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Zübeyir

Assist. Prof.

Aslıhan

Social Media Use, Socialization, and Perceptions of Syrians among Turkish Youth: Findings from a National Survey

Mahmut

Hayri

The Relationship between School  Socioeconomic Composition and Academic  Achievement in Turkiye

Salih

Assoc. Prof.

Adnan

Res. Assist.

This study has been conducted to contribute to the literature on micro-level human resources and micro-organizational behaviors as well as to investigate the mediating effect of public services motivation (PSM ) in the relationship employees’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and organizational justice have with their organizational commitment types. The research seeks answers to the following research questions: Does CSR have a significant impact on organizational commitment and its sub-dimensions? Does organizational justice have a significant impact on organizational commitment? Does PSM have a mediating effect on the relationship between CSR and organizational commitment? Does PSM have a mediating effect on the relationship between organizational justice and organizational commitment?CSR-related research is seen to neglect those who work in higher education institutions and to instead focus more on the perspectives of students, who are generally accepted as the main social interest group (Mascarenhas et al., 2020) . However, talented and motivated employees who do their job well are considered critical factors for any type of organization in terms of the sustainability of organizational success (Brammer et al., 2007; Du et al., 2010). Many empirical studies have shown organizational justice to affect organizational commitment (Colquitt et al., 2001; Çolak &amp; Erdost, 2004; Gilliland, 2008; Schmiesing et al., 2003). When approaching the subject in the context of CSR, Rupp (2011) claimed to have evaluated employees’ perceptions toward organizations’ CSR activities as externally oriented third-party judgments on justice. Employees’ perceptions toward CSR are accepted as a proxy for corporate justice, increasing the likelihood that organizations treat employees treated fairly based on how fair they treat their stakeholders (Rupp, 2011). On this point, corporate social responsibility, organizational justice, and organizational commitment form the basic dynamics of ideal management. The literature on CSR, has stated a strong need to exist for micro-based studies (Ng et al., 2019). This study has been conducted based on the gaps in the literature in order to contribute to the literature on microhuman resources and micro-organizational behaviors by investigating the mediating effect PSM has in the relationship between employees’ perceptions of CSR and organizational justice and the type of organizational commitment they express. The main reason for focusing on PSM mediating effect is that PSM together with internal and external factors is used to evaluate the reasons that lead employees to work in public institutions (Giauque et al., 2012). Meanwhile, Edward and Kudret’s (2017) study stated investigating the mediating effect of PSM to also be a great way to fill the gap in the CSR literature based on the claim that not enough studies are found explaining why and what to expect in terms of employees’ different responses to CSR activities that focus on internal and external stakeholder goals. This is because PSM as a fairly new concept in the field of public administration was put forward based on the assumption that different factors than those in private sector organizations affect individuals’ desire to work in public institutions as well as their willingness to continue working (Perry, 1996).This study has preferred the survey method, a quantitative research method. The data required for this study were obtained from Atatürk University . The multi-stage sampling method has been used to ensure that the selected sample has a high representative power of the population in terms of the determined sample number. Data from 341 surveys were obtained as a result of multi-stage sampling based on title and department. Four different scales were used for measuring CSR, organizational justice, organizational commitment, and PSM within the scope of the research. The study’s hypotheses are based on the conceptual framework and experimental research and seek answers to the research questions. The researchers analyzed the data collected with the survey method using the programs SPSS and AMOS. Reliability and validity analyses, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and correlation analyses were performed, followed lastly by the path analysis of the structural equation model.As a result of the analyses, CSR is concluded to have a significant effect on all the dimensions of organizational commitment apart from continuity commitment. Likewise, the effect organizational justice has on the sub-dimensions of organizational commitment was also found to have a significant effect on other sub-dimensions apart from those in organizational justice. On the other hand, the hypothesis tests regarding the mediating role PSM has in the effects from the predictive variables over the predicted variables determined PSM to have a mediating role in the significant effects on the sub-dimensions except for continuation commitment. As a matter of fact, continuity commitment can be said to have a relatively negative organizational quality compared to the other two sub-dimensions of organizational commitment that affect the results in line with this.

