Journal of Penal Law and Criminology

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426   IUP :10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426    Full Text (PDF)

A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels

Aykut Çalışkan

The concept of fear of crime has frequently been the subject of research on different residential areas and been discussed factually through its emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects. The multifaceted nature of the perspectives put forward regarding fear of crime makes singular evaluations limited. However, measuring fear of crime levels is both relative and brings limitations to theoretical evaluation and methodology discussions. Therefore, fear of crime research is significantly affected by parameter determination and model design processes. This study conducts scanning research on the social causes of the fear of crime phenomenon based on the importance of spatial reality in fear of crime research. At the same time, the study proposes a model design with regard to fear of crime measurements. In this way, the study attempts to understand and overcome the limitations restricting the individual evaluations of social phenomena from a sociological perspective. This research examines within its scope the assumptions of fear of crime approaches using the deductive reasoning technique and develops an analysis strategy and sets of variables based on an eclectic framework and social integration theory. The scaling process of the variable sets included in the research is based on a secondary data analysis. The study obtained and analyzed the open-source data on fear of crime and social integration levels from the Directorate General for Criminal Records and Statistics and the Turkish Statistical Institute. The study has been designed operationally based on the quantitative research method. The study identified the phenomenon of fear of crime and the importance of a change levels in its sociological determinants using a canonical correlation analysis based on the correlational research design. As a result of the analysis, the study discovered a change in fear of crime levels to be related to life satisfaction and migration levels. Subjecting settlements to fear of crime research and detailing the results based on the variables specified on a micro scale are considered useful as these can provide important results in terms of overcoming the research limitations and obtaining valid results.

Keywords: Fear of crime, social integration, social indicators, canonic correlation, Türkiye
DOI :10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426   IUP :10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426    Full Text (PDF)

Suç Korkusunun Toplumsal Parametreleri ile Önem Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Model Tasarımı

Aykut Çalışkan

Alan yazında farklı yerleşim yerleri üzerinden sıklıkla araştırmalara konu edilen suç korkusu kavramı; duygusal, bilişsel ve davranışsal açıdan ele alınabilen nesnel bir araştırma alanıdır. Suç korkusuna yönelik geliştirilen bu bakış açılarının çok yönlü bir niteliğe sahip olması tekil değerlendirmeleri kısıtlı hale getirmektedir. Bununla birlikte suç korkusu düzeylerinin ölçülmesi kuramsal değerlendirme ve metodoloji tartışmalarına hem bağıl bir özellik göstermekte hem de sınırlılık getirmektedir. Dolayısıyla suç korkusu araştırmaları parametre tespiti ve model tasarımından önemli ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada suç korkusu araştırmalarında mekânsal gerçekliğin önemi esas alınarak suç korkusu olgusunun toplumsal nedenleri üzerine bir tarama araştırması yapılmış, suç korkusu ölçümleri açısından model tasarımı önerilmiştir. Böylelikle toplumsal olguların tekil değerlendirmelerini kısıtlı hale getiren sınırlılıklar sosyolojik bakış açısından hareketle anlaşılmaya ve aşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada kapsam olarak tümdengelimsel bir akıl yürütme tekniğiyle suç korkusu yaklaşımlarının sayıltıları incelenmiş, sosyal bütünleşme teorisinden hareketle eklektik bir çerçeve esas alınarak değişken setleri ve çözümleme stratejisi oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmada yer verilen değişken setlerinin ölçeklendirme süreci ikincil veri analizine göre gerçekleştirilmiş olup, suç korkusu ve sosyal bütünleşme düzeylerine ilişkin açık kaynak verileri Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü ile Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’ndan elde edilmiştir. Çalışma operasyonel açıdan nicel araştırma yöntemi üzerine tasarlanmış, korelasyonel araştırma deseni esas alınarak suç korkusu olgusu ve sosyolojik belirleyicilerinin değişim düzeyleri kanonik korelasyon analiziyle tespit edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda suç korkusu düzeylerindeki değişimin yaşam memnuniyeti ve göç etme düzeyleriyle ilişkili olduğu keşfedilmiştir. Yerleşim yerlerinin mikro ölçekte belirtilen değişkenlerden hareketle suç korkusu araştırmalarına konu edilmesinin ve detaylandırılmasının araştırmaların sınırlılığının aşılması ve geçerli sonuçlar elde edilmesi açısından önemli olduğu ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Keywords: Suç korkusu, sosyal bütünleşme, toplumsal göstergeler, kanonik korelasyon, Türkiye

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


The concept of the fear of crime has been researched in the literature on different residential areas and has a multidimensional content involving emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects. The phenomenon of the fear of crime has also been examined through models of vulnerability, social disorganization, and social integration. Although studies on fear of crime are not new in Türkiye, a significant part of the research has been carried out on a micro-scale. Moreover, fear of crime research reflects structural conditions within a certain period. These studies have focused on emotional and socioeconomic indicators and highlighted individual reasons. In this respect, these studies’ prominent features are that fear of crime research is related to locations and the research process. On the other hand, fear of crime studies being shaped according to the influence of the place of residence and the study’s theoretical perspective constitutes an important limitation in terms of producing generalizable results.

