References

• 1. Ariazi J, Benowitz A, De Biasi V, Den Boer ML, Cherqui S, Cui H, et al. Tunneling nanotubes and gap junctions-their role in long-range intercellular communication during development, health, and disease conditions. Front Mol Neurosci 2017;10:333. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 2. Lee Y, El Andaloussi S, Wood MJ. Exosomes and microvesicles: extracellular vesicles for genetic information transfer and gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet 2012;15;21(R1): R125-34. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 3. Yoon YJ, Kim OY, Gho YS. Extracellular vesicles as emerging intercellular communicasomes. BMB Rep 2014;47(10):531-9. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 4. Zhao H, Achreja A, Iessi E, Logozzi M, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, et al. The key role of extracellular vesicles in the metastatic process. Biochim Biophys Acta 2018;1869(1):64-77. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 5. Abak A, Abhari A, Rahimzadeh S. Exosomes in cancer: small vesicular transporters for cancer progression and metastasis, biomarkers in cancer therapeutics. Peer J 2018 29;6:e4763. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 6. Jeppesen DK, Fenix AM, Franklin JL, Higginbotham JN, Zhang Q, Zimmerman LJ, et al. Reassessment of exosome composition. Cell 2019;177(2):428-45. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 7. Zhang X, Yuan X, Shi H, Wu L, Qian H, Xu W. Exosomes in cancer: small particle, big player. J Hematol Oncol 2015;8:83. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 8. Zomer A, Maynard C, Verweij FJ, Kamermans A, Schäfer R, Beerling E, et al. In Vivo imaging reveals extracellular vesicle-mediated phenocopying of metastatic behavior. Cell 2015;161(5):1046-57. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 9. Andre F, Schartz NE, Movassagh M, Flament C, Pautier P, Morice P, et al. Malignant effusions and immunogenic tumour-derived exosomes. Lancet 2002;27;360(9329):295- 305. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 10. Lässer C, Eldh M, Lötvall J. Isolation and characterization of RNA-containing exosomes. J Vis Exp 2012;(59):e3037. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 11. Yoshioka Y, Kosaka N, Konishi Y, Ohta H, Okamoto H, Sonoda H, et al. Ultra-sensitive liquid biopsy of circulating extracellular vesicles using ExoScreen. Nat Commun 2014;5:3591. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 12. Choi DS, Kim DK, Kim YK, Gho YS. Proteomics of extracellular vesicles:Exosomes and ectosomes. Mass Spectrom Rev 2015;34(4):474-90. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 13. Keerthikumar S, Chisanga D, Ariyaratne D, Al Saffar H, Anand S, Zhao K, et al. ExoCarta: A WebBased Compendium of Exosomal Cargo. J Mol Biol 2016;428(4):688-92. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 14. Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles 2018;7(1):1535750. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 15. Trams EG, Lauter CJ, Salem N Jr, Heine U. Exfoliation of membrane ecto-enzymes in the form of micro-vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981;645(1):63-70. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 16. Azmi AS, Bao B, Sarkar FH. Exosomes in cancer development, metastasis, and drug resistance: a comprehensive review. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013;32(3-4):623-42. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 17. Zhang G, Yang P. A novel cell-cell communication mechanism in the nervous system: exosomes. J Neurosci Res 2018;96(1):45-52. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 18. Tian T, Zhu YL, Hu FH, Wang YY, Huang NP, Xiao ZD. Dynamics of exosome internalization and trafficking. J Cell Physiol 2013;228:1487-95. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 19. Wei Y, Wang D, Jin F, Bian Z, Li L, Liang H, et al. Pyruvate kinase type M2 promotes tumour cell exosome release via phosphorylating synaptosome-associated protein 23. Nat Commun 2017;8:14041. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 20. Parolini I, Federici C, Raggi C, Lugini L, Palleschi S, De Milito A, et al. Microenvironmental pH is a key factor for exosome traffic in tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2009;284(49):34211-22. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 21. Sinha S, Hoshino D, Hong NH, Kirkbride KC, Grega-Larson NE, Seiki M, et al. Cortactin promotes exosome secretion by controlling branched actin dynamics. J Cell Biol 2016;214(2):197-213. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 22. Zhang Y, Liu F, Yuan Y, Jin C, Chang C, Zhu Y, et al. Inflammasome-derived exosomes activate NF-κB signaling in macrophages. J Proteome Res 2017;16(1):170-8. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 23. Samanta S, Rajasingh S, Drosos N, Zhou Z, Dawn B, Rajasingh J. Exosomes: new molecular targets of diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39(4):501-13. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 24. Kim MS, Haney MJ, Zhao Y, Mahajan V, Deygen I, Klyachko NL, et al. Development of exosome-encapsulated paclitaxel to overcome MDR in cancer cells. Nanomedicine 2016;12(3):655-64. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 25. Christianson HC, Svensson KJ, van Kuppevelt TH, Li JP, Belting M. Cancer cell exosomes depend on cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans for their internalization and functional activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110(43):17380-5. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 26. Hannafon BN, Trigoso YD, Calloway CL, Zhao YD, Lum DH, Welm AL, et al. Plasma exosome microRNAs are indicative of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2016;18(1):90. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 27. Kowal J, Arras G, Colombo M, Jouve M, Morath JP, Primdal-Bengtson B, et al. Proteomic comparison defines novel markers to characterize heterogeneous populations of extracellular vesicle subtypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113(8):E968-77. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 28. Baran J, Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Weglarczyk K, Szatanek R, Zembala M, Barbasz J, et al. Circulating tumour-derived microvesicles in plasma of gastric cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010;59 (6):841-50. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 29. Becker A, Thakur BK, Weiss JM, Kim HS, Peinado H, Lyden D. Extracellular vesicles in cancer: Cell-to-cell mediators of metastasis. Cancer Cell 2016;30(6):836-48. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 30. Cai Z, Yang F, Yu L, Yu Z, Jiang L, Wang Q, et al. Activated T cell exosomes promote tumor invasion via Fas signaling pathway. J Immunol 2012;15;188(12):5954-61. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 31. Higginbotham JN, Demory Beckler M, Gephart JD, Franklin JL, Bogatcheva G, Kremers GJ, et al. Amphiregulin exosomes increase cancer cell invasion. Curr Biol 2011;21(9):779-86. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 32. Brinton TL, Sloane HS, Kester M, Kelly KA. Formation and role of exosomes in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015;72(4): 659- 71. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 33. Mashouri L, Yousefi H, Aref AR, Ahadi AM, Molaei F, Alahari SK. Exosomes: composition, biogenesis, and mechanisms in cancer metastasis and drug resistance. Mol Cancer 2019;18(1):75. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 34. Melo SA, Sugimoto H, O’Connell JT, Kato N, Villanueva A, Vidal A, et al. Cancer exosomes perform cell-independent microRNA biogenesis and promote tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2014;26(5):707-21. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 35. Bach DH, Hong JY, Park HJ, Lee SK. The role of exosomes and miRNAs in drug-resistance of cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2017;141(2):220-30. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 36. Sun Z, Shi K, Yang S, Liu J, Zhou Q, Wang G, et al. Effect of exosomal miRNA on cancer biology and clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2018;17(1):147. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 37. Huang T, Deng CX. Current progresses of exosomes as cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Int J BiolSci 2019;15(1):1-11. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 38. Vaksman O, Tropé C, Davidson B, Reich R. Exosomederived miRNAs and ovarian carcinoma progression. Carcinogenesis 2014;35(9):2113-20. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 39. Liu Q, Yu Z, Yuan S, Xie W, Li C, Hu Z, et al. Circulating exosomal microRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for non-smallcell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017;8(8):13048-58. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 40. Xue X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Meng M, Wang K, Zang X, et al. MiR-21 and MiR-155 promote non-small cell lung cancer progression by downregulating SOCS1, SOCS6, and PTEN. Oncotarget 2016;7(51):84508-19. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 41. Liu X, Jiang T, Li X, Zhao C, Li J, Zhou F, et al. Exosomes transmit T790M mutation-induced resistance in EGFRmutant NSCLC by activating PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020;24(2):1529-40. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 42. Lan J, Sun L, Xu F, Liu L, Hu F, Song D, et al. M2 Macrophagederived exosomes promote cell migration and invasion in colon cancer. Cancer Res 2019;79(1):146-58. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 43. Wu Y, Deng W, McGinley EC, Klinke DJ 2nd. Melanoma exosomes deliver a complex biological payload that upregulates PTPN11 to suppress T lymphocyte function. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017;30(2):203-18. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 44. Dai S, Wei D, Wu Z, Zhou X, Wei X, Huang H, et al. Phase I clinical trial of autologous ascites-derived exosomes combined with GM-CSF for colorectal cancer. Mol Ther 2008;16(4):782-90. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 45. Besse B, Charrier M, Lapierre V, Dansin E, Lantz O, Planchard D, et al. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes as maintenance immunotherapy after first line chemotherapy in NSCLC. Oncoimmunology 2015;5(4):e1071008. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 46. Ciravolo V, Huber V, Ghedini GC, Venturelli E, Bianchi F, Campiglio M, et al. Potential role of HER2-overexpressing exosomes in countering trastuzumab-based therapy. J Cell Physiol 2012;227(2):658-67. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 47. Taylor DD, Gercel-Taylor C. MicroRNA signatures of tumorderived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2008;110(1):13-21. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 48. Balaj L, Lessard R, Dai L, Cho YJ, Pomeroy SL, Breakefield XO, et al. Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences. Nat Commun 2011;2:180. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 49. Park ES, Kim SJ, Kim SW, Yoon SL, Leem SH, Kim SB, et al. Cross-species hybridization of microarrays for studying tumor transcriptome of brain metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108(42):17456-61. [CrossRef] google scholar
• 50. Zhang L, Zhang S, Yao J, Lowery FJ, Zhang Q, Huang WC, et al. Microenvironment-induced PTEN loss by exosomal microRNA primes brain metastasis outgrowth. Nature 2015;527(7576):100-4. [CrossRef] google scholar

Citations