Public Service Motivation’s Mediating Role in the Effect  Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility and  Organizational Justice Have on Organizational Commitment  in Higher Education Institutions

İlknur

Hip hop is one of the most popular genres in the world of music lately. Rose (1994) described hip hop music as a construct of narration using rhyme accompanied by an electronic beat. This genre emerged in the 1960s in African-American neighborhoods (i.e., ghettos) in the United States. It gained popularity as a musical genre that provides young African Americans with a means to express their experiences with racism, poverty, and violence (Sullivan, 2003). According to Shuster (2005, p. 1), hip hop consists of a dress code, life philosophy, style of walking and talking, political attitude, and philosophical stance that critically challenges established views and values. It is a revolt against the poor life of African Americans in ghettos and against the institutionalized racism and exclusionary attitude the state apparatus expresses toward these poor in the United States.A division occurred between the East and West coast rap styles within hip hop music that created a general debate. East coast rap claims to be so-called true rap because the style of music had originated on the East coast. However, because the rap that started on the West coast is associated with gangs, it is known as the Wild West of rap, which reveals the gangster rap sub-genre (Morgan, 2016, p. 133). Trap hip hop also represents a subgenre of gangster rap in which a community expresses itself through its focus on drugs and crime in their lives.Rap music has become universal, crossing beyond the borders of the USA and being performed by young people of different countries. One main feature of rap music is how it opens a space to criticize not just racism but all social and class inequalities, as well as allows the lower classes of society to express their stories, thus also giving rap a political function. Therefore, the lyrics from rap songs have gained importance. This study aims to perform a discourse analysis of popular rap songs in Turkey alongside the concept of ghettos and to present an artistic expression of class inequality.Turkish rap first emerged in Germany among immigrant Turks, with rappers afterwards emerging in Turkey. The hip hop group Cartel emerged in Germany in 1995, after which a wider group of rap fans emerged in Turkey with the bands Sagopa Kajmer and Ceza. The rap music market began to diversify between 2005-2010 in particular. Trap and gangster hip hop became much more popular than the old-school hip hop music in Turkey, and for the first time there, hip hop achieved a popularity that was able to compete with pop music.This study will analyze how these songs construct the concept of neighborhood as a response to the social inequality embodied in ghettos to represent the youth there. This study selected four popular varoş [ghetto] rap songs in Turkey for this purpose and analyzed their lyrics. This discourse analysis helped unmask the webs of intertextuality. The study analyzes Ezhel’s “Şehrimin Tadı” [taste of my city], Khontkar’s “Hiçbir Şeyim Yok” [I have nothing], “İşler Legal” [jobs are legal], “Kime Ne” [Who cares] and Gazapizm’s (the most popular artist of the gangster rap genre) and “Heyecanı Yok” [no excitement].As a consequence, the ghetto, being the rapper’s locale in new hip hop music, is seen to be the kind of social environment where the lower classes live and to describe itself as a place that does not allow people to improve their lives and climb the social ladder within the law. Therefore, getting involved in crime is distinguished as the most important way to maintain one’s life. Being involved in crime and having alcohol and drugs as a part of one’s life are the dominant features of the ghetto, one of the founding elements of the dominant discourse of the new generation of rap music as an area with intense poverty where violence and addiction are commonplace.Consequently, the new generation of rap music in Turkey is rooted in ghetto life, the place where the system’s inequality, both global and local, is best seen. As a result, varoş is rooted in the reality of the slums, just as hip hop was; however, varoş also gains a local and original quality by focusing on the realities and localities in its own country.&nbsp;

The Hip Hop Music Genres of Gangster Rap and Trap in  Turkiye: New Rap’s Ghetto Music

