Aslı

Piracy is as old as human naval activity. Due to its geographical location, China is a “peninsula civilization” surrounded by seas and oceans on three sides. Given these conditions, the presence of sea bandits is no surprise either. Dating back to the 2000s B.C., Chinese naval bandits emerged as a result of forced conditions that cannot be considered apart from the nature and formation of their society. Until a centralized authority was established, the people escaping from the oppression of slavery head for the sea and tried to survive by plundering in its harsh conditions.Officially, according to records kept in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 25-220), the first mentions of piracy date back to earlier times when examined with today’s knowledge and experience. People who escaped from the pressure and administration of the period and took shelter in the sea have created the necessary experience for future piracy activities. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the A.D. 109 rebellion of張伯路 Zhang Bo Lu during the reign of Emperor 永初Yong Chu (r. A.D. 107-113), piracy officially began in Chinese history. 張 伯路 Zhang Bo Lu led 3000 people to fight against the authorities and plunder. The rebellion was eventually crushed, but it had now opened the way for later generations to view the sea from a different lifestyle.Looking at the history of China, sea bandit activities increased or decreased depending on the social and economic conditions of each period. The scope and nature of piracy have also changed alongside technological developments and in parallel with trade. Sometimes piracy was carried out solely for the purpose of robbery, and sometimes it was a rebellion against the empire. It continued in this way until the Qing Dynasty (A.D.1644-1911).The activities of the sea bandit鄭一嫂 Zheng Yi Sao, who lived during the reign of Qing Dynasty Emperor 嘉慶 Jia Qing (r. A.D. 1796-1820), holds an important place in both Chinese and world history. 鄭一嫂 Zheng Yi Sao, who succeeded her naive husband 鄭一 Zheng Yi after his death, commanded thousands of sailors and hundreds of ships. Working with 張保 仔 Zhang Bao Zi, who was 鄭一 Zheng Yi’s adopted son, they gained unassailable power in the Chinese seas. While ordinary naval sea bandits are seen as nuisances for the government, 鄭一嫂Zheng Yi Sao was considered a terrifying threat to the Qing Empire. However, the end of 鄭一嫂 Zheng Yi Sao and her people was neither like the previous Chinese sea bandits nor the some western pirates. She was not executed or imprisoned as was expected for pirates everywhere during this period. Instead, she made an agreement with the Qing Dynasty to abandon piracy in exchange for pardons and a secure retirement for herself and her people.

The Phenomenon of Piracy in Chinese History and 鄭一嫂 Zheng Yi Sao

Cansu

Gender Differentiation in the Chinese Language

Elif

Res. Assist.

Assist. Prof.

Mehmed Zihni Efendi (d. 1913) was a distinguished scholar of Arabic language education in the late Ottoman Empire. This article focuses on his utilization of Arabic dictionaries in his scholarly studies. Mehmed Zihni Efendi taught the Arabic language in Mekteb-i Sultânî (present-day Lycee de Galatasaray) for many years. He was also renowned for his original works and translations. A competent and meticulous scholar, he utilized dictionaries for varied reasons and approached them critically. He used 26 predominantly Arabic and Arabic-Turkish bilingual dictionaries such as Jawharî’s (d. 400/1009) al-Sıhâh, Fîrûzâbâdî’s (d. 817/1415) al-Qâmûs al-Muhît, Ibn Manzûr’s (d. 711/1311) Lisân al-'Arab, and Zabîdî’s (d. 1205/1791) Tâc al-'arûs. He also used glossaries of terms, texts on general language, and literary works.This study attends to Mehmed Zihni Efendi’s al-Muntakhab, al-Muqtadab, and al-Qawl al-Jayyid, texts related to Arabic language and literature. It also addresses his marginal notes on the dictionaries in his private library. The first two abovementioned texts are grammar-based, and the third is a commentary on poetry. These works resemble dictionaries and include lexical Turkish translations of more than six thousand Arabic words noted by Mehmed Zihni Efendi.Mehmed Zihni Efendi expanded the definitions offered by the dictionaries through examples from the verses of the Noble Quran, the hadiths, and couplets to better illuminate the usage of the concerned words. In addition to the instantiation, he inserted new definitions, elucidated origins, noted changes in meanings, indicated misuse, and explained the morphological features of words. He also provided historical and cultural information about Arab society and explained the grammatical rules of the Arabic language in his insertions.The information he conveyed within his dictionaries always included critique, comparison, or analysis. He approached errors in printed works with caution, expressed his evaluation of the mistakes, and occasionally preferred to use other editions and copies of works in the related domain. Mehmed Zihni Efendi attended to the vocalization of Arabic words to prevent misunderstanding and to correct misuse, comparing his vocalization with the usage of the terms in other grammatical and literary works.Mehmed Zihni Efendi endeavored to appropriately define Arabic words, idioms, and proverbs in Turkish. He did not approve of some of the definitions offered by Arabic-Turkish dictionaries and thus corrected what he found erroneous or proposed new equivalents. He predominantly utilized two dictionaries: Vankulu Mehmed Efendi's (d. 1000/1592) Vankulu Lugatı and Mütercim Âsım Efendi's (d. 1235/1819) al-Oqyanûs. Mehmet Zihni Efendi expressed his respect and admiration for Âsım Efendi on numerous occasions; nevertheless, he investigated why Âsım Efendi sometimes presented inaccurate definitions.Mehmed Zihni Efendi’s dictionary usage offers an insight to the culture of dictionary reading. The present study aims to elucidate this aspect of book culture by addressing the approach of Ottoman scholars to dictionaries. In so doing, it highlights the need to use dictionaries more effectively in scholarly investigations.

Mehmed Zihni Efendi’s Method of Using Arabic Dictionaries in  his Books

The modern idea of women’s rights emerged in Korea in the 18th century. By participating in the independence struggle after Japan invaded Korea, Korean women patriotically protected national sovereignty. The national struggle by Korean women was a unifying movement that helped rebuild modern Korea. While the women’s movements in the rest of the world were somewhat similar to the movement in Korea, because of the chaos associated with the imperialist occupation, there were few historical precedents for the national struggle of Korean women, which was an important feature of Korea’s national independence movement and attracted the attention of the international community.This study examines Korea’s modernization in a critical period in its history through the national consciousness struggles of the Korean women to break down the traditions and customs. Besides the opening of many girls’ schools by women’s organizations, the women also were also involved in various patriotic organizations during this dark period with the aim of establishing a country based on equality and freedom.Despite the traditional male-centered society, while working to gain their own freedom, Korean women also played an active role in regaining Korea’s freedom from oppression. Alongside the men, Korean women stood up to Japanese bullying and played significant roles in the national patriotic movement to develop a gender equal consciousness. Therefore, this study emphasizes the role Korean women played in the establishment and rebirth of the Korean republic, their success in liberating the country from foreign powers, and the sacrifices they made to revive the country’s economy.Specifically, by examining the patriotic activities of the women before the March 1 National Movement, which best demonstrated the will of the Korean nation for independence, the role of Korean women in the modern enlightenment national movement and how they caused a revival in the national consciousness is revealed. Besides supporting the national independence&nbsp;movement, after the March 1 Movement, Korean women also contributed to issues such as education and economic development. However, even today, the traditional Korean notion of society and its patriarchal understanding of history have tended to identify women as only members of the nation, with the historical importance of their role in society during the occupation somewhat underestimated. As there have been few studies on the actions of Korean women during Japanese colonial rule, there is a great need for further research.&nbsp;Therefore, with a focus on the changes and developments in the women’s movement in early 20th century contemporary Korean history, the activities associated with Korean women's enlightenment and their roles in the national movement are evaluated to reveal their historical significance in the re-establishment of national sovereignty. To achieve this goal, previous research on the activities of the people involved in the women’s national movements in Korea and the activities of the organizations, and reports in the newspapers published in that period are used as references.In the end, Korea’s modern women’s movement also assumed a bigger role within the nationalist movement. In Korea, women were an integral part of the independence movement against foreign powers and stood as equals with the men by participating in the armed uprisings, establishing patriotic organizations, and undertaking resistance efforts, all of which eventually led to the foundation of a democratic government.

The History of Korean Women’s National Modernization Movement

Güller

It is well known that sufis, produced various works by equating the adventure of a human attaining truth with their ontological understanding. Underlying these works is an understanding of vahdet-i vücûd (unity of existence), according to which existence is one and what really exists is only the existence of God. A person wishing to understand the truth of this absolute existence must be abstracted from his human existence through the experience of seyr ü sulûk (special training of a religious order). Thus, it was deemed inappropriate for those with such experience to simply transcribe their inner experience directly in writing, and an allegorical style of expression was preferred.The allegorical narration in Islamic literature of seyr ü sulûk started with Ibn Sinâ, and other authors of similar works generally imitated him. However, Fattâhî Nishapur was the first to include seyr ü sulûk, the subject of his work Husn u Dil, by using classical personifications such as love, beauty, and heart. Ostensibly, the subject of the work is the love between Dil (Heart), the son of the Maghreb (West) ruler Akl (Reason) who was appointed the sultan of Beden castle, and Husn (Beauty), the daughter of the Mashriq (East) ruler Aşk (Love), and the events that occur in other parts of the body as they come together.This work, which attracted great attention in both Eastern and Western literature, has been translated and replicated with the same or different names. There is a common opinion that Fuzûlî’s work, Sıhhat ve Maraz, also contains traces of Husn u Dil's allegorical approach. To reveal the overlapping and contrasting points of the two works, this study examines them both in terms of person, place, and storyline, and draws conclusions on this basis.Fuzûlî's work is narrated in two parts, the first of which is an adaptation of the author's understanding of the medicine of his time to literature. It would not be wrong to say that this section is completely original and has been written in a robust and artistic style in terms of both expression and storyline. In the second part of the story, on which this comparison is based, the impact of Fattâhî is clearly apparent. Although this section is comparable Fattâhî’s work in terms of style, it seems to be more concise and superficial relative to Fattâhî’s detailed fiction.&nbsp;This is because Fattâhî, who preferred a solitary lifestyle, identified with the main character of his work, Dil, and recounted his inner adventure through Dil. In fact, there are statements to this effect at the beginning and end of his work. Fuzûlî, meanwhile, declares that his story was transmitted at the beginning of the Sıhhat and Maraz.In both works, which are inner journey or quest stories, the characters who will undertake this journey or search and the places where they settle or visit are invented, the former as abstract concepts of human beings and the latter as personifications of the body parts of the lover that are used as place names. These abstract and concrete concepts used in both works, both as person and space, sometimes overlap and sometimes diverge. While Fattâhî associates almost every character with another character or place, Fuzûlî does not endeavor to do so. While Fattâhî generally applies his descriptions to individuals, Fuzûlî prefers to use places.In terms of storyline, both works contain a long seyr ü sulûk. The place to be visited is Beden. In the course of the stories, there are parallels both in events and in the use of common metaphors (such as getting one’s desire with magic, overcoming obstacles with hair strands, mirrors, and rings, etc.). Both works conclude with a sufistic expression; in other words, Dil and Rûh have attained Marifetullah (knowledge of God).As a result, while Fattâhî's work seems more successful in terms of seyr ü sulûk, Fuzûlî's work is more complementary in so far as it combines medicine and Sufism.

A Comparison of Fettahi’s Husn u Dil with Fuzuli’s Sıhhat ve Maraz

Güllü

Shi‘i religious life in Istanbul has usually been narrated only through ‘azādārī (mourning) ceremonies held during the first ten days of Muharram, a situation that reflects the sources available. Thus, apart from these ceremonies with their somewhat institutionalized character, the religious and sectarian realities of individuals’ daily lives have not yet been studied yet. In this paper, which aims to address this limitation, a previously unused source will be examined in detail and its contents evaluated exhaustively. The source in question is a hajj travelogue written by Raīs al-Zākirīn, a Shi‘i pilgrim from Mashhad and rawḍa-khwān who recites excerpts from works on the martyrs of the Shi‘i Imams such as the Rawḍat al-Shuhadā’ of Husain Wā‘iz alKāshifī (d. 910/1504). Al-Zākirīn’s travelogue is significant as the author stayed in Istanbul for 41 days during the Ramadan of the year (21 Sha‘bān–3 Shawwāl 1319/3 December 1901–13 January 1902) in company with the city’s Shi‘i community, presenting religious services in the masjid of Vālidah Khān and in the houses of merchants to which he was invited. The travelogue includes daily entries and, while not complete, the section pertaining to Istanbul is similar to a Ramadan diary and records all the prayers and services the author attended each day. It is thus very rich in detail about Shi‘i religious life. This paper also aims to elucidate the relationship between the Shi‘i community in Istanbul and Iran with respect to religious life.While residing in Vālidah Khān during his 40-day stay in Istanbul, Raīs al-Zākirīn spent most of his time reciting the Rawḍa and the Qur’an. He also explored the city, visited the imperial mosques and historical monuments, shopped, and encountered technological developments. His most important religious service was the Rawḍa-khwānī. Beside reciting the Rawḍa and praying thereafter, he organized special prayer nights in different venues including his room inside the khan. He was in constant contact with and available to the Iranian community in Istanbul and managed to build very strong relationships with them. In addition to visiting Iranian institutions such as school and hospital, he was particularly interested in their social and religious life and was very keen to discuss Iran’s political and social situation with his compatriots in Istanbul. During gatherings at the merchants’ house, they not only recited the Rawḍa but also brainstormed about Iran. It seems to have been very important for Raīs al-Zākirīn to learn about and to read Persian newspapers and books published in Istanbul.&nbsp;The most striking thing that we learn from Raīs al-Zākirīn’s hajj travelogue is that the religious life of Iranian Shi‘is in Istanbul was developing in ways similar to those in Iran. This phenomenon can be observed both in the ‘azādārī ceremonies held after Mirzā Safā’s attempts and in the religious services conducted in Istanbul by figures like Raīs al-Zākirīn. A particularly potent symbol of this is that he delivered to those in need of it the “curative dust of Haram,” i.e., the Shrine of Imam Rezā in Mashhad, which he brought with him all the way to Istanbul. To better understand the connections between Iran and Istanbul’s Iranian community in terms of religious life, additional contemporary sources like Raīs al-Zākirīn’s hajj travelogue are needed, particularly because state archives are not rich enough to reveal these channels of religious interaction.

