References

• Bales, W. & Mears, D. (2008). Inmate social ties and the transition to society: does visitation reduce recidivism? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 45, 287–321. google scholar
• Baradon, T., Fonagy, P., Kata, L., Sleed, M. (2008). New beginnings: an experienced-based programme addressing the attachment relationship between mothers and their babies in prison. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 34(2), 240–258. google scholar
• Barrick, K., Lattimore, P., & Visher, C. (2014). Reentering women: the impact of social ties on long-term recidivism. The Prison Journal, 94(3), 279–304. google scholar
• Bayse, D., Allgood, S., & Van Wyk, P. (1991). Family life education: an effective tool for prisoner rehabilitation. Family Relations, 40(3), 245–257. google scholar
• Belknap, J. (1996). The invisible woman: gender, crime, and justice. Belmont, CA, Wadsworth. google scholar
• Benda, B. (2005). Gender differences in life-course theory of recidivism: a survival analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49(3), 325–342. google scholar
• Berg, M. & Huebner, B. (2010). Reentry and the ties that bind: an examination of socialties, employment, and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28(2), 382–410. google scholar
• Bloom, B. & Covington, S. (1998) Gender specific programming for female offenders: what is it and why is it important? Paper presented at the 50th annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Washington, DC. google scholar
• Brewster, D. & Sharp, S. (2002). Educational programs and recidivism in Oklahoma: another look. The Prison Journal, 82(3), 314–334. google scholar
• Calhoun, S., Messina, N., Cartier, J., & Torres, S. (2010). Implementing gender-responsive treatment for women in prison: client and staff perspectives. Federal Probation, 74(3), 27–33. google scholar
• Cao, L., Zhao, J., & Van Dine S. (1997). Prison disciplinary tickets: a test of the deprivation and importation models. Journal of Criminal Justice, 25(2), 103–113. google scholar
• Casey-Acevedo, K., Bakken, T., & Karle, A. (2004). Children visiting mothers in prison: the effect on mothers behavior and Disciplinary Adjustment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 37, 418–430. google scholar
• Cobbina, J., Huebner, B., & Berg, M. (2012). Men, women, and post release offending: an examination of the nature of the link between relational ties and recidivism. Crime & Delinquency, 58(3), 331–361. google scholar
• Cochran, J., Mears, D., Bales, W., & Stewart, E. (2014). Does inmate behavior affect post-release offending? Investigating the misconduct-recidivism relationship among youth and adults. Justice Quarterly 31(6), 1044–1073. google scholar
• Collins, R. (2010). The effect of gender on violent and nonviolent recidivism: a meta-analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 675–684. google scholar
• Davis, S. (1985). Recidivism among offenders released from incarceration in 1982. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Department of Corrections google scholar
• Dooley, B., Seals, A., & Skarbek, D. (2014). The effect of prison gang membership on recidivism. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(3), 267–275. google scholar
• Education Services Newsletter. (2009). Issue II. NDOC. Web. Spring, 2009: 2–3. google scholar
• Esperian, J. (2010). The effect of prison education programs on recidivism. The Journal of Correctional Education, 61(4), 316–334. google scholar
• Fedock, G., Fries, L., & Kubiak S. (2013). Service needs for incarcerated adults: exploring gender differences, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 52, 493–508. google scholar
• Foley, A. (2008). The current state of gender-specific delinquency programming. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(3), 262–269. google scholar
• French, S. A. & Gendreau, P. (2006). Reducing Prison Misconducts: What Works! Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(2), 185–218. google scholar
• Gerber, J., & Fritsch, E. (1995). Adult academic and vocational correctional education programs: a review of recent research. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 22, 199–242. google scholar
• Harer, M. D. (1995). Recidivism among federal prisoners released in 1987. Journal of Correctional Education, 46(3), 98–128. google scholar
• Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press. Holt, N. & Miller, D. (1971). Explorations in Inmate-Family Relationships. Sacramento: Research Division, Department of Corrections, State of California (http://www.fcnetwork.org/reading/holt-miller/holt-miller8. html) google scholar
• Huebner, B., DeJong, C., & Cobbina, J. (2010). Women coming home: long-term patterns of recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 27(2), 225–254. google scholar
• Huebner, B. & Pleggenkuhle, B. (2015). Residential location, household, composition, and recidivism: an analysis by gender. Justice Quarterly, 32(5): 818–844. google scholar
• Huebner, B., Varano, S., & Bynum, T. (2007). Gangs, guns, and drugs: recidivism among serious, young offenders. Criminology & Public Policy, 6(2), 187–221. google scholar
• Jancic, M. (1998). Does correctional education have an effect on recidivism? Journal of Correctional Education, 49(4), 152–161. google scholar
• Jones, M. & Sims, B. (1997). Recidivism of offenders released from prison in North Carolina: a gender comparison. The Prison Journal 77(3), 335–348. google scholar