Sefer

Birgül

This paper, based on data about the increase in the number of female drivers in Turkey in the 2000s and on implicit and explicit discriminatory statements about them in traditional and social media, seeks to answer whether we can talk about a feminization of driving and automobile culture, a profession and occupation dominated by men from the nineteenth century to the present. In Turkish society, where we can talk about an automobile culture shaped by androcentric language and patriarchal culture, there is not a long history of either a large increase of women going into public space alone with their cars or of the emergence of female drivers of public transportation vehicles. It is observed that the use of automobiles among women has tended to become widespread due to significant political-economic developments which have been decisive in Turkey’s recent history. These developments, in which technology has also played an important role, have helped women be both more present in the public sphere and more active in all areas of life, and many professions have ceased to be exclusively men’s. On the other hand, cultural resistance is observed in the driving profession and in its practices. One reason for this resistance may be that the production, distribution, and consumption processes of automobiles and all kinds of motor vehicles remained entirely under the control of men for many years. This situation makes resistant to change the illusion that the relationship between automobile and men is natural rather than historical. Indeed, the many references to the car and gender or the car and sexual relationships in Turkish slang and the many car stories in literature and cinema show that the car is both a complement of masculinity—a strong symbol of the power, status, and dignity of men—and a feminine image, taking the place of the horse that is ridden. Therefore, they show that automobile culture is surrounded by masculine discourses. This cultural background underpins both the reproduction and perpetuation of claims that men are naturally more successful at driving and that women are less skilled drivers as well as the mansplaining of men from all educational levels and social segments on traditional and social media platforms, including academic discourses. On the other hand, considered together with elements constituting the masculinity crisis—such as traditional boundaries between male and female becoming more obscure in late-modern societies, the normalization of the contingency of sexual identities, and the abandonment of the understanding that men are considered more respected and more valuable in the family and society because they are men—— the conflict created by the participation of women in traffic may also be one aspect of cultural change. In the interviews, it clearly appears that, although the impact of technology (facilitating driving) and automobile market strategies which direct women to automobile consumption increase the number of female drivers in traffic, there is no strong indication about the feminization of automobile culture. In the interviews conducted with seventeen middle-class drivers, three men and fourteen women, we asked the interviewees about their attitudes and behaviors&nbsp;in traffic, thoughts and reactions in driving practices, expectations from the car, and the meanings they attribute to it. In general, female drivers noted functions like “dropping a child off to school,” “shopping,” or “commuting to work,” and the comfort and freedom offered by it, a partial freedom to set the time for all these works. However, based on the interviews and comments on media, successful driving is still associated with qualities like courage, speed, power, prestige, wealth, which are identified mostly with men and masculinity in the dominant culture, and female drivers who claim and strive to be good drivers imitate the existing masculine style. We can say that women drivers are still trying to “exist” in today’s conditions, that cars and driving practices are not interpreted by them, that there is no language change, and that production and/or marketing strategies labeling women’s cars and appealing to female consumers also serve to maintain the dominant sexism in this context. However, when we consider that the masculine meanings and/or connotations attributed to driving and that masculine culture both play important roles in traffic problems, more general change is necessary for feminization to be possible in many areas of life, from urban planning to automobile design, from public transportation vehicles to automobile repair centers.&nbsp;

Driving against the Power: Sexism in Automobile Culture  and Female Drivers in Turkey

Filiz

Studies in Turkiye within the context of  Gender: An Overview of Postgraduate  Dissertations

Sinem

The Roma in Turkiye: Segregation in The  Labour Market and Income Differentiations

Hatem

Tahsin

Factors Affecting the Quality of Life of the  Elderly in Iraq and Turkiye and Differences  Between the Two Cultures

Veysel

Erkan

Investigation of Attitudes and Behaviors  Towards Recycling with Theory  Planned Behavior

Mozharul

Impacts of Climate Change on Water  Resources, Agricultural Production and  Food Security: Evidence from Turkiye

Elif

Tuğça

Prof.

