler yeniden emilim ile fosfor homeostazının düzenlenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Tip IIa ve tip IIc Na taşıyıcıları, proksimal tübüler hücrelerin fırça sınır membranında ifade edilen önemli renal Na bağımlı inorganik fosfat taşıyıcılardır. Her ikisi de diyet ile inorganik fosfat alımı, D vitamini, fibroblast büyüme faktörü 23 (FGF23) ve paratiroid hormonu (PTH) tarafından düzenlenir.


PDF View

References

  • 1. Gattineni J, Baum M. Genetic disorders of phosphate regulation. Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2012;27(9):1477-87. google scholar
  • 2. Choi NW. Kidney and phosphate metabolism. Electrolyte & Blood Pressure, 2008;6(2):77-85. google scholar
  • 3. Amanzadeh J, Reilly RF, Jr. Hypophosphatemia: an evidence-based approach to its clinical consequences and management. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology. 2006;2(3):136-48. google scholar
  • 4. Alizadeh Naderi AS, Reilly RF. Hereditary disorders of 112 Çocuk Dergisi 2019;19(3):105-115 renal phosphate wasting. Nature reviews Nephrology. 2010;6(11):657-65. google scholar
  • 5. Farrow EG, White KE. Recent advances in renal phosphate handling. Nature reviews Nephrology. 2010;6(4):207-17. google scholar
  • 6. Berndt TJ, Schiavi S, Kumar R. “Phosphatonins” and the regulation of phosphorus homeostasis. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2005;289(6):F1170- 82. google scholar
  • 7. Bergwitz C, Juppner H. Regulation of phosphate homeostasis by PTH, vitamin D, and FGF23. Annual review of medicine. 2010;61:91-104. google scholar
  • 8. Alon US. Clinical practice. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23: a new hormone. European journal of pediatrics. 2011;170(5):545-54. google scholar
  • 9. Jubiz W, Canterbury JM, Reiss E, Tyler FH. Circadian rhythm in serum parathyroid hormone concentration in human subjects: correlation with serum calcium, phosphate, albumin, and growth hormone levels. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1972;51(8):2040-6. google scholar
  • 10. Lichtman MA, Miller DR, Cohen J, Waterhouse C. Reduced red cell glycolysis, 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate concentration, and increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity caused by hypophosphatemia. Annals of internal medicine. 1971;74(4):562-8. google scholar
  • 11. Schubert L, DeLuca HF. Hypophosphatemia is responsible for skeletal muscle weakness of vitamin D deficiency. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2010;500(2):157-61. google scholar
  • 12. Knochel JP. The pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of severe hypophosphatemia. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1977;137(2):203-20. google scholar
  • 13. Knochel JP. Hypophosphatemia and rhabdomyolysis. The American Journal of Medicine. 1992;92(5):455-7. google scholar
  • 14. Newman JH, Neff TA, Ziporin P. Acute respiratory failure associated with hypophosphatemia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1977;296(19):1101-3. google scholar
  • 15. O’Connor LR, Wheeler WS, Bethune JE. Effect of hypophosphatemia on myocardial performance in man. The New England journal of medicine. 1977;297(17):901-3. google scholar
  • 16. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Gutekunst L, Mehrotra R, Kovesdy CP, Bross R, Shinaberger CS, et al. Understanding sources of dietary phosphorus in the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2010;5(3):519- 30. google scholar
  • 17. Ramirez JA, Emmett M, White MG, Fathi N, Santa Ana CA, Morawski SG, et al. The absorption of dietary phosphorus and calcium in hemodialysis patients. Kidney international. 1986;30(5):753-9. google scholar
  • 18. Gupta RK, Gangoliya SS, Singh NK. Reduction of phytic acid and enhancement of bioavailable micronutrients in food grains. Journal of food science and technology. 2015;52(2):676-84. google scholar
  • 19. Moe SM, Zidehsarai MP, Chambers MA, Jackman LA, Radcliffe JS, Trevino LL, et al. Vegetarian compared with meat dietary protein source and phosphorus homeostasis in chronic kidney disease. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN. 2011;6(2):257-64. google scholar
  • 20. McCutcheon J, Campbell K, Ferguson M, Day S, Rossi M. Prevalence of Phosphorus-Based Additives in the Australian Food Supply: A Challenge for Dietary Education? Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2015;25(5):440-4. google scholar
  • 21. Uribarri J, Calvo MS. Hidden sources of phosphorus in the typical American diet: does it matter in nephrology? Seminars in dialysis. 2003;16(3):186-8. google scholar
  • 22. Leon JB, Sullivan CM, Sehgal AR. The prevalence of phosphorus-containing food additives in top-selling foods in grocery stores. Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2013;23(4):265-70.e2. google scholar
