Çağdaş

Assist. Prof.

Tarık

Prof.

Halime

Determination of Paragliding Fields with GIS-based Analytic Hierarchy Process

Nurgül

Çetin

Assoc. Prof.

Türkan

Mustafa

Res. Assist.

This study was carried out to determine the modern pollen influx (cm2 /year) of arboreal and herbaceous plants in 4 different sample areas where vegetation varied in Juniperus L. (Juniper) Forest in the Salurtepe mountain (Elmalı-Antalya) between 2015 and 2017. Tauber pollen traps were placed in four sample areas in 2015 and these traps were changed annually between 2015 and 2017. For every 1-year period, moss samples were also collected from around the traps. The modern plants around the traps (0-10.5 m) were identified using the vegetation ring. In addition, a surface sediment sample was taken from Elmalı Lake in the southeast of the study area and the modern pollen distribution of the plants around the lake was also revealed. Both the chemical mixture in the Tauber pollen traps and the moss samples were analysed according to the “European Pollen Monitoring Programme Protocol (EPMPP)”. According to this protocol, the mixture in each Tauber pollen trap taken from the field was filtered through a 250 mμ pollen sieve and removed from animal and plant residues. Then 3 Lycopodium spore tablets (10 ml distilled water and 0.5 ml HCl solution) were added to this mixture. The resulting chemical mixture was transferred to centrifuge tubes and centrifuged until it reached sediment (10 minutes at 3000-3500 rpm). Then 10 ml of acetolysis mixture (9 volumes of acetic anhydride and 1 volume of sulfuric acid) was added to the resulting sediment. After the acetolysis step, 2 ml glycerin was added to prepare pollen preparations. Counting and diagnosis of the pollen grains and Lycopodium spores was made by using computer-assisted Leica DM750 brand light microscope, x40, x100 immersion lens and 10x ocular. As a result of the field studies, 4 moss samples were collected and analyzed by following the principles of EPMPP. According to this protocol, Potassium Hydroxide (KOH 10%) was added to the moss samples respectively and the samples were stored in a hot water bath. The moss samples removed from the water bath were filtered through a 180 mesh sieve and the Lycopodium spore tablet was added to the filtered sample. Pollen fluid belonging to the moss samples was reduced to a single tube by centrifugation (5 minutes at 4000 rpm). The same procedures of counting pollen grains and Lycopodium spores were applied in the pollen slides of moss samples. In addition, with the Glew Corer sampling from Elmalı Lake, a surface sediment sample was collected in 2017 and the first 2 cm of this sample was analyzed according to the classical fossil pollen method. When the arboreal pollen influx (AP) of pollen preparations obtained from pollen traps was examined, the pollen influxes of Cedrus libani, Pinus sp., Juniperus sp. and Quercus coccifera were higher between 2015 and 2016. In 2016-2017, pollen influxes of Juniperus sp., Cedrus libani, Juglans sp., Pinus sp., Quercus coccifera and Rosaceae family increased. When the herbaceous pollen influxes (NAP) were investigated, the pollen influx of Euphorbia sp. and Asteraceae were higher in the period of 2015-2016. And, it was determined that the pollen influxes of Poaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Euphorbia sp. increased between 2016 and 2017. When the arboreal pollen influx (AP) of pollen preparations obtained from moss samples was examined, the pollen influxes of Cedrus libani, Juniperus sp., Pinus sp. and Quercus coccifera were higher in the periods of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. The annual arboreal plant pollen influx of the surface sediment sample taken from Elmalı Lake near the study area is 10229 cm²/year. Pinus sp. (9601 cm²/year) comes first in this pollen influx and followed by Cedrus libani (329 cm²/year). Other important arboreal pollen influxes belong to Olea europea, Quercus cerris type and Quercus ilex type. The herbaceous taxa with the highest pollen influxes are Lactucaceae (239 cm²/year), Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae (90 cm²/year). The total pollen influx obtained from the traps in 2015-2017 was higher than the total pollen influx obtained from the moss samples in the all sample areas. According to these results of pollen analysis in pollen traps and moss samples between 2015-2017, the annual pollen influxes (cm²/year) of Cedrus libani, Pinus sp., Juniperus, Quercus coccifera, Rosaceae, Juglans sp., Pinus sp., Euphorbia, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae and Chenopodiaceae were higher. 2-year pollen influx data of both pollen traps and moss samples reflect the modern vegetation in the Juniperus forest. Pinus sp. which has a high pollen influx in the arboreal taxa, does not exist in the vegetation ring, shows that pollen grains of Pinus come from the field with very long distances.

Modern Pollen Distribution of Juniperus Forest in Salurtepe Mountain (Elmalı-Antalya)

Muhammed

Demet

Mesut

The Cappadocia region located in the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province, has specific landforms formed as a result of physical and chemical weathering processes on Miocene-Pliocene ignimbrite and tuffs. Badlands morphology is the dominant landscape in this region. Fairy chimneys (capped earth pillars, erosion columns, chimney rocks) are typical landforms of badlands morphology and they are formed as a result of regression of valley slopes. However, many factors such as bedding, hardness and porosity properties of ignimbrites, shape, size and frequency of discontinuities in ignimbrites, slope, climate, vegetation, drainage properties of the area etc. are causes of the erosion and formation of fairy chimneys. Additionally, tectonic uplifts, climatic and river level oscillations during Quaternary also affected the appearance of the region. Alongside natural conditions, human activities of the past and present have also had a significant effect on the appearance of the region. While drainage patterns and densities have been the main contributory factors in shaping this region they have not been studied in detail until today. Therefore, in this study, the spatial distribution of stream order and drainage density were investigated according to 1/25.000 scale topography maps. Firstly, all the valley thalwegs in the drainage basin were identified from the topography maps and digitized using GIS software. Secondly, the Strahler order numbers of each stream were determined, and a drainage density map was created. Thirdly, three 1/100.000 scaled geology maps and data from three meteorology stations (Nevşehir, Avanos and Ürgüp) were used for the analysis of lithological units and climate as part of this study. The study area is a volcanic plateau which has been highly eroded by rivers and deep narrow valleys. The area which includes drainage basins such as the Damsa Basin which flow from south to north, covers an area of 553 km2 . The main drainage pattern in the area is the dendritic network. The elevation and slope of the area vary between 920 and 1949 meters, and 0° and 69°, respectively. The badlands landscape and fairy chimney landforms are formed on Miocene-Pliocene ignimbrite and tuffs which frequently alternate with lacustrine and fluvial deposits. Eight types of ignimbrites were found in the Cappadocia region and fairy chimneys had developed on three of them (Kavak, Zelve and Cemilköy ignimbirites). These three units make up 53% of the study area and their average slope is 8°. Climate plays an important role in the development of the fairy chimneys. According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate type of the area is a cold semi-arid climate (type BSk) and accordingly, five months of the year are very dry. The annual average temperature and annual total precipitation of the area are 10°C and 367 mm, respectively. The maximum temperature in summer months can reach 40°C and the minimum temperature in winter months can drop to -24°C. Maximum and minimum precipitations are observed in May (52 mm) and August (4 mm), respectively. Southern and northern winds are the prevailing winds in the area according to the Ürgüp Meteorology Station. Southern winds (SSE, S and SSW) account for 34% of all winds. According to the 1/25.000 scale topographic maps utilized in this study, a total of 21.973 stream orders were digitized with 53% and 23% of these are belong to first and second stream orders respectively. Ignimbrite and tuffs make up 66% of first and second order streams. The average drainage density is 6.4 km/km2 with a drainage density of less than 9 km/km2 across the majority of the study area (84%). Minimum and maximum densities are observed in the southern and northern parts of the study area, respectively. The highest densities were identified in the Göreme National Park, in particular in the northeast part of Zelve and between Göreme, Çavuşin and Ortahisar. The maximum lithology densities were found in the ignimbrites and tuffs in the Göreme National Park (15.3 km/km2 ). Furthermore, the lowest densities were identified on the plateau surface (composed of basalt, dacite and andesite) in the southern part of the study area. All these results show that drainage conditions are determinant factors in the formation of badlands morphology and fairy chimneys in the area of study