Questioning the Dimensions of Digital  Surveillance and Parental Supervision:  YouTube Challenges and Video  Recommendation System

Hüsrev

Cenk

Digital Transnational Dissidence and State  Control: A Conceptual Reflection on the  Practice and Limits of Digital Transnationalism

Işıl

Birsen

The Relationship Between Online  Socialization and Online Social Identity

Abdulmuttalip

Hasan

Social Capital Measurement in Turkiye:  Creating an Index by Province

Soner

Mustafa

Development of a New Composite Index for  Measuring the Sustainability Performance of  Manufacturing Companies Operating in the  BIST Sustainability Index

Bağdat

Özgür

The Impact of Fiscal Policies on Inclusive Growth in Turkiye

Begüm

Füsun

Does Inclusion in the Sustainability Index  Contribute to the Financial Performance  of the Companies: Evidence from  Developing Countries

Kadir

Improving Organizational Resilience in  Businesses: A Qualitative Study on the Effect  of COVID-19

Pelin

As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak that spread rapidly across the world, many individuals and institutions have been greatly affected at the national, regional, sectoral, and global levels. As in all areas of society, the COVID-19 pandemic has also adversely affected women’s cooperatives, which produce value-added products through their own efforts, contributing to both themselves and society. For this reason, most women’s cooperatives have had to suspend and even stop their activities. In this context, the aim of this study is to reveal how and to what extent women’s cooperatives have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The limited number of studies on women’s cooperatives in Turkey and the lack of studies addressing the effects of the pandemic on women’s cooperatives reveal the importance of this studyAccordingly, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine participants from eight women’s cooperatives in the Turkish provinces of Antalya, Burdur, and Isparta, all of which are located in the Western Mediterranean. During the interview, the following four questions were asked to the members of the women’s cooperatives: “How has the pandemic affected your daily life, how has the pandemic affected your financial status, has your cooperative received any support during the pandemic, and what kind of adverse effects or contributions do you think your cooperative has made in this process?” The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed in MAXQDA 2020, a qualitative analysis program. Due to the pandemic, interviews were carried out by contacting the participants on the phone and social media.As a result of the study, four themes were formed under the headings of social relations, financial life, financial support, and social benefit as well as eight subcodes comprised of living at home, solidarity, payments to the treasury, accounting payments, equipment support, Ministry of Commerce, face mask production, and social contribution; these were formed using the coding method in line with the answers the nine female participants gave to the four questions within the scope of study. As a result of the coding that was performed through qualitative analysis, expressions were used that correspond with the themes. In this context, the most important finding obtained from the study is that the pandemic has most affected the financial lives of the members involved in the women’s cooperatives. In this process, most women’s cooperatives were unable to carry out their production activities, and women’s cooperatives with a limited production capacity expressed being unable to bring their products to consumers. However, some cooperatives took advantage of the process and were able to produce various healthy and dry foods based on consumers’ requests. During the interviews, the women were additionally determined to have suffered from psychological distress, especially due to the lack of a social life. the transition to living at home as a result of the pandemic was also concluded to have weakened social relations and to have affected product sales due to the cooperatives being unable to establish relations with consumers.In line with the answers the participants gave to the questions contained within the scope of the study, a MAXMap based on a code co-occurrence model was obtained in MAXQDA in order to determine the relationships the themes have with one another. When examining the relations the coded themes have with one another, those who were unable to receive financial support as a result of the transition to living at home due to the pandemic were determined to have had their financial lives impacted and to have had difficulty accessing social benefits. At the same time, a visualization was made regarding which category was mentioned more frequently in terms of the answers the participants gave to the questions, and a code cloud was created showing the frequencies of the categories and their sub-categories. As a result, the study has revealed the majority of the answers the participants gave to the questions frequently involved the theme of financial life.In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic is found to have adversely affected the social and economic lives of the members in women’s cooperatives. Support for women’s cooperatives should be increased in order to compensate their losses during or after the pandemic, and social awareness regarding the problems they face should be increased. Supplying the necessary equipment for women’s cooperatives that have taken risks during the pandemic and strove to deliver healthy and safe foods to society should be facilitated, and they should be provided with financial and business support.This study is thought to contribute to the limited literature and will be extremely useful for other studies that will be conducted. Studies to be conducted in the academic world during the pandemic should obviously raise awareness toward women’s cooperatives, the number of which has increased in recent years in particular.&nbsp;

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Women’s  Cooperatives in the Western Mediterranean