The multifaceted nature of the perspectives put forward regarding the phenomenon of fear of crime puts limits on singular evaluations. In addition, measuring fear of crime levels is both relative and brings limitations to theoretical evaluation and methodology discussions. This study primarily discusses the problem of how to measure the concept of fear of crime methodologically. Because no basic consensus on this issue is found in the literature, this study examines theoretical perspectives on scaling the concept of fear of crime. Research has shown fear of crime and perception of the risk of being victimized by crime to be affected by the social environment, one’s perception of being vulnerable to crime, and past experiences of crime victimization (Hale, 1996; Farrall et al., 2009; Doran & Burgess, 2012). The basic view regarding the social integration approach in fear of crime research is that individual attitudes are considered according to the degree of social integration (Gibson et al., 2002). In this regard, determining the social parameters of fear of crime based on the social integration approach and developing an equation are seen as important starting points to overcoming the limitations.

The research models the concept of fear of crime and the social components affecting through a multivariate structure. The scaling process of the variable sets included in the research is based on a secondary data analysis. The study then analyzes open source data on fear of crime and social integration levels from the Directorate General for Criminal Records and Statistics and the Turkish Statistical Institute and determines the phenomenon of fear of crime and the change in its sociological determinants’ levels using a canonical correlation analysis based on the correlational research design. 

In this context, Table 1 shows the dependent variables, with the first dependent variable considered in defining the concept of fear of crime being the intensity of denouncement with respect to residential area in Türkiye. Another dependent variable included in the study is the rate of feeling unsafe while walking alone at night. An evaluation was made according to the assumptions of the social integration approach, due to the study’s aim of examining fear of crime through its social indicators (Adams & Serpe, 2020; Kanan & Pruitt, 2002) when determining the independent variables. The study investigated the importance levels of factors such as personal investment, social commitment, and social cohesion and determined that the variables included in the research have a high level of correlation. Therefore, the study then performed factor analysis to resolve the multicollinearity problem due to the high correlation among the independent variables. As a result of the factor analysis, the independent variables shown in Table 2 are understood to be gathered under three factors: life satisfaction, residential area population mobility, and emigration from residential area. 

The variables of life satisfaction and emigration from the residential area are understood to be important based on the canonical correlation analysis results in Table 2. Among the independent variables in the model, life satisfaction has the highest impact, followed by emigration from the residential area. Further research should scale the distributions for the variables of life satisfaction and emigration from the residential specific to each settlement; afterward, measuring the levels of fear of crime at the emotional and behavioral levels is recommended. Modeling settlements according to the variables specified on a micro scale is thought to be able to provide important outputs for obtaining comparable results in terms of fear of crime measurements between areas.