Raīs al-Zākirīn’s Safarnameh and the Religious Life of Shi‘is in Istanbul

Kubilay

A Review of Khitan Language Materials

Ümit

The current expansion of international relations has required nations to communicate in their native languages as well as learn the languages of other countries. In Turkey, Persian has been a source of interest in education and various fields, such as history, literature, and religion, for several years. The importance of such a situation is currently immense in terms of developing relations with a geography previously dominated by the Persian language and countries where it is spoken as a mother tongue.Despite the significance of Persian in Turkey, a realistic solution has yet to be devised to address the problems and difficulties encountered while teaching Persian as a foreign language in the country. Hence, one cannot deny the need for a curriculum supported by scientific research and contemporary teaching methods and techniques in teaching Persian as a foreign language as well as for educational materials for Turkish learners of Persian.&nbsp;During their learning process, Turkish learners studying Persian as a foreign language commit various error strings regarding the Persian language structure. Their difficulties while learning Persian have both similarities and differences in terms of linguistic features. Therefore, Persian teachers must develop specific teaching methods and prepare materials that are specific to these learners. In addition, teachers must consider these students’ difficulties in their Persian learning process. Teachers must also be able to predict the kind of difficulties and mistakes. That could be committed by Turkish learners studying Persian as a foreign language and improve the efficiency of their teaching process for these students.However, no studies have been conducted on teaching Persian as a foreign language in Turkey. Therefore, this study’s purpose, which is to evaluate the written expression errors of Turkish students learning Persian as a foreign language via error analysis, will be crucial in advancing the Persian language. This study will also serve as a teaching and learning resource for teachers and learners of this language, respectively.As mentioned above, Turkish learners encounter several difficulties during their education process, from which various problems emerge. One such issue entails errors in written expressions. This study aimed to determine Turkish learners’ lexico-semantic errors and suggest appropriate solutions in line with the obtained data. Data were scanned in accordance&nbsp;with the descriptive survey model and examined using qualitative content analysis. The study sample consisted of 81 Turkish students (58 female and 23 male) studying at Ankara University’s Faculty of Languages, History, and Geography; Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures; and Department of Persian Language and Literature. This study assumed that these learners have already learned Persian sentence structures and grammatical forms and have taken examinations and written essays during the lessons based on their acquired knowledge. The study was conducted in the fall and spring semesters of the 2017–18 academic year, over a period of 14 + 14 weeks. Data collection tools were limited to FAR119 Persian Grammar I (Basic Level), FAR115 Dictation and Written Expression, FAR201 Persian Grammar III (Advanced), FAR215 Turkish to Persian Translation, FAR413 Composition, FAR102 Persian Grammar II (Intermediate Level), FAR116 Translation of Persian to Turkish Language, FAR11t Translation of Turkish to Persian Language, and FAR214 Persian Composition courses, as well as the midterm and final examinations and homework given by instructors during this period. In addition, personal information forms were used to determine the learners’ demographic characteristics.The results detected a total of 85 errors under the lexico-semantic category. The data further showed 56 linguistic or developmental errors (66%), which is more than the 29-interlanguage transmission/Turkish word selection errors (34%). Turkish word selection errors emerged because the learners did not know the necessary Persian lexicon for their written expressions and instead used Turkish words. Hence, Turkish learners studying Persian as a foreign language committed negative-transfer errors in their written expressions. These learners showed an insufficient command of words in the Persian lexicon and inadequate vocabulary.Overall, Turkish students learning Persian as a foreign language face difficulty in written expressions and commit simple mistakes in their compliance with their language levels. Thus, for the lexico-semantic error group, subtleties in the meanings of Persian words would need to be considered, and the methods for word teaching need to be reviewed. This means that more efficient teaching methods in the Persian language learning process need to be prioritized.

Written Expression Errors of Turkish Students Studying Persian  as a Foreign Language: Lexico-Semantic Errors

Ümran

Khwarezm has been an important settlement area since ancient history. The Afrig dynasty has been the first dynasty in the region with rulers known as Khwarezm Shah. The emergence and spread of Islam have led to the conquering of the Khwarezm region by the Islamic army under the command of Kuteybe bin Muslim in A.D. 712, however, the region has been placed under the rule of the Afrig dynasty. The Samani State, Ghaznavids, Seljuks, Khwarezm Shah State, Mongol administration, Golden Horde, Timurids, Shaybani, Khiva Khanate, and the USSR have ruled Khwarezm throughout the history. Presently, the region has been under the rule of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, and Tajikistan.Despite being ruled by several states, Khwarezm has preserved its strategic, commercial and cultural importance since its establishment. With the spread of Islam, science and scholars have received tremendous regard, whereas many discoveries and inventions that shaped world history have been made by precious scholars whose names are written in historical records. Turks living adjacent to the Khwarezm border and in close contact with the region until the 11th century gradually settled in the region after the conquests of Mahmud Ghaznavi and the Seljuks. The situation continued until the 13th century which can be considered the era in which Khwarezm became entirely Turkish.&nbsp;The Oghuz, Kipchak and Kangli composed the majority of the population. The language spoken in the region developed on the axis of Eastern Turkish, altough it was highly influenced by the language of the aforementioned Turkish tribes. Over time, the Turkish language spoken under the administration of the Khwarezmian Dynasty, and the Golden Horde State became a literary dialect. In fact, this dialect was used to write the first examples of Turkish literature on several topics. Literary records reveal all aspects of Khwarezm’s contributions to the Turkish language and literature, such as Mukaddimetü’l-Edeb, which is recognized as the second Turkish dictionary after Divânü Lügati’t-Türk, Nehcü’l-Ferâdis, which is the first “40 hadith translations” in the field of the Turkish literature, the first Kısasü’l-Enbiyâ, which is known to be written in the Turkish literature, Muînü’l-Mürîd, which aims to convey religious knowledge to nomadic Turks in a simple manner, Sirâcü’l-Kulûb, which presumably bears the&nbsp;answers given by the Prophet Muhammad to questions asked by the “cuhuds”- and perhaps by all people, and Quran translations with new manuscripts identified in recent years. In general, scholars have assumed that these works were written in the Khwarezm region. Furthermore, extremely valuable works written in Khwarezm-Kipchak Turkish, such as Hüsrev ü Şîrîn, Mi’râcnâme, Muhabbetnâme, and Cümcümenâme have been recovered. However, these works belong to other regions, such as the Golden Horde region located north of Khwarezm.The present study discusses the relationship of Turks with the Khwarezm region based on history. In particular, the study presents information about the region and the Turkish population in its vicinity from the perspective of Arab geographers during the 10th century. Moreover, it briefly mentions the region’s historical developments and emphasizes the role of Turkish elements in Khwarezm. After a certain century, the study uses such works to elucidate the effects of the presence of Turks, who became concentrated in population and produced literary works using their language, on Turkish literature in general. Furthermore, the study aims to view the subject from a different perspective based on the geographical area of the Khwarezm region.

The Turks and Turkish Language at Khwarezm During the  Golden Age of Islam

Zainab

One of the most important means of preserving collective memory is the historical documentation of events, conflicts, facts, crises, and other issues related to the past. Since history and the events of which it consists is generally documented by those who possess the initiative, power, opportunity, and presence on the ground, a novel benefit from history being embedded in its literary project. Writers and literati have taken advantage of historical material in so far as it describes a variety of events, situations, and facts, all of which contribute to building a novel’s artistic dimension. The novel is a type of literature that possesses technical and aesthetic components that can be expandable, temporal, and phased, without affecting the structure through dislocation and sagging.Many writers have adopted historical material in composing their artwork, and there are precise reasons why it can drive the creative path of the novelist, such as the following: Documenting the historical moment, reviving dead memories, preserving memory in all its forms, preserving individuals and groups, preventing generations from forgetting and falling over time, and revitalizing the emotion associated with an event. These works can revive the flow of emotions, making them an effective tool for dealing with and interacting with past and present issues and events, for preserving the cultural and national complexity of nations, and even for staying alive. History confirms life and existence, just as it confirms its own continuity and effectiveness, without which the human being is robbed of existence and effect, as if it were not mentioned at all. As well as reconstructing the collective historical memory&nbsp;and invigorating the present by repeating exploits, achievement, science, and knowledge, the benefit of history is that it is an uplifting thrill.Literary skill is necessary to deal with the contrast between the scientific documentation of history and the fictional artistry of the novel. Literature in general, and fictional narration in particular, demonstrates its artistic presence through imagination and a stylistic dimension that is subject to plurality and interpretation, features that only weaken history and its reliance on documentation. Scientific discipline, statistics, and historical facts, are dismantled by the artistic imagination in the process of producing a literary text that draws upon history and science. Ibrahim Nasrallah's “Time of White Horses” is the novel of fictional historical memory par excellence. From its first pages, a number of witnesses who have been uprooted from their homeland and live in exile give vivid testimony of the details of their lives in Palestine. With a mastery of narration, Nasrallah succeeds in using history to preserve the collective memory and identity of the Palestinian Arab man. A handful of different historical relationships can be identified:(A) History is identified in the title (Time of White Horses) by the word time, which inherently implies history, as well as by the period of time that the novelist seeks to evoke. This is specifically the time of the white horses, when the horses were a title, a freedom, and a firmness for their riders.(B) History identifies with itself through the pure presence of real history. (C) History is intertwined with events, which is what the novel achieves with its artistic breadth. It can include extended periods of time, which require many events appropriate to the time span. (D) History is intertwined with space and time; we find that the author tries to combine place and history through his presentation of social customs and traditions associated with Palestinian villages, their places and times. (E) History is intertwined with characters and events, which gives the historical documentation a deep credibility consistent with the writer's goal of making the text a historical document.

History and The New Novel (Ibrahim Nasrallah’s The Time of  White Horses as a Model)

Lale

Yabancı Dil Olarak Çince Öğretiminde Dinleme Dersi  Öğretimi Sanatı

Uğur

Endülüs’te Mozarap, Yahudi ve Aljamiado Yazını

Leyla

Emine

Abdulhakim

Every language is constantly organizing and sorting its internal dynamics, to the extent required by social conditions. In parallel with social developments, the formation of new words has inevitably occurred in every period. However, the dynamic of language change is accelerating today due to fundamental reasons such as social media and computer use. For this reason, knowing the concept of neologism allows innovations in the language to be made in a controlled manner.Neologies are an important concept that reveals both linguistic and social dimensions. As a matter of fact, on the one hand, it makes the language alive by allowing it to operate its internal dynamics, and on the other hand, it reflects scientific and social developments. In this context, neologisms are important in terms of revealing both the internal dynamics of the language and its social dimension. Although it is known that language has a close relationship with society, both the formation and dissemination of neologisms are largely dependent on social factors such as migration, economy, politics, tourism, and scientific developments.Various definitions have been made regarding the concept of neology. These concepts are generally formed around a new way of saying or a new meaning in the language. Therefore, neologism is known as the field of deriving new words in linguistics. Although it is seen that the concepts of neology and neologism are used interchangeably in studies on the subject, in this study, the concepts of neologism for the field of new word derivation and neology for the new word are preferred. It has been observed that the innovation in Arabic neologisms is semantic rather than formal.&nbsp;Adding a new element to a language; In general, this is achieved by attributing new meanings to existing words, creating words according to the derivation rules of the language, and quoting. It is seen that neologisms in Arabic are formed similarly. Although neologism is a new subject of linguistics, the foundations of this concept date back to the early periods when Islam spread among non-Arabs for the Arabic language. The rapid and intense flow of “new words” entering the language in the mentioned period paved the way for research on this subject. The issue of transferring new words to the Arabic language is discussed around concepts such as “taʿrīb, dakhīl, and tawlīd”. Therefore, it is possible to talk about a conceptual infrastructure regarding neologism in Arabic.Conceptual confusion regarding neologism in Arabic continues today, as it did in the classical period. When we look at the studies on Arabic neologisms, it is noticeable that the subject is approached from a usage perspective rather than a theoretical one. In this context, the difficulties encountered in neologism translations from English to Arabic are addressed and some solutions are produced. However, the problems mentioned in the translation will continue as long as the issue is not grounded conceptually.For this reason, the subject of neology in Arabic needs a theoretical framework. As the Arabic equivalent of the concept of neology, the expressions tawlīd (توليد), al-kalimāt almostahdatha (المستحدثة الكلمات), or neyolocīzm (نيولوجيزم), which is the direct translation of the word into Arabic, stand out. However, it is noteworthy that the concept of tevlid has widespread use in recent studies. There are organizations in various Arab countries that carry out studies on coining new words. However, the lack of coordination between these organizations poses a major obstacle to systematizing the concept.Although there are various definitions regarding the concept of neology, the idea of innovation is at the core of the concept. However, various approaches have been put forward regarding the criterion of this innovation. This study is based on the lexicography approach, which accepts new expressions that have not entered the dictionary. Accordingly, the neologisms given as examples in the study are expressions that are not included in the dictionary. Dictionaries scanned to determine these neologisms; Moʿjam al-lugha al- arabiyya al-muʿasira, Moʿjam ad-dakhīl fī al-lugha al-arabiyya al-hadītsah wa lahajātihā, Takmilat al-maʻājim al-ʻArabiyya, al-Maany and Tevakku. Of these, Moʿjam al-lugha al- arabiyya al-muʿasira, Moʿjam ad-dakhīl fī al-lugha al-arabiyya al-hadītsah wa lahajātihā and Takmilat al-maʻājim al-ʻArabiyya are printed dictionaries, while al-Maany and Tevakku are digital dictionaries. The feature of the mentioned dictionaries is that they are modern and can be considered an important criterion in determining neologisms.The area where new words are used most intensively is undoubtedly the media. Neologisms are frequently encountered in the press language, as media tools aim to convey current developments and are willing to use new elements to attract attention. In this context, press language is an important tool in the use and dissemination of neologisms. Therefore, with the idea that examining the neologisms mentioned on a news site would be more convenient in terms of the scope of the subject, the study was limited to the neologisms on the al-Jazeera news site. The reason why al-Jazeera was chosen as the news site is that this channel adopts a broadcast policy that aims to use the Arabic language correctly and to ensure its use.In the study, neologies were examined in terms of thematics and formation methods. Accordingly, neologisms in the fields of technology, politics, and social development are included. Six methods have been identified in the formation of neologies. By supporting these methods with examples, the tendency of Arabic to derive new words has been tried to be revealed. It is thought that the fact that most of the source language of neologies is English has led to more use of quotation and translation methods in Arabic neologies. In addition, these methods have become the choice of news channels as they facilitate and accelerate the transfer of neologisms. On the other hand, the derivation of Arabic neologisms using grammatical methods requires a certain amount of time, so they remain few. In addition, since the institutions that work on new word creation think that taking words from another language will harm the essence of Arabic, there is a serious need for time to create neologisms appropriate to the language. However, since this attitude of language institutions lags behind the pace of the emergence of neologisms, speakers of the language prefer to quote the English neologisms that they hear first and find more attractive. Therefore, it is important not only to derive Arabic neologisms by the language structure but also to keep them in line with today’s neology pace.