Putu

Ketut

Traditional Treatment of Tuju Disease  (Rheumatism) in Lontar Usada Based on  Bali Local Wisdom

Betül

Zekeriya

Öğretim Görevlisi

Understanding of Tourists' Memorable Local  Food Experiences: A Netnography Study

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President Trump and Migration Policy

Mehmet

For various migrant groups, Turkey has been a transit country for many years. However, due to the ongoing civil war in Syria, Turkey has become the number one destination for Syrian refugees, and now hosts the largest refugee group in the world. This transformation has attracted the attention of different academic disciplines such as law, social policy, social work, psychology and sociology, and especially in politics and media, it has emerged as one of the most debated subjects in recent years. As a result, scholarly researches in increasing numbers have attempted to examine the phenomenon of forced migration from different dimensions, such as security, policy, education, health and gender. However, when considering studies examining forced migration from a gender perspective, it is seen that the studies mostly focus on women because they are more exposed to problems. This situation, which is added to the negative representation of refugee men in the host societies, causes the experience of male refugees to be invisible, and the social aid practices directed towards refugees are less susceptible to the problems of men. Based on this point, this study aims to analyze the problems of male refugees that cannot be seen because of their negative representations, and to discuss them based on social work and aid policies. In line with this purpose, the study was designed as a qualitative research. The working sample of the study consists of 17 male refugees from various nationalities residing in Eskişehir and five specialists who are working in the field of humanitarian aid. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that some refugee men are exposed to many social problems, like women, such as discrimination and violence with reference to their gender. Male refugees are experiencing tensions because of their responsibility to support the family. At the same time, they are excluded from migration regulations and social aids aimed at solving these tensions. According to the findings, most of the participants have difficulties in accessing basic needs, such as employment and housing, because of the misrepresentation of masculinity of the male refugees. Although providing for the family is accepted as a male responsibility especially in economic terms, tensions arise because male refugees cannot fulfill this responsibility alone. This situation increases the problems of male refugees in the asylum process, while imposing a passive role at home for refugee women. In addition to difficult situations male refugees experience only because of their gender, their exclusion from migration regulations and social benefits makes their asylum process even more difficult. As a result, it can be concluded that social aid policies and the above-mentioned researches consider the masculinity of male refugees as a typical category in the form of constant hegemonic power against femininity. For this reason, it should primarily be accepted that there is no universal masculin ity that is always advantageous over femininity. The masculinity is also shaped and harmed by patriarchy. For masculinity is not a universal category, it is a dynamic gender identity shaped by historical and cultural conditions, just like femininity. In this respect, it is necessary to think of masculinity as a heterogeneous structure. Indeed, males with different conditions, just like women, may also be in exploited positions. Forced migration is one of these conditions. The forced migration process can make men and women suffer. Of course, it is wrong to say that in the process of forced migration, all male refugees could be in disadvantaged positions. However, social aid policies and researches seeing the masculinity as a universal category rather than a culturally constructed phenomenon, miss an important point: not all males can be equally advantageous in the patriarchal order. In other words, the idea that gender perceptions may have negative effects on men as much as they have on women should be a starting point for gaining further insights into the matter. Scholarly inquiries in this context should be aimed at a better understanding of the multiple structures of masculinity during the course of forced migration, and the inclusion of male refugees in social aid practices as visible actors.

The Invisible Actors of Forced Migration: Male Refugees in The Context of Representation and Gender

