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DOI :10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354   IUP :10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354    Full Text (PDF)

Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara

Rumeysa Kumral, Öznur Yazıcı

After the industrialization process, the changing of topography to meet the economic and social needs of the increasing population on earth has made humans an agent affecting geomorphological evolution. Therefore, this study discusses the changing relief and environmental effects of human activities in Gölbaşı district are discussed. To determine anthropogenic changes in Gölbaşı district of Ankara, thematic maps were prepared using field observations, satellite images, Copernicus Land Monitoring Service, and Esri’s 10 m resolution Land Use Cover data. Continuous settlements, roads, mining areas, and industrial facilities were identified, and an Anthropogenic Geomorphology Map was created. Subsequently, coefficient values were given to 699 points subjected to surface deformation in the field, and an interpolated Relief Change-Impact Map was created using the Kriging Method. According to the relief change model results, the Mogan Lakeshore, where anthropogenic geomorphology is most effective in the research area, has relatively linear effects and clustered effects are present in other parts of the basin. Then, an Impact Distribution Scenario Map was prepared to estimate future anthropogenic geomorphology trends in the field using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The status, degree, and dimensions of anthropogenic impacts that may direct geomorphological developments in future periods were interpreted through a scenario designed according to the AHP, and it was estimated that this trend could be toward the plains and the basin floor. Thus, it is thought that authorized units will be able to consider ecological and economic sustainability when planning city development.

Keywords: Anthropogenic Geomorphology, Gölbaşı, Ankara, Analytical Hierarchy Process
DOI :10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354   IUP :10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354    Full Text (PDF)

Ankara’nın Gölbaşı İlçesinde Yerşekilleri Üzerindeki Antropojenik Etkiler

Rumeysa Kumral, Öznur Yazıcı

Sanayileşme sürecinin ardından yeryüzünde giderek artan nüfusun, ekonomik ve sosyal ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması için topografyanın değiştirilmesi, insanı jeomorfolojik evrimi etkileyen bir ajan haline getirmiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, Ankara’nın Gölbaşı ilçesindeki insan faaliyetlerine bağlı olarak değişen rölyef ve çevresel etkileri ele alınmıştır. Gölbaşı ilçesinde antropojenik değişimleri belirlemek için arazi gözlemleri, uydu görüntüleri, Copernicus Land Monitoring Service ve Esri’nin 10 m çözünürlükteki Land Use Cover verileri kullanılarak tematik haritalar yapılmış ve devamlı yerleşim yerleri, yollar, maden alanları ve sanayi tesisleri tespit edilmiş ve Antropojenik Jeomorfoloji Haritası oluşturulmuştur. Sonrasında; sahada yüzeysel deformasyona uğramış bulunan 699 noktaya katsayı değeri verilerek Kriging Yöntemi ile enterpole edilmiş Rölyef Değişim-Etki Haritası oluşturulmuştur. Rölyef değişim modeli sonuçlarına göre; araştırma alanında antropojenik jeomorfolojinin en yoğun etkili olduğu Mogan Gölü kıyısında nispeten lineer (doğrusal), havzanın diğer kesimlerinde ise kümelenmiş etkilerin varlığı belirlenmiştir. Sonrasında, Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) ile gelecekte sahadaki antropojenik jeomorfoloji eğilimini tahmin etmek için Etki Dağılış Senaryosu Haritası hazırlanmıştır. İlerleyen dönemlerdeki jeomorfolojik gelişmeleri yönlendirebilecek antropojenik etkilerin durumu, derecesi ve boyutları AHS’ye göre tasarlanan bir senaryo üzerinden yorumlanmış ve bu eğilimin düzlüklere ve havza tabanına doğru olabileceği tahmin edilmiştir. Böylece şehrin gelişimi plânlanırken, yetkili birimlerin ekolojik ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirliği dikkate alabilecekleri düşünülmektedir.