PDF View

References

  • Adams, R. E., & Serpe, R. T. (2000). Social integration, fear of crime, and life satisfaction. Sociological perspectives, 43(4), 605-629. google scholar
  • Alper, M., & Chappell, A. T. (2012). Untangling fear of crime: A multi-theoretical approach to examining the causes of crime-specific fear. Sociological Spectrum, 32(4), 346-363. google scholar
  • Andrew, G., Arora, R., Bilmes, J., & Livescu, K. (2013, May). Deep canonical correlation analysis. Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR. google scholar
  • Aytaç, S., Derdiman, R., Baştürk, Ş., & Bilir, B. Ö. (2015). Kent Güvenliği Olarak Suç Korkusu: Bursa Örneği. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 3(3), 259-267. google scholar
  • Bachman, R., Randolph, A., & Brown, B. L. (2011). Predicting perceptions of fear at school and going to and from school for African American and White students: The effects of school security measures. Youth & Society, 43(2), 705-726. google scholar
  • Barton, M. S., Weil, F., Jackson, M., & Hickey, D. A. (2017). An Investigation of the Influence of the Spatial Distribution of Neighborhood Violent Crime on Fear of Crime. Crime & Delinquency, 63(13), 1757-1776. google scholar
  • Bernard, Y. (1992). North American and European research on fear of crime. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 41(1), 65-75. google scholar
  • Biderman, A., Johnson, L., McIntyre, J. and Weir, A. (1967), Report on a Pilot Study District of Columbia on Victimization and Attitudes toward Law Enforcement, President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. Field Surveys I. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. google scholar
  • Bolger, M. A., & Bolger, P. C. (2019). Predicting fear of crime: Results from a community survey of a small city. American journal of criminal justice, 44(2), 334-351. google scholar
  • Bowles, R., Garcia Reyes, M., & Garoupa, N. (2009). Crime reporting decisions and the costs of crime. European journal on criminal policy and research, 15(4), 365-377. google scholar
  • Bowling, B. (1993). Racial harassment and the process of victimization: conceptual and methodological implications for the local crime survey. The British journal of criminology, 33(2), 231-250. google scholar
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics (2023, December 16). National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Retrieved from https://bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/ncvs#0-0. google scholar
  • Camacho Doyle, M., Gerell, M., & Andershed, H. (2021). Perceived Unsafety and Fear of Crime: The Role of Violent and Property Crime, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Prior Perceived Unsafety and Fear of Crime. Deviant behavior, 1-19. google scholar
  • Canonical Correlation Analysis, (2023, 6 Ocak), Recieved from: https://online.stat.psu.edu/statprogram/ google scholar
  • Carter, T. M., & Wolfe, S. E. (2021). Explaining the relationship between neighborhood disorder and crime fear: The perceptual role of neighbors and the police. Journal of criminal justice, 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101867 google scholar
  • Chadee, D., & Ditton, J. (2003). Are Older People Most Afraıd Of Crıme? Revisiting Ferraro and LaGrange in Trinidad. The British Journal of Criminology, 43(2), 417-433. google scholar
  • Chadee, D., Ng Ying, N. K., Chadee, M., & Heath, L. (2019). Fear of crime: the influence of general fear, risk, and time perspective. Journal of interpersonal violence, 34(6), 1224-1246. google scholar
  • Cossman, J. S., & Rader, N. E. (2011). Fear of crime and personal vulnerability: Examining self-reported health. Sociological Spectrum, 31(2), 141-162. google scholar
  • Covington, J., & Taylor, R. B. (1991). Fear of crime in urban residential neighborhoods: Implications of between-and within-neighborhood sources for current models. Sociological Quarterly, 32, 231249. google scholar
  • Çalışkan, M. (2019). Suç Korkusu Kullanılarak, Telefon Aracılığıyla Gerçekleştirilen Dolandırıcılık Vakaları (2017-2018) “İstanbul Örneği”. google scholar
  • Medeniyet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 29-42. google scholar
  • Çoklar, I., & Solak, N. (2017). Suç korkusu: Tanım, ölçüm ve belirleyiciler. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(10), 310-328. google scholar
  • De Silva, B., Dharmasiri, K.S., Buddhadasa, M.P.A.A., & Ranaweera, K.G.N.U. (2021). An Overview of Fear of Crime and Its Criminological Significance. GNOSI: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Theory and Praxis, 4(3), 101-125. google scholar
  • Dolliver, M. J., Kenney, J. L., Reid, L. W., & Prohaska, A. (2018). Examining the relationship between media consumption, fear of crime, and support for controversial criminal justice policies using a nationally representative sample. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 34(4), 399-420. google scholar
  • Dolu, O., Uludağ, Ş. & Doğutaş, C. (2010). Suç Korkusu: Nedenleri, Sonuçları ve Güvenlik Politikaları İlişkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 65(1), 57-81. google scholar
  • Doran, B. J., & Burgess, M. B. (2011). Putting fear of crime on the map: Investigating perceptions of crime using geographic information systems. Springer Science & Business Media. google scholar
  • Doran, B. J., & Burgess, M. B. (2011). Putting fear of crime on the map: Investigating perceptions of crime using geographic information systems. London: Springer Science & Business Media. google scholar