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Halil

Semanur

Although there has been an environment in which global neo-mercantilist protectionist policies have increased in recent times and the countries have further tightened immigration policies, the increase in bilateral trade and migration among the countries remains the two most important results of globalization. Some authors who address the relationship between these two outcomes of globalization have developed a theory that a country’s migration affects trade activities between the host country and the emigrant source country. Gould (1991) stated that this relationship could be realized through two mechanisms. The first is the increase in the import of the host country from the source country as a result of migrants carrying their consumption habits to the host country. The other mechanism is that transaction costs incurred in the process of acquiring information and establishing a trade relationship will be reduced due to immigrants. This is the reason why immigrants’ native language is frequently used and known in the host country and that migrants carry information about their consumption preferences in their own countries to the host country. It is stated that bilateral trade between countries will increase by means of these interaction mechanisms.In the literature, a large number of empirical studies were encountered, which examined the relationship between international trade and international migration for different countries. In these studies, the bilateral trade relations between the immigrant-receiving country, which is a center of attraction, and the emigrant countries were analyzed. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and migration for Germany, which is the center of attraction of Europe. Germany is the country with the highest number of immigrants among the European Union countries and the share of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is very high among the emigrant countries in Europe. In view of this situation, in the study, it was aimed to examine whether the migration of Germany from the mentioned countries was effective in the foreign trade activities with these countries.CEE countries, based on the definition of the OECD have been determined as Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In the study covering the data set from 2000 to 2016, a panel gravity model was used.In the study the dependent variables are export and import while the independent variables are the number of immigrants, GDP and per capita GDP of the emigrant countries, the distance between the host country and emigrant countries, and the dummy variable which represents the Customs Union memberships of the countries.In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration and foreign trade of Germany. In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration to Germany and the foreign trade of Germany with CEE countries. On the other hand, GDP, per capita GDP, distance and dummy variables were found to be significant in the model in which export is the dependent variable. According to this, a positive relationship was found&nbsp;between the GDP level of CEE countries and Germany’s exports in accordance with theoretical expectation. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between GDP per capita in CEE countries and Germany’s exports, contrary to theoretical expectation. Accordingly, per capita income, which represents the level of welfare in CEE countries, reduces imports from Germany. This situation, which is contrary to theoretical expectation, is thought to be related to the fact that these countries are former Soviet Union countries. The distance variable has a negative effect on the export, in line with the expectation. The dummy variable added to determine the impact of the Customs Union membership of the CEE countries revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship. In other words, countries’ membership to the Customs Union positively affects the export of Germany. In the import model, only the Customs Union dummy variable was significant. Accordingly, the membership of the CEE countries to the Customs Union has an increasing impact on Germany’s imports.In summary, it can be stated that Germany did not see an increase in exports from migration. On the other hand, it can be stated that both sides of the relationship are benefiting from regional integration through Customs Union membership.

Analysis of Gravity Model on the Relationship Between Foreign Trade and Immigration: The Case of Germany