Neologism in Arabic Language: The Example of Al-Jazeera News Site

Asiye

Öğretim Görevlisi

İlknur

Despite their geographical boundaries, the East and West fundamentally consist of two different realms, forming an intricately interconnected whole. These two concepts, emblematic of distinct civilizations, have historically embodied the epitome of progress. Specifically, while both the East and the West sought to monopolize the notion of civilization, they concurrently engaged in the process of acknowledging and defining the “other.” In a profound sense, this definition has become integral to self-definition. Meanwhile, the West, in defining itself, has coined the concept of “nonWesternness.” Conversely, the East’s perception of Western civilization (although comparable) lacks the demarcation of those situated outside the Eastern boundaries. As a result, the existential contest between the East and the West has manifested as a struggle for knowledge and power. Over the centuries, since the interactions between these two blocs have frequently materialized as economic and religious strife, it has become inevitable for each bloc to delineate the conceptual frameworks for one another. In this regard, orientalism and occidentalism are two cognitive frameworks that encapsulate the “concept maps” constructed by the Eastern and Western blocs.Orientalism, representing Western-based institutional endeavors that scrutinize the Eastern world across various domains, such as religion, language, science, thought, art, and history, has long facilitated the development of diverse perspectives, particularly in the fine arts such as painting and literature. From the 16th century on, within the annals of Western literature, the exploration, understanding, and portrayal of the East have emerged as the key challenges in fictional texts. Meanwhile, when examining Turkey’s geographic context within the expansive Eastern bloc, the narratives often depict various subjects, such as the conquest of Istanbul, the assassination of ehzade Mustafa, Turkish triumphs, and the harem, painting a negative panorama.In contrast, occidentalism is a conceptual framework that encompasses the study of the West, including the generation of intellectual works resulting from reflections on the West. Distinct from the orientalist discourse that defines the West, occidentalism constructs a “roadmap” starting from itself, driven by a defensive instinct.The exploration of how poets (especially those residing in the same region and sharing common sentiments/thoughts) convey these emotions and ideas across different historical periods is noteworthy of investigation. In particular, the Turkish literature has been shaped by the literary genres of&nbsp;diverse nations rooted in its geographical context. Moreover, the East and West appear to persist in our intellectual world as two pivotal questions regarding the positioning of our literature within a historical framework.From the 19th century to the present, attitudes toward the West have been generally described within a framework of either complementary or contrasting ideas. In this regard, an occidentalist discourse is discernible in various state policies or individual ideologies, originating before the Tanzimat period, but finding explicit expression with the Declaration of Tanzimat (Imperial Decree of Reformation). During the Tanzimat years, numerous poets and writers turned their attention to the West, translating several works and introducing Western genres and discourses into the Turkish literature. Consequently, this period not only included political, scientific, and technological changes, but it also witnessed the integration of Western influences into the literature.During the post-Tanzimat era, poets and writers offered diverse interpretations of the West, often redefining it in a manner that defended their own cultural values within the realm of intellectual discourse. Hence, this study examines the foundation of orientalism and occidentalism, drawing inspiration from Edward Said’s “Orientalism” and Alkım Saygın’s “Garbiyatçılık.” Meanwhile, Ottoman writer and poet Namik Kemal is recognized as a “trailblazer of modernization” who closely acquainted himself with the West. This proximity also allowed him to draw comparisons between Eastern and Western civilizations. Despite being an advocate for innovation, Kemal’s idea of progress was selective. For example, while acknowledging the West for its “progress,” he criticized the corruption he perceived as being brought about by Western influences, openly opposing the imitation of Europe.In 1852, French philologist and historian Ernest Renan delivered a lecture titled “Islam and Science” at the Sorbonne, sparking considerable objections and refutations in the Islamic world. In 1883, Kemal composed “Renan Müdâfaanâmesi,” offering a reflexive expression of his opposing views to those of Renan. This refutation also marked the inception of the occidentalist discourse during the Tanzimat period. In this context, the nature of Kemal’s work serves as a foundation for the perception of the East and West, which has evolved into a crisis within our realm of thought over the last two centuries.Contrary to the fact that occidentalism emerged as a concept in the 1990s with philosopher Hasan Hanafi, it was actually discussed among Turkish scholars more than a century earlier. Furthermore, the nature of this discourse is not only a source of the perception of the East and West, but it also allows us to question the contents of occidentalism. For instance, is occidentalism the perception of the West by the East or a reflexive form of defense against the perception of the East by the West? In this regard, Kemal rejected the negative definitions of Muslims by using a defensive discourse. He also attempted to equate Eastern and Western civilizations. Consequently, the main reason why occidentalism did not become an institutional endeavor is that it initially rejected the values assigned to the East. Overall, in line with previous research, this study shows that the source of the comparisons between Renan and Kemal is orientalist and occidentalist in thought. Apart from Kemal, the views of thinkers of the period should be examined within the framework of occidentalism, while the accumulation of this concept in Turkey should be added to the world literature.

The Foundation of Oxidentalist Discourse During the Tanzimat Period: Namik Kemal and Renan Müdâfaanâmesi

Aybüke

Türkmen Revolts in the Türkiye Saldjūḳ State During the Reign of Rukn al-Dīn Ḳilidj Arslan IV

Cengiz

Assist. Prof. Dr.

When looking at the world map, Afghanistan’s geopolitical and geostrategic importance is clearly recognizable. Afghanistan is in the middle of the Asian continent and was on Britain’s route to India. Afghanistan’s location on Russia’s route to warm seas made the region even more important. For this reason, Afghanistan became a region where Britain and Russia entered into a power struggle, especially in the 19th century. Undoubtedly, this struggle had significant effects on the emergence of Afghanistan’s current borders.&nbsp;Afghanistan is an important geography with a long history. 1747 indisputably marked a turning point in Afghanistan, where many civilizations have prevailed. This was when Afghanistan emerged as an independent state. The period that followed was full of ethnic issues, and the one that Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp focused on most in his work was the ethnic diversity in Afghanistan. The author wrote in detail about the nations that were influential in Afghanistan and provided important information about many different peoples, especially the Afghans, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Arabs and Hindus. He made explanations about the population, structure, and physical and cultural characteristics of these peoples, and the cities in which they lived. Although they have some similarities, they also have their differences. He even stated that these people’s were enemies to the point of hating each other, and that fights between them often ended in death. This ethnic and cultural diversity was clearly the biggest reason why no national identity could be formed in Afghanistan. Another important problem in the region was Russia and Britain’s struggle for influence. Russia and Britain deepened the conflicts in the region for the sake of their own interests and provoked problems between the peoples in Afghanistan. These negative developments brought a mess of problems into Afghanistan.The work Tarihce-i Afghanistan, written by Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp in 1898, provides valuable information in terms of understanding the geography of the region. This work, mentions in detail the tension between Britain and Russia and discusses the developments in the region. The work not only provides information about the political developments in the region at the time but also serves as a handbook explaining the demographic, social, cultural and geographical characteristics of Afghanistan. Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp’s comprehensively&nbsp;discusses the ethnic groups that make up Afghanistan and the relations among them. It introduces the important cities of Afghanistan such as Kabul, Ghazni, Kandahar and Herat, and present the mountains, rivers and passes in the region.The work is seen to not introduce all the cities in Afghanistan, only those with historical importance and dense populations. In addition to cities, the work also provides about important passes, some of these being the Bamyan, Kerd and Kabul passes. The work mentions that strategic importance of these passes and emphasizes that these are the only alternative way to reach the interior of Afghanistan. The author also gives important information about the geography of the region, in particular by describing the mountain ranges, hills and rivers in Afghanistan.Even though Afghanistan had become an independent state, peace had not been achieved due to internal and external factors. Afghanistan can be said to have begun starting to take a national stance once Abdurrahman Khan came to power. Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp’s main aim was to introduce Ottoman society to aspect of Afghanistan. The language and style the author used give the impression that he had personally visited the region. However, no clear document has been obtained indicating that Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp had gone to Afghanistan himself. Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp is thought to have written his work by interpreting other sources written about Afghanistan.Afghanistan’s similarities with the Ottoman Empire at that time were also striking. While Afghanistan, appeared to have been caught in the grip of Britain and Russia at the time, Afghanistan can also be said, however, to have been luckier than the Ottoman Empire. The most important reason for this was that Russia and Britain had partially abandoned their political ambitions over Afghanistan. This was a historical chance and turning point for Afghanistan. After years of wars, the two countries no longer wanted to waste their energy in this region. Britain and Russia began to think that having Afghanistan remain as an independent zone between them would be more advantageous.Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp, tried to fill the lack of information about Afghanistan with his work, and believed that those who read his work could at least have some information about the people of Afghanistan. Readers would also learn about the important passes, straits, castles and cities of the region and be able to understand the historical, cultural and geographical features of Afghanistan. Apart from this, they would also become informed about the latest political developments in the region. Apparently, Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp aimed for his work to introduce Ottoman society to different aspects of Afghanistan, which had not yet become well known.In fact, the first contact between the Ottoman Empire and Afghanistan started in 1877 during the reign of Sher Ali Khan. The visit of an Ottoman delegation to Afghanistan under the chairmanship of Ahmed Hulusi Bey can be considered a milestone in this sense. Even though these relations did not progress at the level the Ottoman Empire desired, have always&nbsp;that a policy based on friendship and goodwill. When considering the modernization efforts of the Ottoman Empire and Afghanistan in the second half of the 19th century, the similarities between the two countries become clearer. In particular, Abdurrahman Khan’s efforts toward modernization and the methods he implemented in this regard are remarkable. Abdurrahman Khan had taken the system implemented by the Ottoman Empire as an example for modernizing his country and did not hesitate to express this. In this context, by taking the balance policy implemented by Abdul Hamid II had implemented and adapting it to Afghanistan, Abdurrahman Khan pursued an effective policy against great powers such as Britain and Russia.The main goal of this study is to imagine the region from the perspective of Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp, who discussed Afghanistan through different perspectives. This is because based on Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp’s explanations, the information about Afghanistan and Afghan society in Ottoman society is understood to have been in sufficient. Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp thought that his work could be used to eleminate the lack of information about Afghanistan in Ottoman society. In this regard, he often emphasized the similarities between the Ottoman Empire and Afghanistan. First of all, Islam is the most important value that connects the two countries. However, the fact that Afghanistan and the Ottoman Empire were stuck between powers such as Britain and Russia prevented any effective policy between the two countries.&nbsp;

Travel in Afghanistan and Similarities Between the Ottoman Empire and Afghanistan in Yenişehirlizade Halid Eyüp’s Work Called “Tarihce-i Afghanistan’’