  • 23. Wesseling-Perry K. FGF-23 in bone biology. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2010;25(4):603-8. google scholar
  • 24. Xu H, Collins JF, Bai L, Kiela PR, Ghishan FK. Regulation of the human sodium-phosphate cotransporter NaP(i)- IIb gene promoter by epidermal growth factor. American Journal of Physiology Cell physiology. 2001;280(3):C628-36. google scholar
  • 25. Arima K, Hines ER, Kiela PR, Drees JB, Collins JF, Ghishan FK. Glucocorticoid regulation and glycosylation of mouse intestinal type IIb Na-P(i) cotransporter during ontogeny. American journal of physiology Gastrointestinal and liver physiology. 2002;283(2):G426- 34. google scholar
  • 26. Xu H, Uno JK, Inouye M, Xu L, Drees JB, Collins JF, et al. Regulation of intestinal NaPi-IIb cotransporter gene expression by estrogen. American journal of physiology Gastrointestinal and liver physiology. 2003;285(6):G1317-24. google scholar
  • 27. Stauber A, Radanovic T, Stange G, Murer H, Wagner CA, Biber J. Regulation of intestinal phosphate transport. II. Metabolic acidosis stimulates Na(+)-dependent phosphate absorption and expression of the Na(+)-P(i) cotransporter NaPi-IIb in small intestine. American journal of physiology Gastrointestinal and liver physiology. 2005;288(3):G501-6. google scholar
  • 28. Danisi G, Bonjour JP, Straub RW. Regulation of Na-dependent phosphate influx across the mucosal border of duodenum by 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Pflugers Archiv: European journal of physiology. 1980;388(3):227-32. 113 H. Önal, Fosfat Metabolizması google scholar
  • 29. Hattenhauer O, Traebert M, Murer H, Biber J. Regulation of small intestinal Na-P(i) type IIb cotransporter by dietary phosphate intake. The American journal of physiology. 1999;277(4):G756-62. google scholar
  • 30. Hilfiker H, Hattenhauer O, Traebert M, Forster I, Murer H, Biber J. Characterization of a murine type II sodiumphosphate cotransporter expressed in mammalian small intestine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998;95(24):14564-9. google scholar
  • 31. Virkki LV, Biber J, Murer H, Forster IC. Phosphate transporters: a tale of two solute carrier families. American journal of physiology Renal physiology. 2007;293(3):F643-54. google scholar
  • 32. Villa-Bellosta R, Ravera S, Sorribas V, Stange G, Levi M, Murer H, et al. The Na+-Pi cotransporter PiT-2 (SLC20A2) is expressed in the apical membrane of rat renal proximal tubules and regulated by dietary Pi. American journal of physiology Renal physiology. 2009;296(4):F691-9. google scholar
  • 33. Villa-Bellosta R, Sorribas V. Compensatory regulation of the sodium/phosphate cotransporters NaPi-IIc (SCL34A3) and Pit-2 (SLC20A2) during Pi deprivation and acidosis. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology. 2010;459(3):499-508. google scholar
  • 34. Gattineni J, Bates C, Twombley K, Dwarakanath V, Robinson ML, Goetz R, et al. FGF23 decreases renal NaPi-2a and NaPi-2c expression and induces hypophosphatemia in vivo predominantly via FGF receptor 1. American journal of physiology Renal physiology. 2009;297(2):F282-91. google scholar
  • 35. Ma Y, Samaraweera M, Cooke-Hubley S, Kirby BJ, Karaplis AC, Lanske B, et al. Neither absence nor excess of FGF23 disturbs murine fetal-placental phosphorus homeostasis or prenatal skeletal development and mineralization. Endocrinology. 2014;155(5):1596-605. google scholar
  • 36. Ohata Y, Yamazaki M, Kawai M, Tsugawa N, Tachikawa K, Koinuma T, et al. Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 exerts its effects on placenta and regulates vitamin D metabolism in pregnancy of Hyp mice. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2014;29(7):1627-38. google scholar
  • 37. Takaiwa M, Aya K, Miyai T, Hasegawa K, Yokoyama M, Kondo Y, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations in healthy term infants during the early postpartum period. Bone. 2010;47(2):256-62. google scholar
  • 38. Kovacs CS, Manley NR, Moseley JM, Martin TJ, Kronenberg HM. Fetal parathyroids are not required to maintain placental calcium transport. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2001;107(8):1007-15. google scholar
  • 39. Saggese G, Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S, Cipolloni C. Intact parathyroid hormone levels during pregnancy, in healthy term neonates and in hypocalcemic preterm infants. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica. 1991;80(1):36- 41. google scholar
  • 40. Loughead JL, Mimouni F, Ross R, Tsang RC. Postnatal changes in serum osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone concentrations. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1990;9(4):358-62. google scholar
