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DOI :10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242   IUP :10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242    Full Text (PDF)

Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends

İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız

This study investigates the historical evolution and current trends of brain drain from Turkey to the United States and Europe. Beginning in the 1960s, this migration has undergone significant transformations driven by socioeconomic and political shifts. Using data from TurkStat, the U.S. Department of Justice and Eurostat, the study highlights key developments such as the rise in H-1B and Green Card applications to the United States in the 1990s and the structured focus of Europe’s Blue Card program on skilled labor. Migration to the United States is primarily associated with technological, scientific, and academic opportunities, whereas Europe’s migration policies have evolved from labor agreements to selective skilled migration programs. This study comprehensively analyzes these dynamics, offering insights into how international opportunities have historically shaped Turkey’s skilled workforce. It concludes with policy recommendations emphasizing academic collaborations, incentives for diaspora engagement and sustainable strategies to mitigate human capital losses and strengthen Turkey’s global competitiveness.

Keywords: Skilled Migration, Brain Drain, Migration Movements in Turkey, Human Capital
DOI :10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242   IUP :10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242    Full Text (PDF)

Türki̇ye'den ABD’ye ve Avrupa'ya Beyi̇n Göçü Tarihsel Süreç ve Eğilimler

İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'den ABD ve Avrupa'ya beyin göçünün tarihsel gelişimini ve mevcut eğilimlerini incelemektedir. 1960'lardan itibaren şekillenen bu göç hareketi, sosyo-ekonomik, siyasi faktörlerin etkisiyle önemli dönüşümler yaşamıştır. TÜİK, ABD Adalet Bakanlığı ve Eurostat verilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, 1990'larda ABD'ye yapılan H-1B ve Green Card başvurularındaki artışlar ile Avrupa'nın Mavi Kart programının nitelikli işgücüne odaklanması gibi önemli gelişmeleri vurgulamaktadır. ABD'ye göç öncelikle teknoloji, bilim ve akademi alanlarındaki fırsatlarla ilişkilendirilirken, Avrupa'nın göç politikaları iş gücü anlaşmalarından seçici nitelikli göç programlarına doğru evrilmiştir. Çalışma, bu dinamikleri kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz ederek uluslararası fırsatların Türkiye'nin nitelikli işgücünü tarihsel olarak nasıl şekillendirdiğine dair içgörüler sunuyor. Çalışma, akademik iş birliklerini, diaspora katılımına yönelik teşvikleri ve beşeri sermaye kayıplarını azaltmak ve Türkiye'nin küresel rekabet gücünü güçlendirmek için sürdürülebilir stratejileri vurgulayan politika önerileriyle sonuçlanmaktadır.

Keywords: Nitelikli Göç, Beyin Göçü, Türkiye'de Göç Hareketleri, Beşeri Sermaye

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APA

Akyıldız, İ.E. (2024). Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends. Journal of Geography, 0(49), 175-189. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242


AMA

Akyıldız İ E. Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends. Journal of Geography. 2024;0(49):175-189. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242


ABNT

Akyıldız, İ.E. Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends. Journal of Geography, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 49, p. 175-189, 2024.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Akyıldız, İbrahim Ethem,. 2024. “Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends.” Journal of Geography 0, no. 49: 175-189. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242


Chicago: Humanities Style

Akyıldız, İbrahim Ethem,. “Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends.” Journal of Geography 0, no. 49 (May. 2025): 175-189. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242


Harvard: Australian Style

Akyıldız, İE 2024, 'Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends', Journal of Geography, vol. 0, no. 49, pp. 175-189, viewed 22 May. 2025, https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Akyıldız, İ.E. (2024) ‘Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends’, Journal of Geography, 0(49), pp. 175-189. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242 (22 May. 2025).


MLA

Akyıldız, İbrahim Ethem,. “Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends.” Journal of Geography, vol. 0, no. 49, 2024, pp. 175-189. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242


Vancouver

Akyıldız İE. Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends. Journal of Geography [Internet]. 22 May. 2025 [cited 22 May. 2025];0(49):175-189. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242 doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242


ISNAD

Akyıldız, İbrahimEthem. “Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends”. Journal of Geography 0/49 (May. 2025): 175-189. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2024-1528242



TIMELINE


Submitted05.08.2024
Accepted05.12.2024
Published Online31.12.2024

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