Mehmet Fahri

George Antonius’ Arab Awakening was one of the first works to narrate the development of modern Arab nationalism and identity systematically. Up until the last quarter of the twentieth century, this book was considered a privileged work of literature. It profoundly impacted the official historiography of the newly formed nation-states in the post-Ottoman Middle East and the new wave of Arab nationalism that arose in response to the Arab–Israeli conflict. Finding a study comparable to this endeavor is impossible, given that the book was published in 1938. The study demonstrates that European sovereignty still exists in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Iraq—areas Antonius frequently refers to as “northern Arab lands”—that the international community takes the Palestine issue seriously, and that this particular occasion raises awareness of the fragmented nature of post-Ottoman Arab geography. The story of the Arab national movement, which began in the nineteenth century, is also a concrete expression of the ideal of unity or the collapse of Arab nationalism based on ethnicity and language, known as “qawmiyya.” One of the book’s most distinguishing features is Antonius’ personal connections, which allow him to speak directly with key leaders from Nahda and the 1915 Rebellion. In some ways, this transforms the Arab Awakening into a record of the testimony of the most influential figures of the time.&nbsp;Antonius chose to highlight and leave out certain topics in his historical narrative based on his own worldview and the cultural context of his upbringing. Antonius does not wish to present an unbiased account of the Arab national story. The goal of writing the Arab Awakening was to establish an Arab identity and the ideal of Arab nationalism that would resurrect it broadly as a foundation, origin, and beginning.There have always been critical works that challenge Antonius’ story, and prominent figures in contemporary Middle Eastern studies have not shied away from methodically dissecting the Arab Awakening, particularly in light of its overemphasis on external influences. Nowadays, it appears difficult to write anything about the subject without praising or denouncing Antonius and his masterpiece. Since the middle of the twentieth century, many who oppose the Arab Awakening have questioned the book’s fundamental ideas, focusing primarily on Antonius’ impartiality. Zeine Zeine, Albert Hourani, A.L. Tibawi, Elie Kedourie, and others have criticized the role of Beirut’s cultural revival. However, Ernest Dawn has a more limited literary effect. Dawn argued that Turkish nationalism played an important role in the rise of Arab nationalism. In addition to these important avenues, notable figures include Philip Khoury and Michael Provence, who emphasized notables’ politics as the foundation of Arab nationalism; Bassam Tibi, who highlights the impact of European-centered ideas on Bilad al-Sham; and Martin Kramer, who emphasizes Islamic modernism’s significance.Finally, those criticizing Antonius, including the text’s content, tend to focus on Nahda’s historical significance and the relationship between Turkism and Arab nationalism. The purpose of this article, however, is to examine how the Arab Awakening shaped Arab nationalism throughout history, focusing on two main themes. This will initially expose the conceptual underpinnings of “national awakening.” The “awakening” motif, which pervades nearly all nationalist rhetoric, gives the national community a sacred origin while emphasizing some “premodern” ideas about the nature of national identity today. The question of Antonius’ relationship to territorial nationalism, which he opposes to ethnic nationalism, will then be examined as an often overlooked aspect of his work. It will be argued that the distinction between qawmiyya and wataniyya represents an important breaking point revealed by the Arab Awakening.Because Antonius’ work contains so many problematic issues, it is important to criticize him. His worldview and the cultural milieu in which he grew up were the only factors that impacted the concerns addressed and ignored in the historical narrative he wrote. Antonius is the result of his political and cultural surroundings, having grown up in a cosmopolitan setting in Lebanon and receiving a Western education as a Christian intellectual. Thus, criticizing Antonius is analogous to criticizing “Antonius-type” late nineteenth-century Arab thinker. This issue, which many critics have previously ignored, necessitates a thorough examination of the intellectual milieu of the time.In actuality, Antonius does not want to provide an unbiased account of the Arab national struggle. The goal of writing the Arab Awakening book was to provide a foundation, origin, and beginning for the Arab identity and the ideal of Arab nationalism, which will resurrect it globally. Antonius examines the past through his own lens, attempting to interpret the pertinent events in accordance with a single ideal to construct a narrative that will lend historical legitimacy to the Arab national cause.The goal of this study is to provide an introduction to an alternative interpretation of Antonius’ magnum opus. The first section of the article provides a brief overview of the historical trajectory of the Arab national movement as described in the Arab Awakening and divides text criticism into several sections. A comprehensive assessment of the Arab Awakening criticisms reveals that they follow multiple broad trajectories, and a chronological analysis reveals a clear distinction between past criticisms and current complaints. The discourse that established the Arab identity as a contemporary form of belonging and the concept of “awakening,” which was&nbsp;deemed the most important component of the work, were then subjected to philosophical and sociological analysis. Finally, research has begun on the textual foundations of the distinction between territorial nationalism (wataniyya) and ethnic nationalism (qawmiyya), which should be viewed as one of the most important issues of the Arab Awakening and a pivotal paradigm for the entire twentieth-century Middle Eastern history. Comparing the nation-state nationalisms of Western-dominated mandate states is required to highlight the differences between these two types of nationalism, which also served to stifle this ideal in the face of unitary Pan-Arab nationalism.

Criticizing Antonius: A Different Perspective On The Official Arab Nationalist Narrative

Gulzar

Jammu and Kashmir with its natural beauty, distinct culture and geographic structure holds a unique place in the different regions of World, the native landscape always makes huge impact on the art and literature of any region. Literature is always considered the savior and preserver of art and culture. Modern age is an age of Science and Technology which has changed the fundamental values of modern society where eco-friendly culture has been replaced by new anthropocentric culture and every human is trying to earn more and more profit at the cost of nature. The industries are growing at an alarming rate which leads industrial mentality to develop and strengthen its footsteps in the contemporary world which somehow denies the value of nature. In present scenario the voices of environmental issues can be heard everywhere because it has become a serious concern of modern society. Literature cannot aloof from society and surroundings but when these issues make presence in literary genres, they make more impact than any other communicative tools, therefore literature played an important role in any revolution because when things are presented in a systematic and literary manner, they seem to be more genuine and reliable.When we critically evaluate the literary genre of modern urdu ghazal of jammu and Kashmir we find literary figures like Hakeem Manzoor, Hamidi Kashmiri, Rafiq Raaz, Farooq Nazi, Hamdam Kashmiri, Pritpal singh Betaab and Taranum Reyaz who have depicted the native landscape with an intention to address the environmental issues of the contemporary world. They not only gave general description of regional nature but the voice of serious environmental issues can be heard in the poetic verses of modern urdu ghazal of Jammu and Kashmir. Since this ghazal flourished in the lap of nature therefore this genre extracted and polished it’s words from its surroundings. The poets have sensitized the general masses so that environment should be taken care off.&nbsp;Some writers portrayed the native landscape in the cultural context and some have celebrated the wilderness in their writings because the real picture of nature cannot be understood without wilderness. The modern poets of Jammu and Kashmir urdu ghazal are aware of their surroundings and have not given much attention to other literary movements like progressive writers movement and trends like modernism,postmodernism and other vision they were surrounded by. They have only portrayed what they have experienced in the real World, among the above mentioned poets every poet has depicted the landscape in their own style.&nbsp;Hakeem Manzoor has presented the native landscape in a cultural context even Hamadi Kashmiri appeared with the same intention or vision on the literary horizon of Jammu and Kashmir urdu ghazal. Hakeem Manzoor presented the exploited picture of natural resources in order to acquaint the world with the real picture of Jammu and Kashmir which is usually neglected in the history books of Jammu and Kashmir. Hakim Manzoor’s depiction of native landscape in the cultural context by using symbols and metaphors provides a wider picture of rich indian composite culture and this is something that differentiates him from Other poets. He uses symbols and metaphors like Chinar, saffron, apple,Deodar and rivers and lakes like Jhelum, Dal, aharbal and other cultural elements of environmental origin Kangri, Akhroot, Badaam etc. to inculcate eco consciousness among the people or readers so that the ‘culture and identity’ watered by sufis and rishis of Jammu and Kashmir can be saved. Hakim manzoor appears to be the fellow of nature and native landscape. Hamidi Kashmiri also presented the nature in cultural context through his poetry but he adopted a distinct style where he seems to feel the pain of native landscape like birds, trees etc. He strived to save nature in a soft and subdued language.Nature without wilderness has no identity, this characteristic gives it a different identity and among above mentioned poets Rafiq Raaz seems to have adopted this theme of ghazal. He has made gap with native landscape in terms of culture and and he tried to solve the environmental issues at a larger level. He has not confined his pen to native landscape but it can be seen in the subconscious of the writer. He celebrates the wilderness in his poetry. Since centuries old prevention of natural environment is part and parcel of Jammu and Kashmir culture therefore hamdam Kashmiri,s ghazal is committed to preserve the nature at any cost and which demonstrates nature cannot be saved without the sacrifices. Along with Hakeem Manzoor and Hamidi Kashmiri Farooq Nazki also knitted a web between nature and culture in his poetry in which he deciphered that the destruction of nature is unbearable for the fascinating gardens because they are interlinked with each other. Here his poetry and vision seems to be deep rooted in culture and History of Jammu and Kashmir especially sufis.Pritpal singh Betaab is a renowned modern poet of Jammu and Kashmir literary horizon, he presented the environmental issues in more effective way in his poetry where he diverts the attention of common masses towards judicious and sustainable use of natural resources.&nbsp;Above all, the poetess and fiction writer of modern age Taranum Reyaz has presented the&nbsp;nature with a distinct outlook because there is a vital connection between the woman and nature both have the quality to reproduce, on the one hand she presented the nature in a vulnerable and weak manner and on the other hand she intended and endeavored to make ecofriendly future where nature should be given the utmost care. She has comparatively presented the picture of past and present natural world to sensitize the common masses with an intention to preserve and protect nature.&nbsp;All the literary figures mentioned above have depicted nature with an intention to solve the regional and international environmental issues.They might have adopted different approaches but their crux lies in presenting and solving the environmental issues of the region. This paper will give new dimension to the modern Urdu literature and also yield new space and identity for Urdu literature of Jammu and Kashmir on the World literary horizon.

A Study of Modern Urdu Ghazal of Jammu and Kashmir: An Ecocritical Perspective

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Lebanese literature has had significant interactions with Western literature for many years. Undoubtedly, these interactions have reached their highest level in the modern period in particular, during which many Lebanese writers were influenced by Western writers and their works and reflected these interactions in their works. The first literary genre to have emerged in Lebanese literature can be said to have been the story. The biggest reason why Lebanese writers took up this genre (i.e. the story), about which they did not know much at that time, was that they were able to handle story writing in a shorter time and with less difficultly than the novel genre. After World War II, the story genre showed more serious developments in Lebanon. Undoubtedly, the fact that Lebanese writers who’d immigrated to Egypt translated and quoted from Western literary genres had affected this. These writers became influential in this field by publishing articles in Egypt’s important magazines and newspapers in the following periods. The story genre was first discussed by writers such as Salim Al Bustani, Maroun Abboud, and Tawfiq Yusuf ‘Awwad and formed a basis for the novel genre in the periods that followed, during which many writers made significant progress in Lebanese novel writing with their works and reached the peak of the period. The most important of these writers are Halil Taqiyuddin and Karam Mulhem Karam, who tried to revive the spirit of the novel in Lebanon by saving it from a classical style and subject matter. In the 1930s, a new novelistic movement emerged thanks to the magazine Al-Makshuf. The most important representative of this movement is Tawfiq Yusuf Awwad, who set the example for the social realist novel, and he was followed by Maroun Abboud. Another important development in Lebanese novel writing involved the works of writers such as Gibran Khalil Gibran and Mikhail Naimy, who’d immigrated to other countries. Gibran Khalil Gibran took the first step in this regard with his novel al-Ajniha al-Mutakassira [The Broken Wings], followed by Mikhail Naimy with Liqa [Till We Meet], published in New York. Next came Suhayl Idris, followed immediately after by two female writers, Layla Balabakki and Layla Ussayran. Later on during the wars that broke out in Lebanon, female writers such as Hoda Barakat and Emily Nasrallah, who despite discussing women’s rights as a subject in their works, also dealt with the subject of war and&nbsp;made valuable contributions to the field of novels.Another female writer who has an important place in contemporary Lebanese literature is Widad Sakakini, who appeared on the literary scene as a novelist, critic, and short story writer in the 1950s. When she married poet and doctor Zaki Mahasin (1909-1972) in 1934, she went to Damascus with him. Later, when Zaki al-Mahasini was appointed as cultural attaché at the Syrian Embassy in 1946, Widad Sakakini accompanied him to Cairo where she lived for 11 years. As time progressed, Widad Sakakini realized that her husband’s tendencies were aligned with her own and that this would contribute to her being able to continue her intellectual efforts with patience and courage. She witnessed the writers and cultural forms of Cairo closely. She also completed her master’s degree at Cairo University and received her doctorate degree at the Faculty of Letters with her thesis titled “War Poetry in Arabic Literature”.This period of her stay in Egypt contributed to Widad Sakakini’s intellectual development and opened a wide range of opportunities for her to meet contemporary Egyptian literary life. She witnessed seminars, conferences and festivals that were held for great intellectual and literary figures, both Egyptians and foreigners. Thanks to all this knowledge and experience she gained, she did her best as a writer to help Lebanese literature gain a place among world literature, and she succeeded. Thus, she became the director of her own literature and positioned herself between the literatures of the two countries, blending the two as best she could.Widad Sakakini started her creativity in the literary field with short stories but soon switched to different genres, in which she became successful. She differed from others with her deep-rooted culture, deep emotion, self-truth, and life of rich experiences. The effects from her ability for literary criticism as a creative writer are clearly seen in the many strong critical articles she had published in newspapers, in which she paid great attention to weaving her sentences with an understandable, clear, eloquent, and sharp language. The eloquent use of her prose and the psychology with which she described the events in her stories also further perfected the understandability of her works.Widad Sakakini always had a thoughtful and caring attitude toward women and argued that women’s rightful place in society could only be achieved by actively working to improve society. For this reason, she took care to include most of the heroes in her novels as women and did not hesitate to psychologically analyze them.Widad Sakakini went to Egypt and published her book Al-Hatarat to continue her literary career there. To say that she undoubtedly started her literary career as a short story writer would be fair, as well as being considered a pioneer in the field of women’s short stories.Sakakini wrote five story selections between 1945-1978 and crowned her writing career with the story collection Bayn ai-Nil wa-l-nakhil [Between the Nile and the Palm Tree] (Cairo 1947), in addition to her other story collections Maraya al-nas [People’s Mirrors] (Cairo 1945), al-Sitar al-marfu [The Raised Curtain] (Cairo 1955), Nufus tatakallmn [Souls Speak] (Cairo 1962), and Aqwa min al-sinin [Stronger Than the Years] (Damascus 1978). The author had&nbsp;also written the historical novel named Arwa bint al-khutub [Arwa, Daughter of Woe] (Cairo 1949), in which she started to present all the events in a realistic style without going overboard with coincidences, exaggerations, or adventures that spoil the aesthetics of the novel. Instead, she managed it in a traditional language, making the work a subject close to optimism.Sakakini published her second novel al-Hubb al-muharrem [Forbidden Love] in 1947, in which she deals with the issue of foster siblings and how two lovers who are foster siblings are prevented from getting married. Although the author mostly used a language that bears the characteristics of the decadent period, this novel has a fixed level of meaning. However, this novel is also noticed to have the signs of a vital language that embodies a depth of worlds with all their contradictions between the soul’s desires and moral tendencies. Maraya al-nas [People’s Mirrors] is a collection of Damascus stories Widad Sakakini published in Cairo in 1945. The author became the first Lebanese storyteller in this field to reveal this type of color and texture in her works.