Drainage Characteristics of the Cappadocia Region

Emine

This study was carried out in Lake Karataş which is located at the site of Burdur Depression in the southwestern Anatolia (Tefenni Plain). The main aim of the study was to determine the last ~2000 cal. BP years of paleovegetation change and the factors that affecting this changes at Lake Karataş and its surroundings. For this aim, drilling was performed from the most convenient point where depth of water and sediman accumulation is sufficient with no flow and contaminete in Lake Karataş. As a result of the field work, sediment core which is total length of 255 cm was obtained. Fossil pollen analysis methods were applied on a total of 34 samples with nearly 8 cm interval on the sediment core. The data obtained from pollen analysis were identified in the light microscope. The data obtained were diagrammed in Tilia 2.0.41 program. The samples taken from 138 cm and 253 cm on the sediment core of Lake Karataş were dated. According to the results of 14C aging analysis, 1384 ± 25 BP and 254 cm and 1922 ± 27 BP years of age were obtained. Depending on the changes occurring on the diagram are divided 2 main zones and 6 subzones. KTG 18 Zone 1 covers 882-1889 cal. BP and KTG Zone 2 comprise 5-882 cal. BP. During the Hot Climate Period of Rome, 1400 Cold Climate Period, Medieval Hot Climate Period and Little Ice Age Climate Period changes in the paleovegetation structure of Lake Karataş and its vicinity were determined. Pinus sp., Juniperus sp. and Quercus (evergreen) sp.’ in AP (arboreal pollen) and Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae, Lactuaceae and Poaceae in NAP (nonarboreal pollen) are important species that forming the vegetation structure. The temporal changes of these species reveal the local vegetation structure which is effective around the lake. In Zone 1, the AP ratio was 61.6 % in 1885 cal BP and 78.9 % in 915 cal. BP at the end of the zone. One of the important points in this zone is that Fraxinus sp. reached its highest level with 15 % in 1850 cal. BP. The most represented species in herbaceous vegetation are Chenopodiaceae, Lactuaceae and Asteraceae. AP ratio in zone 2 was 76.6 % in 840 BP and 83.2 % at the end of zone. In the AP, Olea europaea, Vitis sp., Fraxinus sp. and in NAP, Polygonum aviculare, Plantago lanceolata, Centaurea solstitialis that peaked in the diagram (840-30 BP) corresponds to the highest human impact period. Between 2000 and 1400 cal. BP, when in the Hot Climate Period of Rome which is characterized by the increase of evaporation and drought in the Eastern Mediterranean, the rate of decrease in NAP is observed in the 1890s cal. BP. The presence of the Cedrus libani and Quercus sp. (evergreen) showing the humid climatic condition was increased between 1340 and1145 cal. BP in the 1400 Cold Climate Period (1450-1050 cal. BP), where there is a transition towards to cooler, humid and variable climatic conditions in Europe. The dominance of Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae and Lactuaceae in NAP reflects the local vegetation of Lake Karataş and its surroundings. Increased solar radiation causes The Archaic Oscillation index to reached positive values in the Medieval Warm Climate Period (1050-650 cal. BP) which is characterized by an increase in temperatures, the ratio of Quercus sp. (evergreen)and Cedrus libani showed increase. While Chenopodiaceae showed a decrease Poaceae, Asteraceae and Artemisia sp. ratios showed a steady increasing trend that the local vegetation had found a distribution area around the lake. The existence of Polygonum aviculare, Plantago lanceolata and Centaurea solstitialis which indicate grazing activities and the existence of Olea europaea, Juglans sp, Brassicaceae and Cerealia type which indicate agricultural activities are important evidence of human impact around the lake. Between 650 and 100 cal. BP, when Little Ice Age Climate Period Eastern Mediterranean was more humid and cold weather conditions. The increase in Abies sp, Cedrus libani and Quercus sp. (evergreen) at the Spörer Minimum Period and the Maunder Minimum Period indicates the presence of the cold period. Chenopodiaceae, Lactuaceae, Poaceae and Artemisia sp. formed dominant species in NAP. The total presence of Olea europaea, Vitis sp, Fraxinus sp. and Juglans sp at Little Ice Age corresponds to the highest agricultural production. Consequently, depending on the methods of fossil pollen analysis, climate change and human impact on paleovegetation were determined with in the scope of progression/regression in forest and changes in individual plant species diversity

A New Paleoecological Assessment of Southwest Anatolia: Late Holocene Paleovejetation Changes and Relationships with Lake Karataş and its Surroundings

Adem

The purpose of this study is to examine the Russian-supported expedition of Friedrich W. Parrot, a German naturalist and explorer, starting in Dorpat (the present-day city of Tartu, in Estonia) and ending at the peak of Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) in September 1829. The study is based on Parrot’s book, Journey to Ararat (1846), which contained scientific expedition notes and geographical observations regarding Mount Ararat, as well as historical research resources based on the personal observations written by explorers and scientists, who had visited Mount Ararat and its environs, especially during the 19th and 20th centuries. In fact, even though the substantial part of the resources were from the 19th century and the subsequent periods, the travel books of Marco Polo, an Italian who visited China, William of Rubruck, who travelled to Anatolia and surrounding countries in 1252, Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo, a Spanish who was appointed as the ambassador to Timor in 1405, and Joseph Piton de Tournefort, a French botanist, who was sent to Levant by the King of France, were also examined. Similarly, the route map of the Mount Ararat expedition developed for the purposes of the study was based on Parrot’s book, Journey to Ararat (1846). This retraces the expedition which was followed with a “geographical exploration voyage” climbing to the peak of Mount Ararat in September 2018. Born in Germany in 1791 in a period during which the expeditions were highly favoured, Friedrich Wilhelm Parrot attended medicine and natural sciences courses and subsequently worked at Dorpat University (replaced by the University of Tartu thereafter) for an extended period of time. While maintaining his academic activities, he also pioneered Russian expeditions in the country at the beginning of the 19th Century. Having begun his expeditions under the auspices of the Russian Tsar, his most important expedition was that headed to Mount Ararat in 1829. This expedition was one of several Russian expeditions targeting different geographical regions in Asia (e.g., Siberia, North China, Caucasus, etc.) with the aim of perpetuating Russian political and economic power throughout the region. Having started his journey to Mount Ararat from Dorpat in late March 1829, he arrived at Ahuri Village to the north of Mount Ararat in September 1829. He eventually succeeded in reaching the peak of Mount Ararat following two unsuccessful attempts. The most remarkable aspect of Parrot’s scientific works is that he chose “mountains” as the subject of his studies. Having previously conducted significant scientific activities in such important mountainous terrains as the Pyrenees, the Alps, and the Caucasus, he was then attracted to Mount Ararat. Parrot relied on his first-hand observations and measurements in the expedition and therefore avoided observations based merely on descriptions. Parrot kept records of the flora, fauna, and geomorphological features of Mount Ararat and achieved an extremely high level of accuracy as regards measuring the height of Mount Ararat and determining its geographical coordinates. His book, Reise zum Ararat (1843), which included his scientific notes on the expedition and geographical observations, was translated from German to English in 1846. In his book, he provided lively accounts detailing the aspects of the cultural life of different ethnic and religious groups inhabiting Mount Ararat and its environs at that time. Parrot performed scientific observations, determined the coordinates of a number of settlements, and visited such settlements as Tuzluca and Doğubeyazıt, during his Russia-supported expedition which covered approximately 5,000 kilometres. Parrot also paid special attention to Ahuri Village, which vanished without a trace after an earthquake in 1840, ensuring that important information about the village has survived until this day thanks to his drawings. Described by Marco Polo as a “mountain that does not allow climbing due to snow on its peaks even during the summer season”, Mount Ararat greatly excited different spheres of interest, (mainly scientists, missionaries, explorers etc.), especially in Europe, after Parrot’s successful attempt at climbing its peak. Therefore, there were a number of subsequent attempts at climbing to the summit after 1829, the majority of which were launched by the Russians. Moreover, the books based on the travel records kept by those who climbed Mount Ararat independently after Friedrich W. Parrot played an important role in the generation of a vast accumulation of information.