Reyhan

Introduction The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of internal migration on poverty in Turkey. In other words, in addition to the many factors that affect poverty, determining how and on what level interregional migration affects poverty is one of the main purposes of the study. The focus of the study were 12 regions in Level 1 and qualitative and quantitative methods were applied together using secondary data. The main purpose of the study is to reveal how migration that took place in the recent past and the differentiation between the regions had an effect on poverty and thus, to guide the policymakers and relevant actors. The aim of the study was to suggest opinions about which regions the individuals, who were forced to migrate due to socio-economic reasons, should incline towards and thus, to reveal alternative migration routes. Another aim of this study is to reveal the final outcomes of migration for the individuals who were living in relatively behind regions and whose poverty had become chronic in creating added value. Thus, it might be possible to determine the impact on individual wealth for those who migrate or those who choose an alternative to migration and to suggest policies.&nbsp;Literature Summary The following studies, which analyze the relationship between poverty and migration, were used as a reference in this study: Bustillo and Anton (2009), Chapman and Bernstein (2003), Güneş (2009), Martin and Taylor (2003), Raphael and Smolensky (2008), Tümtaş (2009), Suro et al. (2011), Tümtaş and Ergun (2014), and to Yıldız and Alaeddinoğlu (2011). In all of this research, it was emphasized that poverty changes with migration and most of the studies drew attention to the effect of migration from rural areas.&nbsp;Econometric Analysis The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of migration in 12 regions in Level 1 segregation of TSI on national and regional poverty. Accordingly, the necessary data set was obtained by determining indicators in accordance with the studies conducted on the relationship between poverty and migration. The used data is from 2008-2014 and was obtained from TSI on Level 1. Subsequently, the created model was estimated with panel data analysis. The econometric problems that were encountered during the analysis were corrected with necessary operations and thus, efficient estimators were obtained.InNumberOfPoorPeopleit= α + β1 lnDependencyit+ β2 lnMigrationit+ β3 lnAgricultural_Empit + β4 lnGNPPCit+ β5 lnAgricultural_Migrationit+ eit InNumberOfPoorPeopleit Number of poor individuals lnDependencyit Total age dependency ratio lnMigrationit The migration that the region receives lnAgricultural_Empit Agricultural employment lnGNPPCit Gross national product per capita (dollar) lnAgricultural_Migrationit Migration from the regions in which the agricultural sector has 6% or more share in the regional GDP (regions in which agricultural employment and production have become relatively prominent) to other regions. i Region t Date (Year)Findings and Evaluation The obtained results reveal that the relationship between the dependency ratio, migration and GNPPC are not statistically significant. However, it was observed that agriculture-based migration decreases the total number of poor people. In other words, an increase in agricultural migration by 100%, decreases the number of poor people in the country by approximately 49%. This result proves that a good number of individuals who migrate from rural to urban areas do not bring their poverty with them by finding new job opportunities. That is, by leaving the agriculture sector, the migration into regions where industry and services are prominent significantly decreases the number of poor people in the country. As a result of the analysis, it can be stated that the autonomous poverty in the discussed regions which can’t be explained with independent variables are different from each other. In other words, the effect of independent variables, such as rural migration, differs in regions in the reduction of poverty with the TR1-Istanbul region ranking first in terms of the magnitude of this effect. According to this ranking which is followed by the TR-3 Aegean and TR6-Mediterranean Regions, it can be stated that other factors which were not included in the model affected the poverty of these regions. This study in which the relationship between poverty and migration was discussed indicates that rural-based migration has a significant effect on poverty. At this point, it should not be overlooked that the knowledge-skill levels of migrated individuals would change the magnitude and direction of this effect. In other words, since agricultural-based migration is effective in the reduction of the number of poor people, this effect can be positively increased by educating the migrating population.

The Effect of Internal Migration on Regional Poverty in Turkey: The Determining Role of the Agricultural Sector

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society.
 
As of 2022 the publication language of the journal is only English and the print version has been stopped; the journal continues as an electronic only journal. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific work in English.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is dedicated to the unlimited circulation of high quality academic contributions relevant to the field of Sociology, with an international focus. The journal provides a forum for exploring issues mainly in Sociology, but also welcomes manuscripts from other disciplines that are suitable for international and interdisciplinary audiences. The target group of the journal comprises academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professionals and academic bodies and institutions.

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TR Dizin

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Journal of Economy Culture and Society

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Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society. Journal of Economy, Culture and Society aims to provide a forum for exploring social, economic and cultural issues with an international focus. Because of the interdisciplinary and international character of the journal, manuscripts that are not suitable for an interdisciplinary and international audience should be submitted to more appropriate venues.  As of 2022, the publication language of the journal is only English. Therefore, the manuscripts submitted for publication must be scientific and original work in English. Preference will be given to manuscripts that make clear empirical contributions and/or comprise methodological and theoretical innovations.

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<ul><li>Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)</li><li>ProQuest Central   </li><li>ProQuest Turkey Database    </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Database     </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection​</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of COPE and ICJME are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Economy Culture and Society is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA), and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-inChief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is American English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3.  The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4.  Submitted manuscripts must have an abstract between 180 and 200 words, before the introduction, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.7. Introduction section at the beginning of the manuscript must be indicated as “1. INTRODUCTION”. All sections and sub-sections where the research question is described and importance of the study is explained must be numbered. The numbering format must be as 1,2,3, 4 for the main sections, and 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 and 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 for the sub-sections.8. The 6th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/en/journal/jecs/information/author-guideline and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.9. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.10. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C61BA5F19B814CA8830C10C055284DD8" target="_blank">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).11. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.12. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.13. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.14. The manuscripts that were submitted to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Manuscript Submission GuideBefore beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:fCover letter to the editor <ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscriptTitle page<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the corresponding author through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Economy Culture and Society complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. 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