The Author Defending Women’s Rights: Widad Sakakini

Mou Zongsan (1909–1995), the most effective intellectual of the 20th century, is known for his sophisticated philosophy that renounces traditionalism. Mou’s teaching distinguishes him from other New Confucianism representatives in that it integrates cosmology and ontology into an epistemological approach. Greatly influenced by Xiong Shili (1885–1968), Mou has also developed his theory based on the metaphysics of morality, which was at the heart of New Confucianism. He believes that the primary goal of New Confucianism is to preserve the moral values articulated by Confucius (479–551 BC) in ancient times. However, because traditional Confucian rules do not correspond to modern perspectives, he focuses on the moral psychology ideas suggested by Mencius (372–289 BC) to argue his own point of view. Mou believes that the moral entity (daode shiti 道德实体) of human nature has the ability to be aware of cosmological and ontological facts, making the origin of knowledge and virtue discernible. Although the traditional rules of Confucian thought have resulted in social inequality, which has negatively affected educational life, the metaphysical principles of Confucian thought have extremely regulated social life. Mou Zongsan claims that Mencian philosophy places equal emphasis on people, assuming that humans are innately good, in contrast to Mencius’ opponent Xunzi (313–238 BC), who assumed that human beings are innately bad. As a result, Mou has sought to revitalize Confucian teachings that conform with Mencian philosophy. Confucian ethics, as demonstrated in his works, is the practice of achieving harmony between metaphysical establishment and personal development. Mou believes that the spiritual values of Confucian ethics, as detailed by Mencius, can serve as a permanent way of teaching moral metaphysics in the new era. For centuries, Chinese culture has emphasized the spiritual values of benevolence (ren 仁), righteousness (yi义), propriety (li 礼) and wisdom (zhi智). Based on the necessity and possibility of reinvigorating Confucian thought, Mou Zongsan has proposed a distinct philosophy that incorporates the fundamental concepts of Mencius’ innatist theory but excludes the specific phases of this ancient theory. In other words, the arguments of Mou philosophy distinguish psychological stages in the learning process, prioritizing the origin of knowledge and virtue.Mou takes a new approach to reinvigorating Confucian thought, criticizing ancient concepts such as Confucius’ social inequality and Xunzi’s moral understanding, which are still limited to explaining psychological components. According to Mou, Mencius’ innatist theory is similar to key models of developmental psychology, particularly the concept of self (xin 心), which is known&nbsp;as the heart–mind correlation and is centered in New Confucianism by Xiong Shili. Maintaining Mencius’ innatist theory, Mou first addressed the fact that knowledge and wisdom are innate, but unlike Mencius, he discussed the stages based on cognitive and affective processes. The idea of “expounding the inner morality of human nature (neizai daode xing内在道德性)” clearly opposes both logical and rational learning, which are based on external factors. Mou’s works demonstrate a systematic increase in the abilities of perception, emotion, and intuition in moral awareness. This assumption generates two references: the ontocosmological reference, which refers to human beings’ immanent transcendence (neizai chaoyue 内在超越), and the existential reference, which refers to their original self (benxin 本心). These arguments suggest that human nature has the ability to become conscious of innate knowledge and virtue. Mou considers that our original self is an essence that evolves without nonempirical or nonexperiential phases. Therefore, this type of essence includes more than just cognitive activities. Accordingly, when emotions and thoughts bestowed upon human nature transcend cognitive activities, sageliness and virtuousness are achieved.Mou Zongsan holds that our original self has a two-tiered existence (liang ceng cunyou两层 存有), which consists of finite (youxian 有限) and infinite (wuxian 无限) functions. According to his two-tiered understanding, there are two ways for humans to perceive and recognize before engaging in thoughts and feelings. As Mou mentioned, learning through the phenomenological way has a substantial finite function, whereas learning through the nonphenomenological way has an infinite function. This means that in their two-tiered existence, humans can acquire two types of knowledge: permanent and temporary. Permanent knowledge in this context corresponds to intuitive, perceptive, and sensitive activities, whereas temporary knowledge corresponds to cognitive activities. Mou’s distinction between phenomenological and nonphenomenological knowledge acquisition suggests that he may deny cognitive awareness to achieve sageliness and virtuousness. According to his work, acquiring phenomenological knowledge of the self can be external (waizai de 外在的) and objective (keguan de 客观的). However, he claims that the acquisition of nonphenomenological knowledge of self is both internal (neizai de 内在的) and subjective (zhuguan de 主观的). Although Mou’s ontocosmological thought includes a postulate similar to Kant’s phenomenal-noumenal knowledge theory, his assumptions are fundamentally different from Kant’s philosophy. According to Kant’s analysis, human beings can gain knowledge of the phenomenal realm through sensitive faculties because it is impossible to know what exists in the noumenal realm without transcendental absoluteness. More importantly, Kant claims that sensitive faculties correspond to active phenomenal knowledge, whereas intuitive faculties correspond to passive noumenal knowledge. Nevertheless, Mou asserts that human nature has the ultimate potential to comprehend the noumenal realm through the intuitive, perceptive, and sensitive abilities of the existential essence bestowed by transcendence power. In other words, sensitive faculties cannot be distinguished from intuitive faculties because humans are born with immanent transcendence and naturally understand heavenly principles. Indeed, Mou Zongsan seeks to demonstrate that humans possess inner sageliness and virtuousness, as long as perceptive awareness prevails over all finite functions of cognitive activities capable of restraining the highest goodness of the original self, bestowed by heaven.

Modern Confucian Mou Zongsan’s Negation of “Cognitive Awareness”

Mamdouh

Novels are considered one of the temporal arts that intersect with various genres, and the possibility of this intersection is a result of novels’ flexible and open nature that closely connects them with venerable literary genres such as epics, short stories, letters, speeches, and essays, as well as with non-literary forms such as cinema, television, visual arts, journalistic arts, various auditory and visual arts, and branching texts.This flexible (and open) nature was also reflected in its form, which was not stable until the novel was described as “formless”, or “infinite form”, thus strengthening its connection to all literary and non-literary genres. Therefore, the elements of the novel (e.g., narrative, time, narrator) have generally remained present in various prose genres, coloring novels’ structure with flexibility and openness. Meanwhile, this open structure has also allowed writers to venture and experiment with new and diverse forms in an attempt to define a specific type that would limit the novel within certain boundaries. However, the winds of experimentation and renewal also guided the wave of changes to novels’ structure. Thus, the novel has not settled into a specific form but can be adapted and blended with all the intertwined forms around it. In contrast to the wave of experimentation and renewal, some have sought refuge in heritage, aiming to draw inspiration from it in all its forms, whether religious, historical, or folk.Mohamed Mustagab belongs to what is known as the generation of the 1960s in Egypt.&nbsp;This generation took upon itself the task of modernizing literature in an attempt to explore the achievements of the Western “other”. This led to a revolutionary movement to modernize all arts, not only in terms of form but also in terms of content. Their desire for modernization included introducing new techniques into the texts they produced. The theorization of these updates distinguished the entire generation’s experience, giving it legitimacy and continuity and making the impact of the experiment and its effectiveness still present in current times.Among the experimentation, the introduction of Western novel techniques, and inspiration being drawn from heritage, novelists were divided into two camps, and Mohammed Mustagab managed to reconcile the two sides. He wrote a novel with modern elements while still being able to incorporate the traditional form into his text. Within the context of a new vision that benefited from the intertwining structure allowed by the novel’s form, however, he turned to heritage and drew inspiration from the traditional forms seen in historical blogs, annuals, and popular forms of expression. He presented a distinctive text, allowing his novel to carry a unique characteristic due to its flexibility and openness to all forms and arts. For the historian seeking history, he unveiled historical writing techniques, including the nature of the historian embodied by the narrator. Similarly, those searching for modern techniques in the novel could find various means to identify these techniques through narrative tricks and literary devices that brought the text closer to written texts as presented by Roland Barthes.The presence of history in novels dates back to the close relationship between the two genres (i.e., novels and history). Novels have been linked to history since their inception, and the relationship between novels and history can be said to be both ancient and problematic. This problematic relationship can be attributed to the challenges of the contemporary reality that had emerged from the colonial expansions that covered most of the Arab world and extended over a significant period of time. Additionally, a state of fractures had occurred, generated by the military failures in the disasters of 1948 and 1967 and causing internal ruptures. These attempts to understand were accompanied by efforts related to the nature of searching for the missing or absent identity due to the malicious hands of colonization, an attempt to sever ties with heritage. Many writers sought to interact with cultural heritage through various techniques and forms as a type of continuity and resistance against the imperial policies that had sought to impose a specific culture, or even the waves of incoming missions carrying Western culture, and as a rejection of a return to heritage and promotion of embracing the West.Nevertheless, novels have been a fertile field for communication and interaction with cultural heritage in general and history in particular. Novels have established a dialogical relationship with these according to Bakhtin, intertextuality according to Julia Kristeva, or textual interaction or metanarrative according to Gerard Genette. Recalling historical events or drawing inspiration from influential historical figures is not just for studying the presence of history in a novel. It is a broader investigation into the specificity of heritage and its forms of invocation involving both poetic and prosaic creativity. Given novels’ flexibility and&nbsp;imagination, they attempt to capture the essential and dialectical aspects of the human relationship with history and actively contribute to presenting their images within the framework of their artistic perspective. This occurs to the extent that a novel, according to Bakhtin, becomes “an imaginative history within objective history”.&nbsp;The presence of history in novels is natural, given their shared main elements of humanity, time, and place. Both rely on constants such as the element of memory and the use of narration as a fundamental element in recounting events and storytelling about characters. Many writers have turned to historical novels, borrowing events and characters from history and making them the subjects of their narratives. Writers like Taha Hussein, Jurji Zaydan, and Aly Al-Garem have leaned toward historical novels for various reasons, including for education, highlighting Arab and Islamic glories, and calling for the emulation of role models. Despite the importance of these objectives, the presence of history in recent novels is not just a retrieval of the past; it also serves as a mask for reality and for the events of the present. This is evident in Gamal al-Ghitani’s novel Al-Zini Barakat and Mohamed Jibril’s From the Papers of Abu Al-Tayyib Al-Mutannabi.Moreover, both history and novels belong to a single field of knowledge: the narrative field. Some argue history to be one of the sciences that have been closely associated with novels since their inception and to have had a profound impact on rise of novel. Fundamentally, novels are built on historical chronological structures that unfold within a historical space stretching from the past to the present or future. They illuminate this space with events brought to life by human and artistic characters that make a novel vivid and complete. History is also considered one of the three concepts generally associated with the discussion of modern Arabic novels and narrative forms in Arabic storytelling heritage.Mohamed Mustagab managed to blend history and imagination in his literary works. Given this intertwining of novels with history, this study aims to explore the intersections between the two genres, focusing on his literary text titled From the Secret History of Numan Abd al-Hafiz. The study highlights the author’s techniques in blending oral and written traditions while leveraging historical methods in an imaginary literary text, all without losing the literary and imaginative essence of the narrative. The narrative utilizes historical dates and significant events in the protagonist’s life, crafting him into a model embodying the characteristics of heroes in epics and folk tales. Simultaneously, the protagonist is presented as a construct, using Roland Barthes’ expression, with the absence of an original reference, relying on the craftsmanship Mustagab adopts while shaping the character. The narrative is supported by drawing from historical and oral traditions and by incorporating linguistic and syntactic features of colloquial speech rather than by using scientific language and its conventions. The study also evaluates the novelist’s capacity to employ linguistic multiplicity in the narrative, reflecting the ideologies of the narrators and their ability to convey the narrative.