Friedrich Parrot’s Mount Ararat Research Expedition

Journal of Geography Editorial Pre-Evaluation Criteria

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About the publication in English

Hakan

Rümeysa

The aim of this study is to understand the role of women in rural areas in the production and household decision-making processes from the perspective of rural women. In this study, descriptive analysis was performed, and the phenomenological approach was preferred. In phenomenological studies, the common meanings of participants’ experiences with the phenomenon in question are investigated. In this study, it is aimed to understand the daily routines of the participants within this framework. The research was carried out in Village of İlyaslı in Uşak, close to the Uşak Organized Industrial Zone, and 12 participants were identified using the snowball sampling method. The interviews with the participants were conducted using the semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. Three main research questions were created to guide the development, implementation, and analysis processes of the semi-structured interview form: 1. What are the sources of income for families living in rural areas? 2. How do women in rural areas perform their daily routines and their roles in the production processes? 3. What roles does rural women play in household decision-making processes? The codes extracted from the interviews form the research categories. Categories are the sub-dimensions of 3 main themes (“Income sources of households”, “Women’s daily routines and their roles in production processes” and “Women’s roles in household decision making processes”). One of the main findings of the study is that women living in rural areas define themselves as “housewives” if they are not gainfully employed. However, housewifery boundaries have been expanded to include agricultural and animal husbandry activities. Even the women of İlyaslı Village, who worked as industrial workers, could not avoid such expanded household work. Although women sometimes complain, they view the household chores as “natural” in traditional gender roles. The women of İlyaslı village are aware that they have a heavy work load and that they do not have personal rights obtained through official working processes. However, they do not problematize this. Due to the proximity of İlyaslı Village to industrial facilities, a part of the population works as industrial workers. Although the main source of income for this part of the population is not agricultural and animal husbandry activities, these activities are maintained at the “livelihood” level. This part of the population corresponds to the category of “village-legged proletarian”, which can be peasant again during crises. The findings show that the women of İlyaslı village are not sufficiently effective in household decision-making processes. Although women state that their spouses consult with them on many issues, their memories of the interview process reveal that the consultation at question is “symbolic” and means obedience to the decision taken by their spouses. The roles of women in the decision-making process consist of the approval of the decisions often taken by their husbands and “explained” to them. The expression of a participant summarizes how the process works: “My husband consults with me, but still does not give up what he knows” (K10). As a result, it is difficult to say that women’s visibility in the agricultural production process reduces their dependence on husbands. Improving the position of women in the household and in the social field is of importance that exceeds their limits. In addition to the production processes of women, efforts to strengthen participation in household decision-making processes have the potential to lead to comprehensive consequences, including the elimination of poverty and the expansion of human rights. In addition, the active participation of women in the household decision-making processes will contribute to equality and peace in the country as well as peace in the family

Women’s Participation in Production and Household Decision-making Processes in Rural Türkiye: Phenomenological Research in the Village of Ilyaslı in Uşak

Semra

Analyzing Regional Factors Influencing Passenger, Aircraft Demand, and Freight Demand Using Penalized Geographically Weighted Regression Models

Rüya

Dilek

Şakir

Serkan

Turhan

Yunus

Nurettin

Vegetation History of Karacabey Longoz Forest and Surrounding Area During the Last 250 Years (Bursa, Türkiye)

Emre

Mikayil

Evaluation of Parameters Affecting Earthquake Damage Using a GIS-based Random Forests Machine Learning Model: The Case of the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquakes in Türkiye

Zafer

In this study, the change in building density in Bursa’s Yıldırım district between 1999 and 2022 is examined in detail using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. The focus of this research is on the urban growth of Yıldırım district, the decrease in green areas, and the increase in construction. Various index analysis methods, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Urbanization Index (UI), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), have been used to analyze these changes. These methods were chosen to quantitatively evaluate changes in the district’s natural and artificial land use patterns. The research was conducted using a comprehensive satellite image archive obtained through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and ArcMap 10.5 GIS software. Data obtained from the Landsat 7 satellite series for 1999 and Sentinel-2 for 2022 were processed to analyze the construction and environmental changes in the district. In this process, NDVI analysis was used to measure the vitality and density of vegetation. NDBI analysis was calculated using mid-infrared and near-infrared bands to determine urban development and the distribution of builtup areas. UI analysis was calculated based on shortwave infrared and near- infrared bands to evaluate the expansion of urban areas and construction density. In this study, changes in the construction of each of the 69 neighborhoods in Yıldırım District between 1999 and 2022 were examined and detailed in tables and maps. A comprehensive analysis of building density and urban change based on NDVI maps of 1999 and 2022 visualizes the transformation of neighborhoods over time through comparative maps. This series of visual analysis plays a fundamental role in understanding the district’s urban growth and development between 1999 and 2022.The results obtained as a result of the study show how valuable index analyses, such as NDVI, NDBI, and UI are in documenting urban and environmental changes. They, also reveal important issues that should be carefully considered when using these methods. The comparison of these analyses showed that various land and topographic conditions, such as spatial vegetation density, land use, residential construction, and bare rock density, have the potential to yield different results when documenting urban land use. This emphasizes the importance of verifying data obtained by comparing it with real land images. The results of such methods, which can work with different levels of accuracy at every location, need to be evaluated by taking into account regional characteristics and existing land conditions. Therefore, the obtained maps were subjected to a detailed comparison using high-resolution satellite images (Google Earth). According to the analysis results obtained from the comparisons, NDVI was more successful in documenting the density of construction than the other methods. These findings that the NDVI also plays a critical role in documenting and planning urban development and is a valuable tool for establishing sustainable urban development strategies.The neighborhoods that showed the most change in the study are 75.Yıl, Çınarönü, Demetevler, Fidyekızık, Hacivat, İsabey, Karpınar, Mevlana, Millet, Siteler, Şirinevler, Teferrüç, Ulus, Vakıf, Vatan, and Yunusemre. These results provide valuable information for urban planning and environmental sustainability and guidance for future planning strategies. This study offers new perspectives for understanding the urban change processes of Yıldırım District and demonstrates how effectively NDVI can be used to monitor construction density changes.This study provides important results for understanding the urban transformation processes of Yıldırım District and shaping future urban development and planning strategies. Examining urban development and environmental changes in detail allows the creation of strategies that contribute to the development of sustainable urbanism. These analyses provide important insights that will guide researchers, decision-makers, and all relevant stakeholders working in the field of urban planning and environmental management. However, for these predictions to be used effectively, the limitations of the analysis methods and regional characteristics must be taken into account, and the results must be verified and interpreted in a way that coincides with local conditions. This will contribute to supporting sustainable development in districts with rapidly changing urban areas, such as Yıldırım district, by ensuring more conscious and accurate decisions are made in urban and environmental planning. This approach will significantly contribute to urban development sustainability by ensuring that future planning and management strategies are more appropriate, comprehensive, and sensitive to realworld conditions and needs.