• Jurik, N. (1983). The economics of female recidivism. Criminology, 21(4), 603–622. google scholar
• Karp, D. (2010). Unlocking me, unmasking masculinities: doing men’s work in prison. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 18(1), 63–83. google scholar
• Keyes, D. (1996). Preventing Prison Misconduct Behavior: A Quantitative Review of the Literature. Unpublished Honor’s Thesis. Saint John, Canada: University of New Brunswick. google scholar
• Laub, J. & Sampson, R. (2003). Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. google scholar
• Lauderdale, M. & Burman, M. (2009). Contemporary patterns of female gangs in correctional settings. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 19(3), 258–280. google scholar
• Makarios, M., Steiner, B., & Travis, L. (2010). Examining the correlates of recidivism among men and women released from prison in Ohio. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(12), 1377–1391. google scholar
• Martinson, R. (1974). What works? Questions and answers about prison reform. The Public Interest, 22–54. google scholar
• Mills, J., Kroner, D., & Hemmati, T. (2003). Predicting violent behavior through a static-stable variable. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(8): 891–904. google scholar
• Mitchell, M., Spooner, K., Jai, D., & Zhang Y. (2016). The effect of prison visitation on reentry success: a metaanalysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 47, 74–83. google scholar
• McCoy, L. & Miller, H. (2013). Comparing gender across risk and recidivism in nonviolent offenders. Women & Criminal Justice, 23(2), 143–162. google scholar
• Mears, D., Cochran, J., Bales, W., & Bhati, A. (2016). Recidivism and time served in prison. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 106(1), 83–124. google scholar
• Minnesota Department of Corrections. (2011). The Effects of Prison Visitation on Offender Recidivism. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Department of Corrections. google scholar
• Morash, M., Bynum, T., & Koons, B. (1998). Women offenders: programming needs and promising approaches. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. google scholar
• Morgan, R. & Flora, D. (2002). Group psychotherapy with incarcerated offenders: a research synthesis. Group Dynamics, 6, 203–218. google scholar
• Olson, D., Stalans, L., and Escobar, G. (2016). Comparing male and female prison releasees across risk factors and post-prison recidivism. Women & Criminal Justice, 26(2), 122–144. google scholar
• Phelps, M. (2011). Rehabilitation in the punitive era: the gap between rhetoric and reality in U.S. prison programs. Law and Society Review, 45(1): 33–68. google scholar
• Piehl, A. (1998). Economic conditions, work, and crime. In M. Tonry (Ed.), The handbook of crime and punishment (pp. 302–319). New York: Oxford University Press. google scholar
• Ryan, J., & Yang, H. (2005). Family contact and recidivism: a longitudinal study of adjudicated delinquents in residential care. Social Work Research, 29, 31–39. google scholar
• Schafer, N. (1994). Exploring the link between visits and parole success: a survey of prison visitors”. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology (38)1, 17–32. google scholar
• Scott, C., Grella, C., Dennis, M., & Funk, R. (2014). Correlates of recidivism over 3 years among substanceusing women released from jail. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 41(11), 1257–1289. google scholar
• Scott, T. & Ruddell, R. (2011). Canadian female gang inmates: risk, needs, and the potential for prison rehabilitation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 50(6), 305–326. google scholar
• Solinas-Saunders, M. & Stacer, M. (2017). A retrospective analysis of repeated incarceration using a national sample: what makes female inmates different to male inmates? Victims & Offenders, 12(1), 138–173. google scholar
• Stuart, B. & Brice-Baker, J. (2004). Correlates of higher rates of recidivism in female prisoners: an exploratory study. The Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 32, 29–70. google scholar
• Sykes, G. (2007). The society of captives: a study of a maximum security prison. Princeton: Princeton University Press. google scholar
• Taylor, C. (2015). Gendered pathways to recidivism: differential effects of family support by gender. Women & Criminal Justice, 25(1), 169–183. google scholar
• Thomas, C. & Foster, S. (1973). The importation model perspective on inmate social roles: an empirical test. Sociological Quarterly, 14, 226–234. google scholar
• Thomas, C. & Peterson, D. (1977). Prison organization and inmate subcultures. Indianapolis, IN: The BobbsMerrill Company, Inc. google scholar
• Tietjen, G., Garneau, C., Horowitz, V., & Noel, H. (2018). Showing up: the gendered effects of social engagement on education participation on U.S. correctional facilities. The Prison Journal, 98(3): 359–381. google scholar
• Tracy, A., Smith, L., & Steurer, S. (1998). Standing up for education: new CEA study seeks to definitively show correlation between education and reduced recidivism. Corrections Today, 60, 144–147. google scholar
• Uggen, C. (2000). Work as a turning point in the life course of criminals: a duration model of age, employment, and recidivism. American Sociological Review, 65(4), 529–546. google scholar
• Wright, E., Van Voorhis, P., Salisbury, E., & Bauman, A. (2012). Gender responsive lessons learned and policy implications for women in prison: a review. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(12), 1612–1632. google scholar

Citations