  • 41. Dusso AS, Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E. Vitamin D. American journal of physiology Renal physiology. 2005;289(1):F8- 28. google scholar
  • 42. Kurosu H, Ogawa Y, Miyoshi M, Yamamoto M, Nandi A, Rosenblatt KP, et al. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 signaling by klotho. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2006;281(10):6120-3. google scholar
  • 43. Hu MC, Shi M, Zhang J, Pastor J, Nakatani T, Lanske B, et al. Klotho: a novel phosphaturic substance acting as an autocrine enzyme in the renal proximal tubule. FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2010;24(9):3438-50. google scholar
  • 44. Ichikawa S, Imel EA, Kreiter ML, Yu X, Mackenzie DS, Sorenson AH, et al. A homozygous missense mutation in human KLOTHO causes severe tumoral calcinosis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2007;117(9):2684- 91. google scholar
  • 45. Nagai T, Yamada K, Kim HC, Kim YS, Noda Y, Imura A, et al. Cognition impairment in the genetic model of aging klotho gene mutant mice: a role of oxidative stress. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003;17(1):50-2. google scholar
  • 46. Kamemori M, Ohyama Y, Kurabayashi M, Takahashi K, Nagai R, Furuya N. Expression of Klotho protein in the inner ear. Hearing research. 2002;171(1-2):103-10. google scholar
  • 47. Toyama R, Fujimori T, Nabeshima Y, Itoh Y, Tsuji Y, Osamura RY, et al. Impaired regulation of gonadotropins leads to the atrophy of the female reproductive system in klotho-deficient mice. Endocrinology. 2006;147(1):120-9. google scholar
  • 48. Faul C, Amaral AP, Oskouei B, Hu MC, Sloan A, Isakova T, et al. FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2011;121(11): 4393-408. google scholar
  • 49. Suga T, Kurabayashi M, Sando Y, Ohyama Y, Maeno T, Maeno Y, et al. Disruption of the klotho gene causes pulmonary emphysema in mice. Defect in maintenance of pulmonary integrity during postnatal life. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2000;22(1):26-33. google scholar
  • 50. Kawaguchi H, Manabe N, Miyaura C, Chikuda H, Nakamura K, Kuro-o M. Independent impairment of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in klotho mouse exhibiting low-turnover osteopenia. The Journal 114 Çocuk Dergisi 2019;19(3):105-115 of clinical investigation. 1999;104(3):229-37. google scholar
  • 51. Kuro-o M, Matsumura Y, Aizawa H, Kawaguchi H, Suga T, Utsugi T, et al. Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature. 1997;390(6655):45-51. google scholar
  • 52. Ben-Dov IZ, Galitzer H, Lavi-Moshayoff V, Goetz R, Kuro-o M, Mohammadi M, et al. The parathyroid is a target organ for FGF23 in rats. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2007;117(12):4003-8. google scholar
  • 53. Carpenter TO, Shaw NJ, Portale AA, Ward LM, Abrams SA, Pettifor JM. Rickets. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2017;3:17101. google scholar
  • 54. Lorenz-Depiereux B, Benet-Pages A, Eckstein G, Tenenbaum-Rakover Y, Wagenstaller J, Tiosano D, et al. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria is caused by mutations in the sodium-phosphate cotransporter gene SLC34A3. American journal of human genetics. 2006;78(2):193-201. google scholar
  • 55. Bergwitz C, Roslin NM, Tieder M, Loredo-Osti JC, Bastepe M, Abu-Zahra H, et al. SLC34A3 mutations in patients with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria predict a key role for the sodiumphosphate cotransporter NaPi-IIc in maintaining phosphate homeostasis. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2006;78(2):179-92. google scholar
  • 56. Tieder M, Modai D, Samuel R, Arie R, Halabe A, Bab I, et al. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1985;312(10):611-7. google scholar
  • 57. Tencza AL, Ichikawa S, Dang A, Kenagy D, McCarthy E, Econs MJ, et al. Hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria due to mutation in SLC34A3/type IIc sodiumphosphate cotransporter: presentation as hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2009;94(11):4433-8. google scholar
  • 58. Kremke B, Bergwitz C, Ahrens W, Schutt S, Schumacher M, Wagner V, et al. Hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria due to mutation in SLC34A3/NaPi-IIc can be masked by vitamin D deficiency and can be associated with renal calcifications. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2009;117(2):49-56. google scholar
  • 59. Page K, Bergwitz C, Jaureguiberry G, Harinarayan CV, Insogna K. A patient with hypophosphatemia, a femoral fracture, and recurrent kidney stones: report of a novel mutation in SLC34A3. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2008;14(7):869-74. google scholar
  • 60. Winters RW, Graham JB, Williams TF, Mc FV, Burnett CH. A genetic study of familial hypophosphatemia and vitamin D resistant rickets with a review of the literature. Medicine. 1958;37(2):97-142. google scholar