Building Density Change Analysis with NDVI, NDBI and UI Analyzes (1999-2022): Yıldırım District (Bursa) Example

Fatih

Muhammet

Evaluation of Potential Soil Erosion Areas in the Ladik Lake Basin via AHP and GIS Integration (Samsun, Türkiye)

Büşra

Ayşe

The tourism industry has a multidimensional impact on destinations. If the tourism industry is planned correctly, it will contribute greatly to the development of the local community. The economic, sociocultural, and environmental impacts of tourism are in mutual relationships with each other. Therefore, in this study, local people’s perceptions about the economic, sociocultural, and environmental impacts of tourism are investigated. The study area is Tirilye, a neighborhood in the Mudanya district of Bursa province. Tirilye, an ancient Greek settlement, is a developed destination in terms of cultural tourism. Local people are stakeholders directly affected by tourism, so this study aimed to determine the perceptions of local people about the impacts of cultural tourism. A mixed method design was used in the study. A survey was applied to 93 local people who resided in Tirilye using face-to-face interviews. Additionally, 10 interviews with local people were conducted. According to the findings, cultural tourism provides income to local businesses, increases income levels and diversifies the economy in Tirilye. In addition, women earn economic income from tourism by selling olives, olive oil, and other products. Regarding the negative economic impact, high inflation due to tourism was the highest-scoring expression in the surveys. However, qualitative interviews have emphasized the seasonal effect of tourism. Economic income from tourism decreases except during the peak season months, such as July and August. Mostly local tourists visit Tirilye. Perceptions of sociocultural impacts are low because there are not many cultural differences between visitors and locals. For example, according to the survey results, the perception averages regarding negative sociocultural effects are low, such as an increased crime rate and deterioration of family structure. Participants showed high agreement among the positive economic effects statements of tourism, such as meeting new people and cultural exchange. The same issue was also emphasized in the qualitative interviews. Another issue that stands out among the socio-cultural effects is the effect of tourism on the revival of local dishes. In Tirilye, which has a Cretan culinary culture, Cretan appetizers attract the most attention in fish restaurants and other restaurants. In the qualitative interviews, it was stated that tourism has not much impact on local handicrafts. It would be appropriate to conduct further studies on this issue. In fact, in cultural tourism destinations, products sold as souvenirs are generally related to the culture and identity of the region. In Tirilye, Cretan lace is a cultural element suitable for development as a tourist product. In addition, Tirilye is a settlement where olive cultivation has been conducted since the past. For this reason, the promotion of olive culture attracts more attention in tourism than the sale of olives and olive oil products in the region. For this purpose, a museum of olive oil history can be established in the area. Participants stated that tourism contributes to conservation and restoration activities. However, the qualitative interviews emphasized that Tirilye has many structures that have been neglected and are yet to be restored. In cultural tourism destinations, historical buildings are re-functionalized to ensure both protection and survival. For this reason, the restoration and re-functioning of buildings in Tirilye appropriate for developing tourism activities. Thus, tourists will be able to spend more time in re-functioning buildings, such as hotels and restaurants, etc. and also they will be experience this atmosphere. Local people’s perceptions of the environmental impact of cultural tourism are positive. Local people stated that cultural tourism has a positive impact on the preservation of heritage buildings. However, the findings of qualitative research have confirmed that there is sea and beach pollution, an increase in structures incompatible with the landscape, crowding, and garbage problems. For this reason, planning the environmental impacts in Tirilye, which are still in their infancy, is important.

A Research on the Impacts of Cultural Tourism: The Case of Tirilye

Harun

Serdar

&nbsp;Disasters are events that stop or interrupt the functioning of life, cause socioeconomic and environmental losses, and cannot be overcome by the efforts of those exposed to them (Kadıoğlu, 2008; Kart et al., 2023). Natural disasters have been increasing in the world since the 1940s, and it is thought that this is due to population growth, expansion of settlements, land use, and climate changes (Brown et al., 2018; Mitchell et al., 2014). Turkey, which is one of the countries where climatic and geological disasters occur frequently, is located in the Mediterranean-Himalayan earthquake zone. Rainfall regimes in Turkey are irregular, and the climate is variable. Due to these characteristics, earthquakes and floods, mass movements, avalanches, droughts and frosts are the most frequently experienced natural disasters in Turkey (Ergünay, 2007). Arnavutköy, which is the subject of the research, is one of the crowded districts of Istanbul. Istanbul, which carries various disaster risks, is a city where earthquakes that caused destruction in the past have occurred and is pregnant with new earthquakes. Disaster and emergency assembly areas, which are of vital importance in terms of reducing disaster-related losses and reaching and responding to disaster victims, are safe places where citizens can gather by leaving dangerous areas to prevent panic, provide communication, and assistance until temporary shelter centers are prepared after the disaster (AFAD, 2023a; Doğan, 2023). In Turkey, these areas are controlled by the AFAD, the Gendarmerie command, and local governments. This study conducted a suitability analysis to determine the suitability levels of the disaster and emergency assembly areas in Arnavutköy for use in disaster processes. Arnavutköy is located in the Çatalca Kocaeli Section of the Marmara Region, on the European Side of Istanbul. The location is 23.1 km from the North Anatolian Fault Line (NAF), one of the faults that produces the most earthquakes in Turkey. In this study; disaster and emergency assembly areas in the Arnavutköy district were evaluated using AHP, one of the “Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)” methods. Based on literature research, expert opinions and field studies; distance to hazardous elements, settlement density, distance to main roads and health infrastructure, soil liquefaction susceptibility, land cover and slope parameters and assembly areas were examined in terms of suitability for use in disaster processes. The database required for the analysis was prepared from satellite images, secondary data collection, observation, and interviews. The 15 assembly areas were examined on-site for field control of the findings. 81% (150) of the 185 disaster and emergency assembly areas in Arnavutköy are in Arnavutköy district center and Hadımköy. According to the findings, 32% of the assembly areas in Arnavutköy are at the “lowest and lowest” suitability level. In particular, the 26 assembly areas at the lowest suitability level are located near elements that may pose a risk in the event of a disaster, such as high-voltage lines, transformer centers, minarets and flood streams. The main problems identified in the assembly areas with the “lowest and lowest” suitability level in Arnavutköy are as follows; • Some assembly areas are surrounded, difficult to enter and exit, covered with garbage and debris and muddy areas with holes. It does not seem possible to use these areas.• Some assembly areas are insufficient in area compared with the neighborhood population. These areas are also occupied by elements such as the muhtar’s office and children’s park. • Some assembly areas are at risk of flooding because they are close to coastlines. In addition, assembly areas near wetlands are prone to soil liquefaction (Üstün et al. 2022). It would be dangerous to use these areas during possible earthquakes. • The 11 assembly areas in Arnavutköy are close to areas affected by floods and can be exposed to floods. • Assembly areas are located between multi-story buildings in Arnavutköy. Using these areas is dangerous during disasters such as earthquakes. People using these areas may be harmed, and access to them may become difficult when the buildings surrounding these areas collapse. • 7 assembly areas in Arnavutköy are dangerous because they are located near high-voltage lines and base stations, and 9 are near minarets.It is important to minimize disaster damages in Turkey’s sustainable development. As part of this process, selecting disaster and emergency assembly areas using scientific methods and being prepared for disasters using their infrastructure and equipment is important for preventing disaster damage. It is believed that this study will increase disaster awareness in the Arnavutköy district, which stands out about its population and disaster risks, and reduce possible losses due to disasters.

