How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?

Usta Ahmet

doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581

Research Article

DOI :10.26650/JEPR1227581 IUP :10.26650/JEPR1227581 Full Text (PDF)

How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?

This study empirically investigates the impact financial inclusion through digital banking channels has on income inequality in Türkiye using quarterly data for the 2011:Q1-2021:Q4 period. The study uses the Gini index to measure the dependent variable of income inequality and employs two variables as proxies for digital banking. The first variable is the share of the investment volume in the total financial transaction volume made by retail customers through Internet banking. The second variable is a factor constructed based on the transaction volume per unitof main items under financial transactions. The study relies on time series approaches to test whether digital banking-driven financial inclusion has a significant impact on income inequality in Türkiye. As for the empirical evidence, the study employs the dynamic ordinary least squares method to obtain long-run coefficients, a vector autoregressive model to obtain short-run dynamics through impulse response functions with biascorrected bootstrap confidence intervals that account for the bias and skewness of the small sample, and a causality analysis. The findings show that digital financial inclusion has a widening impact on income inequality. Regarding the dynamic interactions, the Gini coefficient has been discovered to increase in response to digital banking innovations. The findings also reveal digital banking to have a forecasting ability on income inequality in Türkiye regarding the sample period.

Keywords: Digitalization, Banking, Financial inclusion, Income inequality, Economic development

JEL Classification : C32 , G21 , O11

DOI :10.26650/JEPR1227581 IUP :10.26650/JEPR1227581 Full Text (PDF)

Türkiye’de Dijital Bankacılık Kanalıyla Finansal Içerilme Gelir Eşitsizliğini Nasıl Etkiler?

Ahmet Usta

Bu çalışma Türkiye’de dijital bankacılık kanalıyla yaygınlaşan finansal içerilmenin gelir eşitsizliği üzerine etkisini 2011:Ç1 ve 2021:Ç4 dönemine ait çeyreklik veri seti ile ampirik olarak incelemiştir. Gelir eşitsizliğini ölçmek için kullandığımız Gini katsayısı bağımlı değişken olarak belirlenmiştir. Dijital bankacılığı ölçmek için iki tane vekil değişken kullanılmıştır. Birinci vekil değişken Internet bankacılığı kanalıyla bireysel müşteriler tarafından yapılan yatırım işlemlerine ait işlem hacminin toplam finansal işlemler hacmi içindeki payı olarak belirlenmiştir. İkinci vekil değişken ise yine bireysel yatırımcılar tarafından Internet bankacılığı kanalıyla yapılan ve finansal işlemler altındaki kalemlerin birim başına düşen işlem hacimlerinden elde edilen faktör olarak belirlenmiştir. Türkiye’de dijital bankacılık yoluyla artan finansal içerilmenin gelir eşitsizliği üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olup olmadığını test etmek için zaman serileri yaklaşımları kullanılmıştır. Ampirik bulgular için dinamik olağan en küçük kareler yöntemi, küçük örneklemler için yanlılığı ve çarpıklığı dikkate alan güven aralıklarına sahip etki-tepki fonksiyonlarını ede etmek için vektör otoregresif modeli ve nedensellik testi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre dijital finansal içerilme zengin ve yoksul hane halkları arasındaki gelir eşitsizliğini arttırıcı etki göstermiştir. Dinamik etkileşimler dikkate alındığında ise dijital bankacılık kullanımının yaygınlaşmasına tepki olarak Gini katsayısının arttığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, Türkiye için söz konusu analiz döneminde dijital bankacılıktan gelireşitsizliğine doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ortaya koyulmuştur.

Keywords: Dijitalleşme, Bankacılık, Finansal içerilme, Gelir eşitsizliği, İktisadi gelişme

JEL Classification : C32 , G21 , O11

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Usta, A. (2023). How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, 10(2), 505-523. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581

AMA

Usta A. How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?. Journal of Economic Policy Researches. 2023;10(2):505-523. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581

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Usta, A. How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?. Journal of Economic Policy Researches, [Publisher Location], v. 10, n. 2, p. 505-523, 2023.

Chicago: Author-Date Style

Usta, Ahmet,. 2023. “How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?.” Journal of Economic Policy Researches 10, no. 2: 505-523. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581

Chicago: Humanities Style

Usta, Ahmet,. “How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?.” Journal of Economic Policy Researches 10, no. 2 (Dec. 2024): 505-523. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581

Harvard: Australian Style

Usta, A 2023, 'How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?', Journal of Economic Policy Researches, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 505-523, viewed 5 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581

Harvard: Author-Date Style

Usta, A. (2023) ‘How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?’, Journal of Economic Policy Researches, 10(2), pp. 505-523. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581 (5 Dec. 2024).

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Usta, Ahmet,. “How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?.” Journal of Economic Policy Researches, vol. 10, no. 2, 2023, pp. 505-523. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581

Vancouver

Usta A. How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?. Journal of Economic Policy Researches [Internet]. 5 Dec. 2024 [cited 5 Dec. 2024];10(2):505-523. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581 doi: 10.26650/JEPR1227581

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Usta, Ahmet. “How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?”. Journal of Economic Policy Researches 10/2 (Dec. 2024): 505-523. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR1227581

Volume 10, Issue 22023, P. 505-523

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Submitted	31.12.2022
Accepted	12.02.2023
Published Online	02.08.2023

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Research Article

How Does Digital Banking-Driven Financial Inclusion Affect Income Inequality in Türkiye?

Türkiye’de Dijital Bankacılık Kanalıyla Finansal Içerilme Gelir Eşitsizliğini Nasıl Etkiler?

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