  • 61. A gene (PEX) with homologies to endopeptidases is mutated in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. The HYP Consortium. Nature Genetics. 1995;11(2):130-6. google scholar
  • 62. Strom TM, Juppner H. PHEX, FGF23, DMP1 and beyond. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension. 2008;17(4):357-62. google scholar
  • 63. Autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with mutations in FGF23. Nature Genetics. 2000;26(3):345-8. google scholar
  • 64. Larsson T, Marsell R, Schipani E, Ohlsson C, Ljunggren O, Tenenhouse HS, et al. Transgenic mice expressing fibroblast growth factor 23 under the control of the alpha1(I) collagen promoter exhibit growth retardation, osteomalacia, and disturbed phosphate homeostasis. Endocrinology. 2004;145(7):3087-94. google scholar
  • 65. Econs MJ, McEnery PT. Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia: clinical characterization of a novel renal phosphate-wasting disorder. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;82(2):674-81. google scholar
  • 66. Feng JQ, Ward LM, Liu S, Lu Y, Xie Y, Yuan B, et al. Loss of DMP1 causes rickets and osteomalacia and identifies a role for osteocytes in mineral metabolism. Nature Genetics. 2006;38(11):1310-5. google scholar
  • 67. Lorenz-Depiereux B, Bastepe M, Benet-Pages A, Amyere M, Wagenstaller J, Muller-Barth U, et al. DMP1 mutations in autosomal recessive hypophosphatemia implicate a bone matrix protein in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. Nature Genetics. 2006;38(11):1248-50. google scholar
  • 68. George A, Sabsay B, Simonian PA, Veis A. Characterization of a novel dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein. Implications for induction of biomineralization. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993;268(17):12624- 30. google scholar
  • 69. George A, Ramachandran A, Albazzaz M, Ravindran S. DMP1--a key regulator in mineralized matrix formation. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions. 2007;7(4):308. google scholar
  • 70. Narayanan K, Ramachandran A, Hao J, He G, Park KW, Cho M, et al. Dual functional roles of dentin matrix protein 1. Implications in biomineralization and gene transcription by activation of intracellular Ca2+ store. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003;278(19): 17500-8. google scholar
  • 71. Shimada T, Mizutani S, Muto T, Yoneya T, Hino R, Takeda S, et al. Cloning and characterization of FGF23 as a causative factor of tumor-induced osteomalacia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(11):6500-5. google scholar
  • 72. Inclan A, Leon P, Camejo MG. Tumoral calcinosis. JAMA. 1943;121(7):490-5. 115 H. Önal, Fosfat Metabolizması google scholar
  • 73. Garringer HJ, Fisher C, Larsson TE, Davis SI, Koller DL, Cullen MJ, et al. The role of mutant UDP-N-acetylalpha-D-galactosamine-polypeptide N-acetylgalactosa minyltransferase 3 in regulating serum intact fibroblast growth factor 23 and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein in heritable tumoral calcinosis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006; 91(10):4037-42. google scholar
  • 74. Frishberg Y, Topaz O, Bergman R, Behar D, Fisher D, Gordon D, et al. Identification of a recurrent mutation in GALNT3 demonstrates that hyperostosishyperphosphatemia syndrome and familial tumoral calcinosis are allelic disorders. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany). 2005;83(1):33-8. google scholar
  • 75. Silver J, Kilav R, Sela-Brown A, Naveh-Many T. Molecular mechanisms of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2000;14(7): 626-8. google scholar
  • 76. Larsson T, Nisbeth U, Ljunggren O, Juppner H, Jonsson KB. Circulating concentration of FGF-23 increases as renal function declines in patients with chronic kidney disease, but does not change in response to variation in phosphate intake in healthy volunteers. Kidney International. 2003;64(6):2272-9. google scholar
  • 77. Gutierrez OM, Mannstadt M, Isakova T, Rauh-Hain JA, Tamez H, Shah A, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;359(6): 584-92. google scholar
  • 78. Shimada T, Hasegawa H, Yamazaki Y, Muto T, Hino R, Takeuchi Y, et al. FGF-23 is a potent regulator of vitamin D metabolism and phosphate homeostasis. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2004;19(3):429-35. google scholar
  • 79. Stenvinkel P, Larsson TE. Chronic kidney disease: A clinical model of premature aging. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2013;62(2):339-51. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Önal, H. (2019). Phosphate Metabolism. Journal of Child, 19(3), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.43650