Evaluation of Disaster and Emergency Assembly Areas in Arnavutköy (Istanbul) for  Suitability in Disaster Processes

Sultan

Coasts are affected by many natural and human factors and exhibit dynamic change structures. The increase in the effect of direct and indirect anthropogenic factors on this structural change recently caused the dynamic structure to differentiate. The delta coasts are among the areas most affected by this differentiation. In deltas harboring wetlands, changes show diversity in different areas of the coast. The aim of this study is to examine the coastal changes that occurred in different periods between 1980-2023 in the Kocasu Stream Delta and the coasts around it using statistics in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tool to determine the dimensions of coastal change sensitivity and to produce coastal change predictions for the future using different scenarios based on past data. Landsat multispectral satellite images from 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2023 were used as the study material. NDWI and MNDWI analyses and coastline extraction using the threshold method were performed on satellite image bands. The shorelines were divided into 1980-2023, 1990-2023, 2000-2023 and 2010-2023 periods, and the quantitative dimension of coastal change was analyzed using NSM, SCE, EPR, and LRR statistics in the DSAS tool. Coastal change sensitivity was classified from the numerical data and analyzed spatially. Finally, 10-year (2033) and 20-year (2043) coastal change forecasts were produced within the scope of 4 different scenarios based on historical data with the BETA feature and the Kalman filter model in the DSAS tool. The period with the highest total areal change (0.61 km2 ) in the Kocasu Stream Delta and the coast in its vicinity is between 1980- 1985, while the lowest total change (0.19 km2 ) is between 2010-2015. The average total areal change over all periods was 0.32 km2 . When the results of shoreline change are analyzed in terms of coastal erosion and coastal accretion, it is found that coastal erosion occurred more than coastal accretion in 6 periods. In 1980-1985, 2000-2005 and 2020-2023 periods, coastal erosion occurs more than 90% of the total coastal change. According to the NSM analysis, in the 1980-2023 period, there was an average change of -45.47 m, a maximum change of 111.85 m, and a minimum change of 502.01 m on the shoreline of the Kocasu Stream Delta. In the period 1990- 2023, according to the NSM analysis, the average change in the shoreline was -23.34 m, maximum 152.76 m, and minimum 370.52 m. In the period 2000-2023, according to the NSM analysis, the average change in the shoreline was -17.76 m, maximum 96.53 m, and minimum 314.23 m. In the period 2010-2023, according to the NSM analysis, the average change in the shoreline was -1.27 m, the maximum change was 94.01 m, and the minimum change was -329.55 m. When the results of the analysis are analyzed spatially, it is determined that the shoreline receded, especially at the mouth of the Kocasu Stream, and advanced toward the Yeniköy coast. It was observed that the shoreline change was very low from Arapçiftliği Lagoon Lake in the eastern part of the Kocasu Stream mouth to the Eyerci shores. According to the coastal change sensitivity classification, the Kocasu mouth was at the highest level, Yeniköy was medium, the other coasts were low, and the east part of the study area was stable. Shoreline scenarios were generated for the years 2033 and 2043 based on 4 different historical data of the Kocasu Stream Delta coasts, and these scenarios were analyzed using NSM, SCE, and EPR in DSAS. The common point of the findings in all the scenarios is that negative minimum values for coastal changes are predicted to occur at and around the mouth of Kocasu Stream, while positive maximum values are predicted to occur at the Yeniköy coast. This situation reveals that coastal erosion will occur at and around the mouth of the Kocasu Stream in 2033 and 2043, and coastal accretion will continue at the Yeniköy coast.

Shoreline Change Sensitivity in The Kocasu Stream Delta and The Future (2033 and 2043) Shore Change Predictions

Rumeysa

Öznur

The direct and indirect effects of humans on topography form anthropogenic geomorphology. The dynamics and shapes of elements such as rivers, glaciers, and winds shape topography are certain. However, artificial landforms created by people create appearances that are not in balance with their surroundings. People can initiate, intensify, pause, or prevent geomorphic processes (erosion, transportation, accumulation) that shape relief. Based on all these, this research aims to determine the changing landforms in Gölbaşı district of Ankara due to human activities and to discuss scenarios regarding the possible direction of these effects for the future. Anthropogenic geomorphology map was interpolated using the Kriging Method and created maps with the data used for the change-impact map scenario. Coefficient values were given to 699 points that underwent surface deformation on the land. While providing the coefficient values, anthropogenic factors such as building floor height, the density of settlement, settlements in rural areas, industrial areas, storage areas, mine and various excavation areas, construction areas, leveling areas, underpasses, roads, and road width were taken into consideration. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied to understand the intensity and distribution of effects to determine future trends in the space. There are changes caused by traffic and transportation in the study area, which affects permeability. Leveling and excavation work for road construction and open pits are artificial landforms. Because of leakage, groundwater faces pollution. Construction work greatly affects the general perception of cities. Flattening is performed by filling hollow areas with outdoor recreational activities. Satellite images were used to observe the 46-year changes between 1975 and 2021. It was determined that Sulakiye Lake in the south of the field has completely dried up from the past to the present, the accumulation cones have been converted into agricultural areas, and the settlement areas and quarries have expanded. The anthropogenic geomorphology map shows that building floor height, settlements, industrial areas, and industrial storage areas are concentrated. The activeness of human activities has caused the densities in the anthropogenic geomorphology change-impact map to cluster in different places. In rural areas in particular, the anthropogenic impact level is in the form of a ‘cluster’. However, mining areas located intermittently have changed the anthropogenic impact trend. The areas with the most intense anthropogenic activities in the research area were located around Lake Mogan. The presence of transportation networks, dense settlements, industrial zones, and leveling areas between Lake Mogan and Eymir increased the anthropogenic impact of the region. In the west of Lake Mogan, although the settlements are sparse, the number of building floors is high, while the anthropogenic effect has a partially linear form in the east. For this reason, an anthropogenic geomorphology effect distribution scenario was created, and it was estimated that medium and high levels of effect dominate a large part of the district in the future. It can be seen that the anthropogenic effect tends toward flat areas and toward the basin bottom. The density of flat areas and the absence of a morphological obstacle for human activities create a suitable environment for the formation of anthropogenic shapes. Because of the analysis, it was found that the section under the most intense effects is in the northern part of Lake Sulakiye. This situation is also parallel to satellite data. Most of the areas with low levels of effect in terms of anthropogenic geomorphology in Gölbaşı are highaltitude areas. According to these results, protection plans for natural and cultural heritage elements and ecological environments in these risky areas are recommended. To solve anthropogenic geomorphology problems, there must be an accepted systematic of ‘anthropogenic landformes’. The scientific infrastructure in this field should be strengthened, and the number of studies should be increased. In this way, possible problems can be approached in a healthier and more planned manner.

Anthropogenic Effects on Landforms in Gölbaşı District of Ankara

İbrahim

Brain Drain from Turkey to the Usa and Europe: Historical Process and Current Trends