Interference between the Oral and the Written in the Historical Novel “The Secret History of Numan Abd al-Hafiz”

Muhammet

This study aims to explore the similarities and differences in the portrayal of horses in Surah Al- ’ Adiyat and Imru ’ al-Qais ’ s poem “Mu ’ allaqa” [Hanging Poem] by examining both the realistic and mythical aspects of their horse imageries. The study also considers the language and expressive style used in each text. That the language in the Qur ’ anic text is closely related to the language used in “Mu ’ allaqa” became apparent in this context. However, the thought process and understanding of matters differ between the pre-Islamic era and the Islamic era in terms of intellectual perspectives due to the developments that had occurred with the advent of Islam and the spread of a sound doctrine based on reality and logical truths. This is in contrast to the thinking of the pre-Islamic ignorant mind, which had at times adhered to myths in its poetry. While exploring these differences and similarities, the study adopts a semiotic approach to uncover the imagery of horses and the associated connotations that are linked to the environmental differences between the pre-Islamic and Islamic eras.The study is divided into three sections. The first section discusses the portrayal of horses in Arabic literature, including their various names and their significance in pre-Islamic Arabian society. Horses were highly valued as a symbol of pride, bravery, and nobility among the Arabs. The section explores their central role in Arabic life, which favored horses over one ’ s own children. The section examines the position of horses in Islam, emphasizing their immense importance within the religion. Horses are mentioned in the Quran in terms of Allah swearing by them and the Qur ’ an referencing them in several surahs and ayahs. Horses are also&nbsp;mentioned in the hadiths of Prophet Muhammad, who encouraged their ownership, breeding, and utilization in various aspects of life. This section also delves into the significance of horses in pre-Islamic poetry by highlighting poets renowned for their equestrian-themed verses such as Imru ’ al-Qais, Tufail al-Ganawi, and al-Nabigha al-Ja ’ di. The section also explores the relationship between the Qur ’ an and Arabic poetry in general by focusing on their linguistic and stylistic aspects. The study examines the specific dialectical features associated with the different tribes and their connection to the Quraysh dialect, which served as the standard literary language that unified the Arabs, as well as being the language through which the Qur ’ an was revealed. Finally, the first section addresses the relationship between pre-Islamic poetry and the Quran by noting the linguistic similarities between some pre-Islamic poems and later revealed Qur ’ anic verses and how scholars and critics have emphasized the importance of poetry and its relationship with the Quran.The second section focuses on the depiction of horses in Surah Al- ’ Adiyat and the symbolic meanings that reflect the stereotypical image of real horses in the minds of Muslim individuals. This section uses semiotics to explore the powerful connotations associated with horses on the battlefield. The horses embody both their physical and spiritual strength, symbolizing the concept of jihad in the way of Allah. The mental strength derived from the idea of striving on the path of God is reflected in their physical strength. Thus, the horses are portrayed as swift, fierce, and vigorous, with their intense galloping causing sparks to fly as their hooves strike the ground. This imagery signifies their power to intimidate enemies. They raise dust, penetrate enemy ranks, and disperse their formations, thus symbolizing the strength of Islam that never retreats from jihad.The third section delves into the depiction of horses in the poet Imru ’ alQais ’ “Mu ’ allaqa”. The imagery and symbolism of the horse in this context differ from the portrayal of horses in Surah Al- ’ Adiyat in terms of their appearance and primary purpose. In Surah Al- ’ Adiyat, horses are depicted as warhorses on the battlefield, while in Imru ’ al-Qais ’ poem, they are portrayed as horses used for hunting and leisure. In terms of language, expressive style, and connotations, however, similarities are found between the two. Both portray an image of horses through their swift running, their galloping at dawn, their speed in maneuvering and movement, the striking of their hooves on the ground, and the stirring up of dust from the intensity of their strikes, whether in the battlefield or in the pursuit of prey during hunting.Similarly, the horses in Surah Al- ’ Adiyat are seen to symbolize the war horses engaged in jihad for the sake of Allah. This interpretation is fitting for the expressive connotations associated with these horses through imagery inspired by reality. As for Imru ’ al-Qais ’ poem, he is observed to construct a model of a horse in his imagination and to use this model in an attempt to attain something lacking in reality. He is the unsettled poet who races against the element of time, seeking revenge and proving himself in the hunting grounds. Failing in reality, he turns to imagination, which leads him to attribute legendary qualities to his horse,&nbsp;defying convention to express its strength and resilience. Consequently, two models of horses are encountered that differ in purpose and form yet are united in language and expression.The importance of the study lies in its unique approach, thus representing the first study of its kind to address the theme of horses in both the Qur ’ anic text and Arabic poetry. This is where the significance of the semiotic method becomes evident in studying Quranic texts and comparing them to literary texts. The study also highlights the importance of the comparative analysis between the Qur ’ anic and literary texts. Previous research in this field shows no single study to have specifically explored the depiction of horses in both Surah Al- ’ Adiyat and the poetic verses of Imru ’ al-Qais. Rather, these topics have been examined separately. In addition to the semiotic analysis of and comparison between the two texts, the study gains additional significance in how it has employed a multidimensional approach by delving into the connotations of images and symbols and exploring everything surrounding the external and internal worlds of these texts.Finally, while the two texts can be said to have points of similarity regarding certain images and scenes, such as the strength and speed of horses, as well as in the language and verbal expression showing many commonalities, the differences between the two texts are also clear and prominent. Surah Al- ’ Adiyat portrays horses as real horses that reflect a clear concept in Arab society, particularly in the broader Islamic community. These horses are depicted as combatants that are strong in their faith, believe in the virtue of jihad, and anticipate ultimate victory. On the other hand, the poem “Mu ’ allaqa” confines its horses to the context of preIslamic society, which only believed in tribal loyalty, pursuit, and leisure in the wilderness. Consequently, the latter horse depiction lacks spiritual values and possesses qualities that are unrealistic and extraordinary and that contradict logic. In summary, while having some similarities, the portrayals of horses in Surah Al- ’ Adiyat and in Imru ’ al-Qaisi poem “Mu ’ allaqa” differ significantly in their underlying concepts, values, and roles assigned to the horses within their respective cultural and religious contexts.

The Depiction of Horses in Surah Al-’Adiyat and in Imru ’ al-Qais’ “Mu’allaqa”: A Comparative Semiotic Study

Murat

Sami

al-Walīd II was one of the most marginal heads of state or caliphs in the history of the Umayyads. In terms of his character, he attached great importance to women, drinking, music, singers, poetry, and entertainment for the majority of his life. In other words, he made them the focal points of his life. However, since more serious matters (e.g., religion and state affairs) were obstacles to his enjoyment, he simply did not bother with such issues. This attitude was closely related to his upbringing. For example, al-Walīd II was raised in a prosperous and luxurious environment, in which his mother, (Zaynab) Umm al-Hajjāj bint Muhammad, advised her husband, Yazīd b. ‘Abd al-Malik II, to basically spoil the child, creating the foundation for his reckless character devoid of seriousness. Although he eventually became the head of state, the pages of history mainly include narratives about his personal/private life, instead of his political/administrative actions.Overall, there are two issues about al-Walīd II’s private life that are strikingly important: his love and marriage life. In this regard, al-Walīd II was not only in love with several women, but he also formally married them. In fact, al-Walīd II married three women who were not concubines, but free women. Their names, in order of their marriages, are: 1) Sa’de bnt. Sa’d b. Khalid b. Amr b. Sa’d ‘Uthman b. Affan; 2) tika bnt. ‘Uthman b. Muhammad b. ‘Uthman b. Muhammad b. Abū Sufyān b. Harb; and 3) Salmā bnt. Sa’id b. Khalid b. Amr b. Sa’id ‘Uthman b. Affan. Apart from these, there is mention of a Christian woman named Sufrā who entered the life of al-Walīd II and became passionately involved with him. However, there is no information regarding whether she married him.The first notable aspect about al-Walīd II’s marriage to Sa’de is that he was relatively young at the time. This marriage was also based on his father’s need for social and political gain, and to preserve the unity of the Umayyad family. As for Sa’de’s lineage, it dated back to the saint (caliph) ‘Uthman, who was a member of the Umayyad clan. In this regard, many caliphs arranged such marriages based on similar reasons/purposes. However, al-Walīd II’s marriage to Sa’de ended because of his infidelity. Namely, after seeing Salmā (Sa’de’s sister) and immediately falling in love with her, he divorced Sa’de. Interestingly, although al-Walīd II asked Salmā’s father for her hand in marriage, he did not receive a favorable response. Then, in his attempt to remarry Sa’de, he expressed his sorrow and regret through poems, after which she informed him that she had already married someone else.The woman whom Walīd II married after Sa’de was tika bnt. ‘Uthman b. Muhammad b. ‘Uthman b. Muhammad b. Abū Sufyān b. Harb. This marriage was neither a love-based nor a political marriage, but one to simply fill the emotional void caused by Sa’de and Salmā. Eventually, al-Walīd II’s first and most important wish after becoming a caliph was to marry Salmā. Having failed to do so while he was the heir apparent, al-Walīd II asked for Salmā’s hand again upon taking the caliphate throne, after which his request was granted. At this&nbsp;point, al-Walīd II’s love for Salmā was one that was unmatched. In a sense, he became blind to anything but Selmā, and recited beautiful poems to show that she was the most precious thing in his life. He even mentioned that he could have Salmā become a head of state, that she had a status similar to pilgrimage and kumrah for him, and that he saw her as a “moon.” Meanwhile, the poems he recited to her had increased his reputation as a poet. In sum, Salmā turned al-Walīd II into a man of love and a poet of love. Subsequently, Sufrā, whom al-Walīd II did not marry, but fell in love with at first sight, did not initially return al-Walīd II’s love. However, Sufrā fell in love with al-Walīd II after he recited beautiful poems for her. Moreover, he was willing to burn in hell for Sufrā and abandon prayer, which was unheard of at the time. Such actions indicate that al-Walīd II was simply created for feeling love and reciting poetry.As a natural consequence of his personal characteristics, al-Walīd II preferred to live life according to extremes, especially in regard to love and marriage. Therefore, this study examines al-Walīd II’s love and marriage life, with specific focus on his poetic language in situations that were important to him. It also sheds light on the private life of al-Walīd II, indirectly enabling us to gain insights into the characteristics of the caliphs who sat on the throne toward the fall of the Umayyads. It also reveals how important it is in research on any historical figure to examine the basic elements of the individual’s private life.

An Overview of the Love and Marriage Life of the Umayyad Caliph al-Walīd II: A Love Poet

Musa

The question of whether Dīwān-e Kabīr contains poetic couplets, as in Mevlana’s Masnavi, is intriguing. It is important to consider whether there are data on the subject and the similarities and differences exist between these texts and those in the Masnavi. Although both of his works are considered to be among the peaks of Sufi literature, they have so far received little attention in terms of the art of poetry. Some literary scholars have even argued that Mevlana’s works need not be analysed from the perspective of poetics and that such an approach would be incompatible with his exalted position in the hearts of the people. Such research is required better to understand his personality and art as an artist and to pave the way for contemporary literary scholars to study Mevlana’s narration.The fact that Mevlana wrote the Masnavi, which has 6 books and 25,672 couplets, and the Dīwān-e Kabīr, which has 36,360 couplets (around 40,236 couplets when rubais are included), in verse, does not require us to evaluate his poetry and poet identity in this manner.Mevlana wrote his two voluminous works, the Masnavi and Dīwān-e Kabīr, in the form of poetry. The debate over whether he should be referred to as a poet with a historical perspective and whether his texts should be considered poetry is pointless at this time. At this point in literary studies, new perspectives are presented on a wide range of topics, including intertextual relations, author–text, fiction–reality, work–artist life, and the oral–written work relationship.Mevlana’s texts, which are among the most impressive works in Eastern and Western literature, are mostly studies that caress the emotions, and prioritize a miracle-centered approach or personal gains by expressing admiration. However, studies that will contribute to our understanding of these extraordinary works are required, such as the methods by which the texts are created, the explanatory clues within them, and the relationship between the artist and the work. In this sense, our classical works will become more accessible to us if we approach them as books written by ordinary people rather than miraculous texts.Mevlana’s use of the pseudonym Shams-i Tabrīzī and the emphasis he places on it can be interpreted as him concealing himself under his name. This situation is similar to that of Socrates, who, despite having no works, was forced to speak by his student Plato as if he had written one. Perhaps the primary motivation for this pseudonym and naming is a sense of loyalty to the fact that the work arose due to encounters and conversations with Shams-i Tabrīzī.Dīwān-e Kabīr differs from Masnavî in terms of poetic form, word selection, internal and external sound harmony, imagery, and connotation. At this point, Masnavi is a work that focuses on meaning and considers the addressee’s feelings and thoughts. The ghazals describe the artist Mevlana’s normal state of ecstasy. The work also reflects his tendency toward sema.In the Masnavi, Mevlana is himself; he appears as a jurist, muhaddith, and exegete, but in Dīwān-e Shams-e Tabrīzī he is ecstatic and talking to himself as if he has ascended to heaven. In the Masnavi, he wanders on earth and is guided by Hüsameddin Çelebi, whereas in the ghazals, he is in the heavens and is the murshid.&nbsp;In the Masnavi, he speaks in common idioms and must adhere to the remel bahr, whereas in the ghazals, he uses his own idioms and can employ a wide range of meters. In his ghazals, particularly in the first and fifth books, he is calmer and elaborates on the mazmun, whereas in his later poems, he expresses his intention in fewer couplets and all at once.When viewed holistically, the state of mind in which Mevlana expresses his feelings and thoughts in Dīwān-e Kabīr reflects a consciousness that is dissatisfied with life in this world and thus wishes to reclaim the soul that was at peace and attained manifestation prior to his arrival. His poetry is an attempt to return to his eternal perfection.&nbsp;Although Mevlana, who admired the penmen’s mastery of words, preferred to speak without letters, words, rhyme, or verse, his suffering forced him to do so. Because he did not want to follow in the footsteps of those who had used the language of wisdom before him, he built a wall of silence to prevent overflow.Mevlana’s poetry was not written only to benefit or to showcase his talent as a poet. His poetry is a song that interprets the world, people, and life by looking beyond the visible. Mevlana, who feels the truth in his soul, wants to convey it to his interlocutors and sings his ghazals with this intention.Many of Mevlana’s ghazals contain poetic couplets, and others are almost entirely poetic. These poetic couplets are typically found in the “makta/last couplet of the ghazal” or close to it. This situation alone indicates that Mevlana was in a poetic mood simultaneously.There has also been much discussion about language in Mevlana’s ghazals. Despite being an artist who uses language skillfully, he complains about it. His analogies about the tongue and the heart are unique in the following couplets. He attributes the beauty of the word to the speaker’s purity and expresses the theft of using someone else’s words as one’s own by bringing to our attention the issue of plagiarism centuries ago.According to Mevlana, it is necessary not to speak and remain silent in the presence of those unfamiliar with the location where the word is spoken and may understand something other than what the speaker wishes to express. There is also the possibility of encountering people with negative attitudes in the community.