AMA

Önal H. Phosphate Metabolism. Journal of Child. 2019;19(3):105-115. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.43650


ABNT

Önal, H. Phosphate Metabolism. Journal of Child, [Publisher Location], v. 19, n. 3, p. 105-115, 2019.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Önal, Hasan,. 2019. “Phosphate Metabolism.” Journal of Child 19, no. 3: 105-115. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.43650


Chicago: Humanities Style

Önal, Hasan,. Phosphate Metabolism.” Journal of Child 19, no. 3 (Nov. 2024): 105-115. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.43650


Harvard: Australian Style

Önal, H 2019, 'Phosphate Metabolism', Journal of Child, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 105-115, viewed 15 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.43650


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Önal, H. (2019) ‘Phosphate Metabolism’, Journal of Child, 19(3), pp. 105-115. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.43650 (15 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Önal, Hasan,. Phosphate Metabolism.” Journal of Child, vol. 19, no. 3, 2019, pp. 105-115. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.43650


Vancouver

Önal H. Phosphate Metabolism. Journal of Child [Internet]. 15 Nov. 2024 [cited 15 Nov. 2024];19(3):105-115. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.43650 doi: 10.5222/j.child.2019.43650


ISNAD

Önal, Hasan. Phosphate Metabolism”. Journal of Child 19/3 (Nov. 2024): 105-115. https://doi.org/10.5222/j.child.2019.43650



TIMELINE


Submitted13.07.2019
Accepted01.10.2019
Published Online05.12.2019

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.