Mehmet

Orhan

One of the most significant consequences of climate change, a global and shared issue, is its role in causing conflicts and migration. This phenomenon manifests, sometimes directly, and sometimes indirectly. Climate-related disasters that lead to migration in various parts of the world at different levels of intensity exert pressure on resources, particularly in impoverished countries where climatedependent production practices prevail. This pressure, in turn, strengthens existing conflict patterns or gives rise to new ones in the absence of such conflicts. This situation worsens, especially in regions with prevalent poor environmental governance practices and human-induced errors. The political ecology approach is widely used in research to explain or analyze such events through case studies. Since the 1980s, a substantial body of literature has emerged from the political ecology perspective, addressing the interrelationship between climate change, conflict, and migration across various contexts and numerous case studies.This study discusses a relatively new and contemporary approach to political ecology through a specific case. This study examines the process experienced at Lake Marmara, which has dried up over the last 10 years because of the combined effects of human factors and climate change, from a political ecology perspective, focusing on the interplay between climate change, conflict, and migration. As part of the study, a field trip was conducted to the region in the summer of 2022, during which interviews were held with residents of nearby villages and NGO representatives actively investigating the reasons for the lake’s desiccation. In total, eight interviews were conducted. Additionally, statistical data on the physical and socioeconomic changes in and around the lake were obtained from the General Directorate of Meteorology (MGM), Remote Sensing, and the Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). These data were used to construct a comprehensive framework based on a multifaceted and extensive dataset.The findings indicate that improper human activities dominated the lakeis drying up, with climate change acting more than a catalyst in this process. The intense use of surface and groundwater resources that feed the lake for various purposes, coupled with the increase in drought events and evaporation linked to rising temperatures, led to a gradual decline in the lake’s water levels since 2013, ultimately resulting in its complete drying up by 2022. After the lake had dried up, conflicts erupted between local residents over the newly exposed land. Severe climatic conditions also led to significant losses in agricultural productivity, prompting some villagers who previously relied heavily on fishing to migrate to nearby towns and districts.The processes experienced at the lake can be interpreted through political ecology. Theperception of the environment as a commodity by local power actors and, to some extent, the local population, prioritizing their own interests, has led to the disappearance of this natural wonder, which once offered numerous natural and sociocultural riches. All these events provide tangible examples of what might occur if healthy and sustainable policies and practices are not implemented, particularly in water resources and other climate-sensitive sectors in contemporary Turkey, where the effects of drought are intensifying daily. Therefore, Turkey must prioritize sustainable, environmentand human-centered studies and planning, especially concerning water resources and other climate-sensitive areas. Lake Marmara clearly demonstrates the consequences of misguided policies and practices in these areas and highlights Turkey’s potential risks in this regard.

A Political and Ecological Approach to Environmental Disasters in the Vortex of Human Intervention, Climate Change, and Social Issues: The Case of Lake Marmara (Manisa)

Güldane

Hatice

The mind-body, public-private, culture-nature, and reason-emotion dichotomies, which are seen as the basis of the power hierarchies between women and men, have also defined women as the other of men. In the history of science, those who produce knowledge have mostly been men, and this process of knowledge-production has maintained male dominance. The effect of the male majority and the male perspective on knowledge can also be observed in the discipline of geography. As physical geography is dominated by men, GIS is also associated with sexist assumptions through the masculine coding of technology. Examining the relationship between knowledge production and gender through GIS is based on the implicit assumption that the relationship between technology and gender masculinizes this practice of the discipline.In the discipline of geography in Turkey, there is a male-dominated process related to the use of GIS. The first publications, the first dissertations, and the first consultants related to GIS were conducted by male geographers, and they are still in the majority today. The findings of this study are based on interviews with 8 female geographers who use Geographic Information Systems extensively in their research. Two thematic headings were identified within the framework of the findings. First is about the otherness of the female body, and second is about how this otherness takes shape when GIS comes into playAccording to the participants’ experiences, physical geography is seen for men, while human geography is seen for women. This definition is associated with the idea that women who identify with the naive body can not cope with difficult field conditions. In addition, it is constructed by identifying women with chastity. Furthermore, female physical geographers were associated with the studies on the desk rather than in the field.&nbsp;&nbsp;Some female geographers avoid fieldwork (in physical geography such as mountains etc.) because of their perception of insecurity. This is certainly due to the masculine coding of physical geography. In this context, altitude is coded as masculine in terms of being strong, steep, and difficult; however flat land plain corresponds to a soft, easily overcome definition. In the participants’ experiences, women geographers are emphasized for their soft, delicate, and gentle identities rather than their scientific identities.All get worse when GIS is involved. Women geographers who are excluded from technology through practices that construct technology as masculine have also been kept away from geographical information technologies. The participants’ experiences show that male dominance is high in GIS-related practices and excludes women. The participants encountered prejudices about technology being a “man’s thing” when using GIS. Their GIS practices were viewed with suspicion, and the accuracy of their work was questioned. Sometimes, their work is ignored, and they are directed to male GIS users. Another way to exclude women through GIS is by limiting women’s competence by assigning courses to male GIS lecturers.Women geographers have been excluded from GIS-related knowledge, data sharing, etc. Some participants tried to learn GIS through their own efforts, and some have learned from other fields. The male-dominated structure of GIS practice within the discipline has led women GIS users to engage in interdisciplinary studies.This study shows that the issues discussed by Monk and Hanson (1982) are still valid in today’s geographic knowledge production. The assumption that technology is masculine and that physical geography is more suitable for male geographers have led to GIS coming to the fore in physical geography. Thus, both have increased masculinity and strengthened women’s otherness in the discipline.

Knowledge Production and Gender: A Reading Through Women’s Geographic Information Technology Experiences

Ergin

Onur

Ferhat

Cihan

Evaluation of Geomorphological Features of Çoraklı Landslide (Şavşat, Artvin, Türkiye)

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Gülcan

Kadir

Yolcu

There is a common rhetoric among those who have been living in Istanbul for a relatively long time: these areas used to be fields or swamps. This sentence is of key importance in making sense of the urban development of Istanbul. Indeed, the inclusion of a new district or municipality in the urban area in Istanbul can happen in only a short period of time in a human lifetime. For these areas, the beginning of the story often happens in a similar way and for similar reasons. Intense migration, industrialization and informal settlement are the most frequent reasons. However, as the narrative progresses, different processes and conclusions for each place are listed one after the other. This is reflected above all in the spatial fabric of the related sites. Therefore, the analysis of the fabric of the city is very important for interpreting both the development of these areas and their current problems. With this approach this study focuses on Bağcılar, a settlement area with one of the most problematic spatial structures in the urban area of Istanbul.&nbsp;In this context, two different data sources have been used in the study. The first source is comprised of images with sub-meter resolution obtained by remote sensing techniques. They provide an adequate framework for an object-oriented interpretation of the city’s texture and evolution. The second data type is comprised of positional information of recently closed and currently existing enterprises. The enterprises have been spatially coded and the representative texture of both closed and existing enterprises have been analyzed. Thus, the association between the perceived shape of the city from a given height and the utilization under that structure has been established.&nbsp;The findings of the study can be collected under four different categories. The first is that the oil stain growth, which has been the basic course of development in Istanbul until this period, has been relatively ineffective in Bağcılar. The development of the Bağcılar urban area initially started in the form of sprawling. Every area in the district was covered with buildings within a short time, so much so that in many places the land cover is comprised only of buildings and roads. Therefore, the phenomenon of sprawling is limited to a short-term effect. The second category includes change in the forms of housing presentation and their asymmetrical appearance. Gecekondu, which were widespread in the urban area of Istanbul until the 1980s, have been partially interrupted in Bağcılar and replaced by apartment buildings. At the beginning of the 2000s, luxury housing presentation forms became widespread in the district. Some stand side by side and are often in zoned areas for various sectors, while others are found irregularly dispersed among industrial plants. When they all converge, spatial conflicts increase. The third is the transformation observed in various parts of the city in recent years, especially in large industrial buildings. These structures are being replaced with Istanbul’s favorite projects. However, this change does not mean that the industrial sectors of both Istanbul and Bağcılar are on the decline. While large enterprises are dispersed in various parts of Istanbul, small facilities still dominate the spatial outlook of Bağcılar. The last textural feature is based on the distribution pattern of enterprises. The positional information indicates that enterprises have chosen a location in the city according to their wishes, except for a few restricted zones. This means that even discordant sectors are located side by side and on top of each other. The fact that the enterprises which are closing down have the same distribution pattern as the existing ones is a reflection of the recurrence of the problems. In short, the irregular structure formed by the buildings deforms their utilization.&nbsp;In conclusion, the premature evolution of Bağcılar has caused a problematic structure in its existing texture. Although today there are some attempts to regulate the texture of the city, it is not easy to realize this in one of the busiest settlements of Istanbul. Even the ratio of the site that is planned to be restructured is as high as 70%. In short, Bağcılar faces a pathological problem. This problem has resulted in the residents of the district leaving the area. Indeed, the population of the district has started to decrease for the first time in the last few years.