Keywords: Antropojenik Jeomorfoloji, Gölbaşı, Ankara, Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


The direct and indirect effects of humans on topography form anthropogenic geomorphology. The dynamics and shapes of elements such as rivers, glaciers, and winds shape topography are certain. However, artificial landforms created by people create appearances that are not in balance with their surroundings. People can initiate, intensify, pause, or prevent geomorphic processes (erosion, transportation, accumulation) that shape relief. Based on all these, this research aims to determine the changing landforms in Gölbaşı district of Ankara due to human activities and to discuss scenarios regarding the possible direction of these effects for the future. Anthropogenic geomorphology map was interpolated using the Kriging Method and created maps with the data used for the change-impact map scenario. Coefficient values were given to 699 points that underwent surface deformation on the land. While providing the coefficient values, anthropogenic factors such as building floor height, the density of settlement, settlements in rural areas, industrial areas, storage areas, mine and various excavation areas, construction areas, leveling areas, underpasses, roads, and road width were taken into consideration. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied to understand the intensity and distribution of effects to determine future trends in the space. There are changes caused by traffic and transportation in the study area, which affects permeability. Leveling and excavation work for road construction and open pits are artificial landforms. Because of leakage, groundwater faces pollution. Construction work greatly affects the general perception of cities. Flattening is performed by filling hollow areas with outdoor recreational activities. Satellite images were used to observe the 46-year changes between 1975 and 2021. It was determined that Sulakiye Lake in the south of the field has completely dried up from the past to the present, the accumulation cones have been converted into agricultural areas, and the settlement areas and quarries have expanded. The anthropogenic geomorphology map shows that building floor height, settlements, industrial areas, and industrial storage areas are concentrated. The activeness of human activities has caused the densities in the anthropogenic geomorphology change-impact map to cluster in different places. In rural areas in particular, the anthropogenic impact level is in the form of a ‘cluster’. However, mining areas located intermittently have changed the anthropogenic impact trend. The areas with the most intense anthropogenic activities in the research area were located around Lake Mogan. The presence of transportation networks, dense settlements, industrial zones, and leveling areas between Lake Mogan and Eymir increased the anthropogenic impact of the region. In the west of Lake Mogan, although the settlements are sparse, the number of building floors is high, while the anthropogenic effect has a partially linear form in the east. For this reason, an anthropogenic geomorphology effect distribution scenario was created, and it was estimated that medium and high levels of effect dominate a large part of the district in the future. It can be seen that the anthropogenic effect tends toward flat areas and toward the basin bottom. The density of flat areas and the absence of a morphological obstacle for human activities create a suitable environment for the formation of anthropogenic shapes. Because of the analysis, it was found that the section under the most intense effects is in the northern part of Lake Sulakiye. This situation is also parallel to satellite data. Most of the areas with low levels of effect in terms of anthropogenic geomorphology in Gölbaşı are highaltitude areas. According to these results, protection plans for natural and cultural heritage elements and ecological environments in these risky areas are recommended. To solve anthropogenic geomorphology problems, there must be an accepted systematic of ‘anthropogenic landformes’. The scientific infrastructure in this field should be strengthened, and the number of studies should be increased. In this way, possible problems can be approached in a healthier and more planned manner.


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Kumral, R., & Yazıcı, Ö. (2024). Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara. Journal of Geography, 0(49), 155-173. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354


AMA

Kumral R, Yazıcı Ö. Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara. Journal of Geography. 2024;0(49):155-173. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354


ABNT

Kumral, R.; Yazıcı, Ö. Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara. Journal of Geography, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 49, p. 155-173, 2024.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Kumral, Rumeysa, and Öznur Yazıcı. 2024. “Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara.” Journal of Geography 0, no. 49: 155-173. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354


Chicago: Humanities Style

Kumral, Rumeysa, and Öznur Yazıcı. “Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara.” Journal of Geography 0, no. 49 (May. 2025): 155-173. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354


Harvard: Australian Style

Kumral, R & Yazıcı, Ö 2024, 'Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara', Journal of Geography, vol. 0, no. 49, pp. 155-173, viewed 22 May. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Kumral, R. and Yazıcı, Ö. (2024) ‘Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara’, Journal of Geography, 0(49), pp. 155-173. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354 (22 May. 2025).


MLA

Kumral, Rumeysa, and Öznur Yazıcı. “Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara.” Journal of Geography, vol. 0, no. 49, 2024, pp. 155-173. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354


Vancouver

Kumral R, Yazıcı Ö. Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara. Journal of Geography [Internet]. 22 May. 2025 [cited 22 May. 2025];0(49):155-173. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354 doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354


ISNAD

Kumral, Rumeysa - Yazıcı, Öznur. “Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara”. Journal of Geography 0/49 (May. 2025): 155-173. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1523354



TIMELINE


Submitted27.07.2024
Accepted04.12.2024
Published Online31.12.2024

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