Poetic couplets in Mevlana’s Divan-ı Kebir

Selda

Nubia is in Upper Egypt, right next to Aswan, starting from the first waterfall on the Nile River and extending to the sixth waterfall or, according to some people, to the point where the White and Blue Nile branches meet. The people living there are called Nubian. During the reign of Yavuz Sultan Selim (1512–1520), administrative organizations were established in Aswan and Ibrim in Lower Nubia, which came under Ottoman rule. In addition, the Ottomans called the people of the region Berber and Berberistan. This study explores the socioeconomic and cultural history of the Nubian region, drawing on John Lewis Burckhardt’s observations of Nubia. This region has been understudied in Turkish historiography, with limited historical information available.Upper Egypt and Nubia remained relatively unnoticed until the nineteenth century, when the “Egyptian question” emerged. What we mean by the Egyptian question is the transformation of Egypt, which started with Napoleon’s expedition to the Orient, into an area of international strategic competition in the Eastern Mediterranean. After Napoleon’s invasion, Egypt’s relations with the Ottoman Empire were never the same again, and Egypt and its surroundings became a colonial object throughout the 19th century. However, traditionally, for the Ottomans and imperial Europe, Africa was considered to consist only of Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. In accordance with that view, an examination of the Ottoman Archives indicates a scarcity of correspondence regarding Upper Egypt and Nubia. In modern Turkish historiography, Cengiz Orhonlu’s book Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Güney Siyaseti: Habeş Eyaleti (Istanbul, 1974) stands out as one of the pioneering studies on the southern provinces of the Ottoman Empire.The historical significance of Nubia has been a point of contention between Sudan and Egypt, complicated by regional and global developments in the nineteenth century. After Mehmet Ali Pasha’s annexation of Nubia in 1841, the region became a central point of conflict between Egypt and Sudan and attracted European colonial interest because of its unique characteristics.In the nineteenth century, diverse people, including travelers, scientists, explorers, and missionaries, were drawn to Africa, one of the last largely unexplored geographic areas at the time. Although slavery and related issues dominated Western perceptions of Africa, motives for exploration included trade and the spread of Christianity. In particular, motivations for travel diverged from the search in earlier periods for new and shorter routes to the East. The later motivations focused instead on the acquisition of new knowledge and the establishment of new settlements. In line with that, this article’s introduction contextualizes the rise of European interest in Africa during the nineteenth century, highlighting the dual influence of colonial policies and an awareness of the freedom of black peoples on British political and intellectual elites. The African Association, founded in London in June 1788, epitomized the era’s curiosity, discovery, and sense of adventure. Moreover, travelers’ diaries and notes have emerged as crucial sources for the history of Upper Egypt and Nubia.John Lewis Burckhardt (1784–1817), a Swiss traveler and explorer, is famous for his trips to the Middle East in the early nineteenth century, including observations of Nubia. His travels between 1809 and 1816, undertaken on behalf of the African Association, aimed to&nbsp;discover Africa’s interior. His book Travels in Nubia (1819) is central to this study, providing invaluable insights into the ethnography, religion, trade, economics, and political geography of this crucial region in the Nile Valley. Western and Ottoman knowledge of Nubia in the nineteenth century was limited. In that context, Burckhardt’s reports provide a detailed and vivid account of the “unknown Nubia.”&nbsp;Burckhardt, who has not been studied in detail in Turkey, was the first European to rediscover the ruins of the ancient Nabataean city of Petra in 1812. He fulfilled his duties like a Muslim during his 1815 visit to Mecca, and he collected valuable antiques during his residence in Egypt at various times between 1812 and 1817. The collection was later exhibited at the British Museum. It is important to note that Burckhardt used a Muslim identity during his travels and that he went to holy cities on pilgrimage, which is obligatory for Muslims. However, his most important goal was to carry out a Saharan expedition. He learned about the existence of the caravan route extending to Southern Sahara via Kordofan-Dârfur-Western Sudan via the Nile Valley.Even though Burckhardt could not complete that goal, what remained of his effort were his letters, travel notes, and recorded experiences for the benefit of future travelers in that region. Moreover, the texts he wrote about his travels are valuable in terms of orientalist and colonialist literature because they contain firsthand material on the physical map and ethnological capital of that region.Burckhardt’s African adventure can be read as a summary of colonial Europe’s interest in the dark continent. However, he was not a colonial official but a member of an association of romantic enthusiasts in London. His writings represent a map of the traveler, the orientalist, and the modern anthropologist. The corpus he left behind shows his obvious difference from that of his contemporary Europeans. Burckhardt has the qualifications of a professional anthropologist. He was trained for the job. The two-and-a-half years he spent in Bilad al-Sham and the one year he lived in Egypt gave him as much experience for using during his travels in Nubia and Arabia.In addition, in modern historiography, the increasing recent interest in travelogues or travel notes raises the question of what and how those texts can provide for readers. The first motivation is the appeal of the personal adventure that travelers or writers present when describing the geographies they have experienced and traveled through. However, travelogue is not just a literary genre, and its literary approach alone is insufficient. The traveler acts as a reflector between today’s readers and the society he witnessed through his personality, functions, and affiliations and the period in which he lived. Regardless of personal inclinations or acquired interests, social status also played a decisive role in choosing the geography to visit. The descriptions or concepts in travelogues which form the image of the East in Western thought at every level present another perspective about that place and society to the historian in official documents.

John Lewis Burckhardt’s Nile Journeys and Nubia

Yaşar

Res. Assist. Dr.

Riddle in Ancient Iran: Riddle Debate in the Matikan-e Yusht Faryan

Sümeyye

Suffering from Separation Commentary of a Ghazal of Saadi

Review of “Crusades and Violence” by Megan Cassidy-Welch

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Ayman

Lecturer

THE IMAGE OF CAIRO AND ISTANBUL IN "A JOURNEY TO ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

Asuman

Mahmûd the sultan of the kingdom of Ghazna who is the son of Sebüktigin received a religious and political education traditionally from a young age and raised as a good statesman. Mahmûd of Ghazni, who was one of the exceptional statesmen of the Turkish-Islamic world with his administrative talent, politics and great victories, spent most of his life on the battlefields. He tried to throw all the great figures together in his palace and paid court to the poets and scholars. He also invited poets from neighboring countries to their countries. Although the fact that there were 400 poets in his palace in which official language is Persian is accepted exaggeration, it is significant to see that he highlights the importance of poetry and literature. Ebü’l-Hasen Alî b. Cûlûg Ferruhî-yi Sîstânî who is one of the first eulogists in Iranian literature in Islamic period was one of the poet laureates of Mahmûd of Ghazni after Mahmûd came to the throne and he lived in the period of Sultan Mahmûd and his two sons Muhammed and Mesud. The poet wrote ode to the king in the meeting heldy by Mahmûd Ghazni in religious days. Additionally, he joined Mahmûd of Ghazni’s all Indian expeditions and gave information about them in his odes. He wrote an ode with sixty-nine couplets in the form of an elegy and he wrote both his love for Sultan Mahmûd and his sorrow over his death by praising to him in this poem. The poet expresses his pain after the death of Sultan with his sincere feelings through his poetry. Although love, drunkenness, joy, and happiness are general themes in his poems, he also mentions his pains and sorrows in this poem. In fact, this ode is a story of both the concern for future after the death of Mahmûd Ghazni and all palace and city people who are in shock and lament. He mentions a grieving city with a clear, simple and fluent poetic language in a realistic way.&nbsp;

AN ELEGY TO SULTAN MAHMÛD’S FINAL JOURNEY

Abdelkader

Writing, also called lettering, calligraphy or script, is the symbolization of speech by signs and forms. In other words, it is the lettering of words alphabetically. Calligraphy or script generally belongs to the language it represents, and holds its name. Hence, there is for example, Arabic, Ottoman, or Latin writing. Human beings in general, particularly Arabs and Muslims, have created types of writing or calligraphy in different fields throughout ages; such as various kinds of scripts produced by nations, the Ottoman writing used by Muslims for the writing of Quranic verses, and others. The Orthographic writing is more common and widely used, nearly in all that is written in the Arabic language, whereas the Ottoman writing is narrowly used and limited only to the writing of Quran and the science of Tajweed. It can be said that the activity of adjustment, also called form, is the use of some symbols that accompany the letters to determine their sounds. It is both a system for the formation of consonants to perform the intended meaning, and the “basis for correct reading”. In some cases, the lack of adjustment may change the meaning. The term ‘adjustment’ in the Ottoman writing and in Tajweed corresponds similarly to ‘form’ in Orthographic writing. However, adjustment is more signifying than form, because it contains other marks.There are numerous writings in the world, differing up to the fields and situations. Writings can be classified into six (6) types as follows: Ottoman writing, orthographic spelling, poetic writing, phonetic writing, Braille writing and Morse writing. All these kinds of writing have been used and still exist nowadays as means of human interaction and communication in different life fields. The Ottoman writing is the way used during the reign of the third Caliph Othman Bin Affan, may Allah be pleased with him, to write Quran. It is also called Ottoman calligraphy or script. This writing is concerned as a method which should be followed and approved, but not disregarded or violated. The word “Ottoman” here is used in reference to the Caliph Othman Bin Affan, specifically used in Arabic, and only in the&nbsp;writing of verses of the Holy Quran. It is meant by Quranic Mushafs the holy book Quran in various narrations, specifically Hafs reading from Assem and Warsh reading from Nafie. These two recitations are more published and spread in the world. Each of the two forms, orthographic spelling and Ottoman writing, are common in many situations, but different in some others, like adjustment. There are ten symbols in orthographic writing: the short vowels (fatha, damma, kasra), Tanwin (fathatan, dammatan, kesratan), Sukun, Shadda, alif of Medd and the small hamza that are placed above alif, waw, ya and also under the alif with Kasra. However, the adjustment in the Ottoman writing is so worthy that it contains thirty-two symbols. In addition to the ten symbols which exist in the orthographic writing, adjustment in the Ottoman writing contains twenty-two other signs. In our view, these thirtytwo marks of the Ottoman adjustment can be classified into the following eleven (11) categories: short vowels, long vowels, Tanwin, two Sukuns, small Hamza, junction adjustment, literal adjustment, word adjustment, point adjustment, lozenge adjustment, adjustment in form of zero, adjustment using color. In the three Arabic writings, orthographic, poetic or phonetic, only the first five categories (short vowels, Tanwin, two Sukuns, small Hamza, and Alif of Medd) are used. However, all the categories are used in the Ottoman writing, which is even characterized by using the last seven categories: junction adjustment, literal adjustment, word adjustment, point adjustment, lozenge adjustment, adjustment in form of zero, adjustment using color. This is done for an accurate reading and a perfect recitation of the Holy Quran, without mistakes.&nbsp;

THE ADJUSTMENT OF THE OTTOMAN WRITING OF QURANIC MUS’HAFS

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Fadila

The objective of this article is to highlight the phenomenon of school violence in Algerian society, through the results and statistics obtained by various research and academic field studies, and statistics of the Ministry of Education and National Gendarmerie, and then try to propose some mechanisms to reduce or even reduce Of the phenomenon of school violence, highlighting the role of the family and school as the most important institutions of socialization in building the character of the individual (student) beginning, then the good citizen later. School violence poses several problems related to how to create and even mitigate mitigation mechanisms and strategies. The seriousness of school violence in all its forms and manifestations is reflected in our educational institutions through the astonishing rise of the statistics reached by the Algerian Ministry of National Education in2016, which was estimated at 1661 cases across the nation's states, including 1427 cases of violence among students and 156 cases of assaults against students and teachers 87 cases of assaults of students towards the teachers (for: Dalumi, 2016).To learn about the reality of the violence practiced in our educational institution, the scientific literature and field studies carried out in the various states of the country and at different educational levels show the dangers of violent behavior practiced in our schools and clearly reflect an important aspect of the violence in our educational institutions. Studies: Study of Khaled Abdel Salam (2002-2003) this study was conducted in the state of Setif, and was based on the method of content analysis of the records of the disciplinary boards. (70.43%) compared to 43 cases (29.65%) in the remaining semi-urban and rural areas. The results also confirmed that violence is practiced by males (126.9%) compared to 19 students (13.11%) and violence (92.5%). The researcher concluded that the violence was directed against faculty and administrative staff, but that the biggest victim of the phenomenon of school violence Are teachers and teachers in general and professors in particular, and The main reason behind the problem of school violence in its various forms lies in the lack of discipline within the department (Abdul Salam, 2014, S331-332).Violation of violence in the school environment prevents the school from achieving its educational and educational goals, which negatively affects the personality of the student in all its aspects (psychological, social, relational, cognitive) in particular, and leads to delinquency and deviation to the anomaly, and also affects the structure of the school and Their educational power on the educational system and the social system in general.Violence in schools is a mirror of societal violence, so we must clarify - in short - the concept of violence in general and then scrutinize the understanding of the meaning and causes of school violence and the philosophy of mitigation.1- The family is the first social unit in which a child is born. The emotional deprivation that he or she may suffer through poor parenting (verbal or physical abuse or destruction of the furniture of the house), poor economic conditions and physical and moral disintegration of the family all inevitably affect his or her personality The future, beginning with violence in the house, and then on the street, and then in school, both with peers or with the teacher and even with the self 2- The school is the second institution of social upbringing after the family, and the first link between the individual and society; it is responsible for transferring the culture, traditions and customs of the society to the student, and is obliged to provide knowledge and education to him in the best conditions.On the basis of this, we can make the school an educational institution in which pupils and teachers coexist away from extreme and violent behaviors. If both the family and the school as institutions of socialization can re-examine their real role and function towards the individual and the society, A social environment of security and tranquility. We conclude from the above that the family, school and society must be made aware of the seriousness of the phenomenon of school violence and the need to address it and alleviate it or reduce it by all available educational, psychological and educational means. It is also necessary to emphasize that the institutions of social upbringing - especially the family and the school - And the adoption of the rising generation, but if it abandons its function will destroy and destroy and develop all forms of extremism and violence in the individual and society.