The Cellular Dimension of the City: An Essay on Bağcılar (İstanbul)

Diyar

Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were employed in the study. Quantitative data: In the light of the bulletins published by Directorate General of Migration Management and based on the data regarding the students in various age groups who attended schools in 2018- 2019 academic year in Şanlıurfa province by districts and schools obtained from PICTES Department of Şanlıurfa Provincial Directorate for National Education, the neighborhoods where the schools are located were determined and distribution maps for the districts and neighborhoods were prepared. Qualitative techniques: In-depth interviews and participant observation techniques were used with 20 Syrian families to determine the situation of Syrian refugees. The questions were prepared for participants in advance, but additional questions were also asked in the course of interviews. Unique contents of the obtained data were adhered to, and the analyses were made based on the citations from the statements of participants. In order to obtain more realistic results from the study, snowball sampling or the chain sampling technique was used in neighborhoods where spatial clustering was intense.Şanlıurfa is one of the provinces affected most by the civil war in Syria. Determination of the number of Syrian students attending schools in various age groups, determination of the spatial clustering of Syrian refugees in the Şanlıurfa province, determination of the relationship between the spaces where distribution is intense and socio-economical structure, being able to make integration plans by age groups, and socio-economical, cultural and spatial influences of Syrian refugees on the city are the factors that make this study significant.Obtaining important results at the end of the face-to-face interviews made with Syrian refugees regarding their status before migration, migration processes, their nutrition and sheltering, their belonging, relationships with local community and repatriation after the war are other factors which make this study important.The distribution of Syrian students in the Şanlıurfa province by districts and neighborhoods helped us gain insight about the distribution of Syrian refugees in the province. Accordingly, it was observed that the refugees prefer to settle in the Akçakale, Ceylanpınar and Suruç districts as they are located on the border, and in the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts as there are more employment opportunities, possibilities and a chance to have an urban life-style in these districts. The number of Syrian refugees in the Birecik and Viranşehir districts is higher than that of the Bozova, Halfeti, Hilvan and Siverek districts because they are located on the historical Silk Road. Bozova, Hilvan and Halfeti are socio-economically underdeveloped districts and consequently, the distribution of Syrian refugees in these districts is not high.&nbsp;The distribution of Syrian refugees by neighborhoods is shaped depending on the socio-economical structure. While the distribution in rural neighborhoods is low, the areas in the cities where there are central working areas and where the home rental prices are low are preferred. In the Haliliye and Eyyübiye districts where the distribution of refugees is high, the highest distribution of refugees is observed in Devteşti, Bağlarbaşı, Süleymaniye, Ahmet Yesevi, Cengiz Topel, Bamyasuyu, Şehitlik, Yeşil Direk, İmam Bakır, Şair Nabi, Sancaktar, Hayatı Harrani, Eyüpkent, Direkli, Akşemsettin, Eyyüpnebi, Muradiye, Akabe, Topdağı, Haleplibahçe, Kurtuluş, Onikiler and Hakimdede neighborhoods. Some of these neighborhoods constitute the core of Şanlıurfa province, but squatting is rather high in some others as a result of migration from rural areas and people from low income groups are settled in them. For this reason, the Syrians who have economic difficulties are mostly distributed in these neighborhoods.Even though the consequences of businesses started by Syrians in business centers are positive in terms of supply and demand in Şanlıurfa, as in many other provinces, the local community shows individual and mass reactions to Syrians as they are regarded as low-cost labor and the number of unemployed persons in the province has increased. Even though social and spatial clusters formed by Syrian refugees have positive consequences in terms of having their own identity and culture, this seems to create problems in respect to their sense of belonging and social cohesion. As a matter of fact, it is observed that neighbor relations are weakened and exclusion has increased after 2017. Furthermore, the provision of healthcare and education services to Syrian refugees for free sets off reactions among the local community.One of the issues that makes it difficult for female Syrian refugees to fit into society is the perspective of the local community on female children or women. Seeing Syrian women as a purchasable and sellable commodity, having them as second wives, getting them to marry with old persons for money make it difficult for female refugees to fit into the community.As a consequence, Syrian refugees have become one of the most important problems for our country. Although the local community exhibits some exclusionary behaviors against the Syrians, the majority of the participants are not considering going back to Syria for security reasons.

Spatial Analysis of Syrian Refugees: The Şanlıurfa Case

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Hüseyin

A coast is a geomorphological unit with unique characteristics representing a landform in-between a body of water (marine, lake, river) and a land environment (Turoğlu, 2017a). Due to its widespread use in this study, the water body is referred to here as the “Sea”. The “Marine Coastal Borderline” is the sea-side border of the coast and the “Terrestrial Coastal Borderline” represents the border of the coast on the land side. The area between these two borders is a landform, a geomorphic unit, termed a “Coast”. The line formed by the points where the sea water touches the land is defined as the “Shoreline” (Erinç, 1971; Turoğlu, 2017a). The Nearshore, Foreshore, and Backshore are all parts of a natural coast (Erol, 1991; Turoğlu, 2017a). The parts of a natural coast are determined based on geomorphological, hydrographic, biogeographical and sedimentological evidence (Edwards, 2001; Bird, 2008; DavidsonArnott, 2010; Erginal &amp; Öztürk, 2010; Karunarathna, 2012; Avcı, 2017). Artificial coasts arise from filling of the sea either legally or illegally for various reasons (Anthony, 1994; Kelletat, 1995; Hudson, 1980; Szabó, 2010; Kobayashia, 2015; Li et al., 2017; Turoğlu, 2019). Problems are experienced in construing the geomorphological definition of an artificial coast along with its planning and usage, property issues, etc. In order to solve these problems, Turkish Coastal Law was taken as the basis of this study and expert opinions were obtained. Moreover, it should be noted that different assessments have been made of similar problems.This study aims to provide a geomorphological description of artificial coasts in which the natural shore, natural coastal parts and boundary features are discussed as well as their meaning and significance in the legal framework of artificial coastal geomorphology. The geomorphology of the Diliskelesi (Koceli, Turkey) coast was selected as the case study area because it has examples of typical artificial coastal features. The subject was investigated working with 1:18000 scale aerial photographs from 1962 and 1976, current Google Earth images, a 1:25000 scale topography map dated from 1972, old photos, bathymetry data, and ArcMap 10.2 software. The evaluation results were tested and verified with field observations.“Diliskelesi coast” as a geomorphologic unit is described as having artificial coastal geomorphology. From the 1962 aerial photographs, it is understood that the geomorphology of the study area was a natural coast consisting of “Narrow-High Coast” and “Large-Low Coast” types. In the early 1960s, during the construction of a railway line and tunnel, the sea was filled with excavated material, representing the first stage in Diliskelesi becoming an artificial coast. In the following years, filling the harbour/port along with dock construction continued and the current artificial coast was formed. The area and dimensions of the artificial coast were determined by evaluating drilling data and old photographs. The thickness of the artificial filler, depth of marine sediments, bedrock depths and drilling locations were used as the determinative data.&nbsp;As a result, the coast was transformed into the current geomorphological unit. Indicator evidence defines the coast as being shaped and developed under the influence of current morphodynamic factors and processes. The coast now being artificial may cause differences in the activity of current morphodynamic factors and processes but does not change the reality of the “current coast” from the geomorphological perspective. Morphodynamic factors and processes continue to affect erosion, transportation and accumulation based on the characteristics of man-made artificial coastal geomorphology, maintaining the shape of the new artificial coast. The previous natural coast is now an old (paleo) coast, and has geomorphologically lost its coastal nature. The usage of artificial coasts and property problems are different aspects of the issue and should be evaluated within the framework of legal regulations.

Geomorphological Identification of Artificial Coasts: The Case of Diliskelesi (Kocaeli, Turkey)

Taner

Sedat

Meral

Evaluation of the Vegetation Period According to Climate Change Scenarios: A Case Study in the Inner West Anatolia Subregion of Turkey

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Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal published two times a year in June and December. It has been published since 1985. Starting from January 2025, the journal has started to consider manuscripts in English for evaluation and publication language has become English.

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is a journal devoted to the publication of research which utilizes geographic approaches (physical, human, natural environment and GIS science) to resolve natural and human problems that have a spatiotemporal dimension. Published since 1985, it is one of the oldest geography journal in Turkey. The underlying motive of the journal is to create a platform for the works that produce scientific solutions for social, physical and nature-human relations and the understanding of its system.

Papers are invited on any theme involving the application of geographical science (physical and human dimension) and methodology in the redress of human and physical environmental problems.

Barbaros

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

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@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Journal of Geography

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Language Editor

Editorial Assistant

Publicity Manager

Editorial Board Member

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Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is an open access, peer-reviewed, scholarly journal published two times a year in June and December. It has been published since 1985. Starting from January 2025, the journal has started to consider manuscripts in English for evaluation and publication language has become English.Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is a journal devoted to the publication of research which utilizes geographic approaches (physical, human, natural environment and GIS science) to resolve natural and human problems that have a spatiotemporal dimension. Published since 1985, it is one of the oldest geography journal in Turkey. The underlying motive of the journal is to create a platform for the works that produce scientific solutions for social, physical and nature-human relations and the understanding of its system.Papers are invited on any theme involving the application of geographical science (physical and human dimension) and methodology in the redress of human and physical environmental problems.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>ESCI (Emerging Sources Citation Index)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>EBSCO Humanities Source</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source </li><li>Gale Cengage </li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

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The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>  ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

Journal of Geography - Coğrafya Dergisi is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Journal of Geography adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and ransparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editors evaluate manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. They provide a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication. They ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editors are responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. They must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers evaluate manuscripts based on content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. They must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. They must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the Editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the Editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The reviewers are not allowed to have copies of the manuscripts for personal use and they cannot share manuscripts with others. Unless the authors and editor permit, the reviews of referees cannot be published or disclosed. The anonymity of the referees is important. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.  The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts. Editor in chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.-    Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?-    Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?-    Is the problem significant and concisely stated?-    Are the methods described comprehensively?-    Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?-    Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?-    Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageStarting from January 2025, the journal has started to consider manuscripts in English for evaluation and publication language has become English.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iucografya" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iucografya</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). In addition, a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.<ol><li>The manuscripts should be with 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 10 font size and line spacing of 1.5.</li><li>The manuscripts should be 25 pages at most and the page numbers should be at the top right.</li><li>The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in English, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, three keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in English. There is no need to create an extended abstract in Turkish.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords in English; sections, footnotes and references.</li><li>Research article sections are ordered as follows: “Introduction”, “Aim and Methodology”, “Findings”, “Discussion and Conclusion”, “Endnotes” and “References”. For review and commentary articles, the article should start with the “Introduction” section where the purpose and the method is mentioned, go on with the other sections; and it should be finished with “Discussion and Conclusion” section followed by “Endnotes”, “References” and “Tables and Figures”.</li><li>Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title.</li><li>A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A63D8E98D75E486B8F7B35E8D83A0AA7" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>The scientific and legal responsibility for manuscripts submitted to our journal for publication belongs to the author(s).</li><li>The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.</li><li>The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

Journal of Geography Editorial Pre-Evaluation CriteriaJournal of Geography is a journal that allows the publication of scientific research belonging to geographical approaches (physical, human, natural environment and geographical information systems) that provide solutions to physical and human problems depending on time and space, and to share scientific knowledge in this respect. The main motivation of the journal is to create a platform for works that provide scientific solutions for the understanding of social, physical and nature-human relations and their systematics required by the age. In this respect, the journal is open to all original articles that provide solutions to human and physical geography problems through the application of the science of geography.In this context, the criteria sought for the publication of articles should include some responses and special criteria in addition to the general standards.  Our expectations for both the editorial and peer review process are as follows: -Does the study contain new and important information?At this point, although every study contains a certain amount of importance and knowledge transfer, the internationality of the publication is the most important priority. Publications with local data and local results are not among our priorities.-Is the methodology defined in a holistic and understandable way?The method is an important part of the publication and is expected to represent the publication and be understood by the reader.-Are the interpretations and conclusions supported by the results?The purpose of the study, the results, the interpretations based on these results, and the conclusions should be compatible and complementary. Recommendations are also an integral part of this process. The study should be supported by the findings in this direction. The results should be interpreted in the context of the research question and the existing literature. Limitations and uncertainties in data and methods, if any, should be clearly stated.-Are the ideas and supporting arguments comprehensively organised?The hypothesis of the study and the ideas supporting it should be clearly organised within the publication. -Is logical organisation and linkage provided?The manuscript should be logically structured with standard sections such as introduction, methods, discussion and conclusion, and sufficient background information should be provided to relate it to the existing literature. The broader significance and relevance of the research to the field of geography should be clearly stated.-Is the quality of the language adequate?The language should be clear and the spelling appropriate. It should be written in clear and concise language, avoiding unnecessary jargon.-In addition;The study is expected to provide a new solution to the problem/question addressed or a better and different solution to a problem/question already addressed. It is also required that the study has the potential to be cited internationally and nationally, that it has made a new contribution to scientific knowledge in the field, and that this contribution is clearly stated.Consider seeking feedback from colleagues or advisors prior to submission.Authors should also carefully review the specific editorial guidelines provided by the journal to ensure that the specific requirements of the journal are met.Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 7.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D8118B05B20F4CA89121B94820711AFC" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/A63D8E98D75E486B8F7B35E8D83A0AA7" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors</li><li>Grant support (if exists)</li><li>Conflict of interest (if exists) </li><li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li></ul></ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 words in English</li> <li>There is no need to create an extended abstarct İn Turkish.</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the corresponding author through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript in English</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) in English</li> <li>Key words: 3 words in English</li> <li>There is no need to create an extended abstarct in Turkish.</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatIt is essential that the manuscripts submitted to the journal must use American Psychological Association (APA) style 7th edition. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org/" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;In references with three or more authors, valid for the first use; (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İletişim Yayınları. (Original work was published in 1990, 7th Edition.)c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation.  McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Twenty AuthorsKalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., . . . Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40- year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437–471. <a href="http://doi.org/fg6rf9" target="_blank">http://doi.org/fg6rf9</a>d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26-38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseSarı, E. (2008). Cultural identity and politics: Interculturalism in Mardin. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Ankara University.b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)c) Dissertation/Thesis from WebYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalid) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmle) Master's/PhD Thesis in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.f) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.g) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmh) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105i) Proceeding in Book FormSchneider, R. (2013). Research data literacy. S. Kurbanoğlu ve ark. (Ed.), Communications in Computer and Information Science: Vol. 397. Worldwide Communalities and Challenges in Information Literacy Research and Practice in (s. 134–140). Cham, İsviçre: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03919-0j) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure.(1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Audio podcast].  http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

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Journal of Geography

ISSUE 38, 2019

Determination of Paragliding Fields with GIS-based Analytic Hierarchy Process

Modern Pollen Distribution of Juniperus Forest in Salurtepe Mountain (Elmalı-Antalya)

Drainage Characteristics of the Cappadocia Region

A New Paleoecological Assessment of Southwest Anatolia: Late Holocene Paleovejetation Changes and Relationships with Lake Karataş and its Surroundings

Friedrich Parrot’s Mount Ararat Research Expedition

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