School Violence and Mechanisms For Reducing It in The Algerian Society

Serpil

In this study, a poem work named Tarikh-e Al-e Osmani, of which only one copy exists, by the poet Saeli-ye Shirazi, who was one of the poets of XVI century, is analyzed. This work, along with being an epic poem about Osman Ghazi-era wars and heroism, is also important in philosophical, moral and educational aspects that stand out in some parts of the work.This work of Saeli is similar to Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh in terms of verse form and meter and the material used in the two works is almost the same. Legendary heroes, mythological elements, and some of the compositions that make up the framework of Shahnameh are also seen in Saeili’s work with similar narratives. However, these two works are different from each other; one is a national epic that tells the history of Iran from prehistoric times to the Arabian invasion, and the other is a verse history of the life of only one ruler and the wars he has made. When we compare Saeli’s Tarikh-e Al-e Osmani with other works of this kind, we can easily say that the work is an important masnavi in terms of both the language and the content, not shadowed by another work but has its own style.Saeli is a poet who came to Anatolia during the reign of Bayezid II and observed the periods of Selim the Resolute and Suleiman the Magnificent upon his death. There is not much information about his life before coming to Anatolia, except for his detailed statements in the preamble of his Diwan (collected poems) and in the Tarikh-e Al-e Osmani. The limited number of works that give information about his life are also written in Anatolia. Only Logat-name, Ferhang-i Sokhanvaran and Az-Zaree’a mentioned Saeli’ among the tezkires (collection of biographies) written in Iran in and after the XVIth century. This leads us to think that the poet was not very famous when he was in Iran. With this study, we hope that we will contribute a little bit to what is known about Ottoman history and genealogy of Ottoman period and will shed light to the field studies.

SAELI-YE SHIRAZI WHO WAS ONE OF THE IRANIAN POETS OF XVI CENTURY AND HIS WORK NAMED TARIKH-E AL-E OSMANI

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Journal of Oriental Studies – Şarkiyat Mecmuası, which is the official publication of Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters, the Oriental Research Center is an open access, peer-reviewed, multilingual, scholarly and international journal published two times a year (April and October) . It was founded in 1956. As of 2024, the print version has been stopped. The journal has become an online-only publication.

Journal of Oriental Studies aims to contribute to the scientific knowledge in the field of Eastern languages and literatures by publishing original articles, reviews, scientific criticism, book review and translation articles.

The journal considers manuscripts on all aspects of Eastern languages and literatures. Subject areas of interest include language and literature, history, history of literature, art and culture concerning Eastern languages and literatures. The target audience of the journal is academics, researchers, professionals, students and related professional, academic institutions and organizations. The publication languages of the journal are Turkish, English, German, French, Chinese, Hindi, Persian, Arabic, Korean and Urdu.

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Journal of Oriental Studies

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Journal of Oriental Studies aims to contribute to the scientific knowledge in the field of Eastern languages and literatures by publishing original research articles, reviews, scientific criticism, book review and translation articles.The journal considers manuscripts on all aspects of Eastern languages and literatures. Subject areas of interest include language and literature, history, history of literature, language education-training and teaching, art and culture concerning Eastern languages and literatures. The target audience of the journal is academics, researchers, professionals, students and related professional, academic institutions and organizations. The publication languages of the journal are Turkish, English, Chinese, Hindi, Persian, Arabic, Korean and Urdu.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ERIH PLUS</li><li>EBSCO Academic Search Ultimate</li><li>ProQuest Central     </li><li>ProQuest Turkey Database   </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Database   </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection​</li><li>SOBIAD</li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Oriental Studies is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the &#65279;<a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>&#65279;, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, to access the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparencyand-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparencyand-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publisher) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Journal of Oriental Studies adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules. <ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/ conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a codecision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/D538DD51EE224FEC8102354D8CBFA88D" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication, and must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers, and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.​ The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

Manuscript Rules1. The articles written in Turkish of Turkey, except special uses, ought to be befitted to Spelling Dictionary by Turkish Language Association in terms of spelling rules. The writings must be expressed clearly in terms of scientific dimensions.2. Title: It should describe the article and reflect the basic concepts, discussions and the main argument of the article. Turkish title should be written in bold, 11 point size, Times New Roman; English title should be 10 point size, bold, Times New Roman. Arabic, Persian and Urdu title should be in bold, 11 point size, Traditional Arabic, in the middle under the English title. It should not exceed 12 words.3. Author’s name and address: The name and surname of author under two lines of title, in the right side, right justified. An Asteriks symbol should be added at the end of the author’s surname as a footpoint, and include the author’s academic title, and e-mail address (9 points, justified) . [Prof. Dr., Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters, Arabic Language and Literature Chair, ORCID:…….., (……@......)].4. Abstract: It must contain a short summary of the main parts (entry, evidence, method, argument, result and proposal) of the article. It should provide the reader to modify the content of the article in a short time and to decide if he needs to read the whole article or not. The given information should not exceed one sentence. The evidences and the resolution part may consist of more than one sentence. The sentences must be clear and understandable and must be written in the past tense. In the abstract, there should not be any tables, illustrations, quotations and references.Turkish abstract should be at the beginning of the article text following the title, between 180-200 words, 10 point size, right and left 10 mm spaced and justified. English abstract should follow Turkish abstract. If the article is written in a different language from these two languages, the third abstract should be prepared in the relevant language by the same rules.5. Keywords: should be given following the abstract written in Turkish, English and in the relevant language if any. Keywords should be up to 5 words and should provide access to the article.6. Article Text: Articles should be submitted as Microsoft Word, Word 98 or higher versions documents. The text should be written in Times New Roman, 11 point size, at 1 line spacing. The articles in Arabic, Persian and Urdu should be written in Traditional Arabic, 11 point size, at 1 line spacing . The page size should be 165X240, 20 mm space from the right and left page sides, 30 mm from the bottom, 35 mm from the top of the page. The paragraph indentation should be 5 mm.7. Titles in the article: Subtitles should be 11 point size and letter/number system should be based on. The first letter of the each Word in the title should be capital.8. Informative Abstract: It has the same characteristics with abstract basically, but it is different from the abstract in terms of the length and details. It gives more detailed information than the abstract. The length of the summary should be %10-15 of the article. Tables and diagrams can take place in the summary. It should be at the end of the article and should contain the aim, argument, method, evidence and result of the article as it is in the abstract. The given information should be more detailed in comparision with the abstract. Any evidence and result that does not take place in the article also should not take place in the summary. In the summary, there should not be any references to the article text.9. First page header in the article: İ.Ü. ŞARKİYAT MECMUASI SAYI…(201..-1/2) The pages of the artical in the journal should be written.10. Left header in the article: The name of the article should be written.11. Right Header in the article: Author’s name/ ŞARKİYAT MECMUASI SAYI…(201..-1/2) the pages of the artical in the journal should be written.12. Footnotes/ Quotations and References: Footnotes should be given automatically in the MS Word program at the foot of each relevant page as 9 point size and justified. If the footnote is a website, the access date should also be given in parentheses. Chicago Manual of Style is used in writing footnotes and bibliography.Ensure that the following items are present:- Abstract- Extended Abstract- Introduction- Article Text- Conclusion- References

Author Guidelines

Journal of Oriental Studies - Şarkiyat Mecmuası has adopted the “notes and bibliography” documentation system preferred by many in the humanities, including those in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, a bibliography. Authors who would send proposals to the journal are kindly invited to follow the examples given below when writing the footnotes and compiling the bibliography. These examples are borrowed from the Chicago Manual of Style (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html). A few more examples have also been added. Further information and numerous examples about the “notes and bibliography” system are available at the 14th and 15th chapters of the Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition). A bibliography is needed at the end of research (original) articles, review articles and articles in translation. It should include all sources given in footnotes, captions and appendixes. The bibliography can include separate sections such as archival, manuscript, secondary, and/or electronic sources. Secondary sources are listed after the author’s name. When referring to archival material and manuscripts please note the name of the library and the collection, number and date of the document used if available. Authors who do not have surnames (i.e. Salih Zeki), should be listed according to their first names: Salih Zeki should enter the bibliography under the letter S. Authors with surnames are listed after their surnames (i.e. Adıvar, A. Adnan). Examples: fn (first note), sn (subsequent/short notes), bib (bibliography). Book, one author fn Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16. sn Smith, Swing Time, 320. bib Smith, Zadie. Swing Time. New York: Penguin Press, 2016. Book, two authors fn Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2015), 12. sn Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind, 37. bib Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2015. Chapter or other part of an edited book In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part. fn Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay, ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78. sn Thoreau, “Walking,” 182. bib Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016. In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead. fn John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177- 78. sn D’Agata, American Essay, 182. bib D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016. Translated book fn Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words, trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146. sn Lahiri, In Other Words, 184. bib Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016. E-book For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit). fn Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle. sn Austen, Pride and Prejudice, chap. 14. bib Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle. fn Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary. sn Borel, Fact-Checking, 104–5. bib Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary. fn Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. sn Kurland and Lerner, Founders’ Constitution, chap. 4, doc. 29. bib Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. fn Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html. sn Melville, Moby-Dick, 722–23. bib Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html. Journal article In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar. fn Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235. sn Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23. bib Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235. fn Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE. sn LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101. bib LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE. fn Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170. sn Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73. bib Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum.” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76. fn Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233. sn Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466. bib Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233. News or magazine article Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database. fn Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times, March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html. sn Manjoo, “Snap.” bib Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html. fn Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker, April 17, 2017, 43. sn Mead, “Dystopia,” 47 bib Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker, April 17, 2017. fn Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox, April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter. sn Pai, “History of Peeps.” bib Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox, April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter. fn Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post, July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic sn Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.” bib Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post, July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic. Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.” Book review fn Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith, New York Times, November 7, 2016. sn Kakutani, “Friendship.” bib Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith. New York Times, November 7, 2016. Encyclopaedia entry fn Mogens Herman Hansen, “Athenian Democracy,” The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996). sn Hansen, “Athenian Democracy.” Bib Hansen, Mogens Herman. “Athenian Democracy.” The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996. Interview fn Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air, NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english. sn Stamper, interview. bib Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air, NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english. Thesis or dissertation fn Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100. sn Rutz, “King Lear,” 158. bib Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013. Paper presented at a meeting of a conference fn Rachel Adelman, “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition” (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009). sn Adelman, “Such Stuff as Dreams.” bib Adelman, Rachel. “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009. Manuscripts fn Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, Istanbul, Istanbul University Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, MS T6833, 48a. sn Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, MS T6833, 51b. bib Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, Istanbul, Istanbul University Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, MS T6833, 1a-70b. fn Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan,Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, MS Ayasofya 3682, 26a. sn Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan, MS Ayasofya 3682, 23b. bib Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan,Istanbul,Süleymaniye Library, MS Ayasofya 3682, 1a-311a. Copied on 10 Rabi I 1135 (19 December 1722). Archival documents fn Ottoman Archives of the Turkish Prime Ministry (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, BOA), Cevdet Askeriye (C.AS.) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (7 Nisan 1797). sn BOA, C.AS. 71/3352. bib Ottoman Archives of the Turkish Prime Ministry (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, BOA). Cevdet Askeriye (C. AS) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (7 Nisan 1920). fn Topkapı Palace Museum Archives(Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi, TSMA), E. 3202-2=597-2-7. sn TSMA, E. 3202-2=597-2-7. bibTopkapı Palace Museum Archives(Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi, TSMA). E. 3202-2=597-2-7. Website content fn Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like. sn Bouman, “Black Hole.” bib Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like. fn “Privacy Policy,” Privacy &amp; Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/. sn Google, “Privacy Policy.” bib Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy &amp; Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/. fn “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts. sn “Yale Facts.” bib Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts. Personal communication Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography. fn sn Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

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Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Leyla Yakupoğlu Boran
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Journal of Oriental Studies

ISSUE 38, 2021

The Phenomenon of Piracy in Chinese History and 鄭一嫂 Zheng Yi Sao

Gender Differentiation in the Chinese Language

Mehmed Zihni Efendi’s Method of Using Arabic Dictionaries in his Books

The History of Korean Women’s National Modernization Movement

A Comparison of Fettahi’s Husn u Dil with Fuzuli’s Sıhhat ve Maraz

Raīs al-Zākirīn’s Safarnameh and the Religious Life of Shi‘is in Istanbul

A Review of Khitan Language Materials

Written Expression Errors of Turkish Students Studying Persian as a Foreign Language: Lexico-Semantic Errors

The Turks and Turkish Language at Khwarezm During the Golden Age of Islam

History and The New Novel (Ibrahim Nasrallah’s The Time of White Horses as a Model)

Yabancı Dil Olarak Çince Öğretiminde Dinleme Dersi Öğretimi Sanatı

Endülüs’te Mozarap, Yahudi ve Aljamiado Yazını

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