  • Doran, B. J., & Burgess, M. B. (2012). Putting Fear of Crime on the Map Investigating Perceptions of Crime Using Geographic Information Systems, Erişim Adresi: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-4419-5647-7.pdf?pdf=button google scholar
  • Ennis, P. (1967), Criminal Victimisation in the United States: A Report of a National President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. Field Surveys II. Wash DC: US Government Printing Office. google scholar
  • Erculj, V., & Mesko, G. (2022). Fear of Crime-Measurement of Fear of Ordinary Crimes and Fear of Crimes in Cyberspacel. Revija za kriminalistiko in krimmologijo/Ljubljana, 73(4), 308-318. google scholar
  • Erkan, N. Ç., & Sevin, B. (2018). Suç Korkusu Konusunda Bir İnceleme: Kadıköy Örneği. Planlama Dergisi, 28(3), 315-327. google scholar
  • Etopio, A. L., & Berthelot, E. R. (2022). Defining and Measuring Fear of Crime: A New Validated Scale Created from Emotion Theory, Qualitative Interviews, and Factor Analyses. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 23(1), 46-67. google scholar
  • Farrall, S. D., Jackson, J., & Gray, E. (2009). Social order and the fear of crime in contemporary times. New York: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Farrall, S., & Gadd, D. (2004). Research note: The frequency of the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 44(1), 127-132. google scholar
  • Farrall, S., Bannister, J., Ditton, J., & Gilchrist, E. (1997). Questioning the measurement of the ‘fear of crime’: Findings from a major methodological study. The British Journal of Criminology, 37(4), 658-679. google scholar
  • Fattah B. W., Pfeiffer, C., & Wetzels, P. (1993). Fear of crime and criminal victimization. Stuttgart: Enke. google scholar
  • Fattah, E. A., & Sacco, V. F. (1989). Crime and victimization of the elderly. New York: Springer-Verlag. google scholar
  • Ferguson, K. M., & Mindel, C. H. (2007). Modeling fear of crime in Dallas neighborhoods: A test of social capital theory. Crime & Delinquency, 53(2), 322-349. google scholar
  • Ferraro, K. F. (1995). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk. State University of New York. google scholar
  • Ferraro, K. F., & LaGrange, R. L. (1992). Are older people most afraid of crime? Reconsidering age differences in fear of victimization. Journal of gerontology, 47(5), 233-244. google scholar
  • Fisher, B. S., & Nasar, J. L. (1992). Fear of crime in relation to three exterior site features: Prospect, refuge, and escape. Environment and Behavior, 24(1), 35-65. google scholar
  • Franc, R., & Sucic, I. (2021). Fear of Crime. (Ed: Alex Michalos), In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (pp. 1-7). Cham: Springer International Publishing. google scholar
  • Franklin, C. A., & Franklin, T. W. (2009). Predicting fear of crime: Considering differences across gender. Feminist Criminology, 4(1), 83-106. google scholar
  • Franklin, T., Franklin, C., & Fearn, N. (2008). A multilevel analysis of the vulnerability, disorder, and social integration models of fear of crime. Social Justice Research, 21, 204-227. google scholar
  • Furstenberg, F. F. (1971). Public reaction to crime in the streets. The American Scholar, 4(4), 601-610. google scholar
  • Furstenberg, F. F. (2017). Public reaction to crime in the streets. (Ed: Jason Ditton), Stephen Farrall, In the Fear of Crime (pp. 3-12). Routledge. google scholar
  • Gabriel, U., & Greve, W. (2003). The psychology of fear of crime. Conceptual and methodological perspectives. British journal of criminology, 43(3), 600-614. google scholar
  • Gainey, R., Alper, M., & Chappell, A. T. (2011). Fear of crime revisited: Examining the direct and indirect effects of disorder, risk perception, and social capital. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 36(2), 120-137. google scholar
  • Garofalo, J. (1979). Victimization and the fear of crime. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 16(1), 80-97. google scholar
  • Garofalo, J. (1981). The fear of crime: causes and consequences. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72(2), 839-857. google scholar
  • Garofalo, J. (1981). The fear of crime: Causes and consequences. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 72(2), 839-857. google scholar
  • Gibson, C. L., Zhao, J., Lovrich, N. P., & Gaffney, M. J. (2002). Social integration, individual perceptions of collective efficacy, and fear of crime in three cities. Justice quarterly, 19(3), 537-564. google scholar
  • Grabosky, P. N. (1995). Fear of crime, and fear reduction strategies. Current issues in criminal justice, 7(1), 7-19. google scholar
  • Gray, E., Jackson, J., & Farrall, S. (2008). Reassessing the fear of crime. European journal of criminology, 5(3), 363-380. google scholar
  • Gün-Çınğı, T. (2020). Korku Mekanları: Terör Korkusunun Mekânsal Boyutu ve Kaçınma Davranışı. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23(1), 1-33. google scholar
  • Gündoğdu, H. M., & Metintaş, F. (2022). Kırklareli Merkezde Kadın ve Suç Korkusu Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 1-17. google scholar
  • Hale, C. (1996). Fear of crime: A review of the literature. International review of Victimology, 4(2), 79-150. google scholar
  • Hanslmaier, M., Kemme, S., & Baier, D. (2016). Victimisation, fear of crime and life satisfaction. (Ed: Dirk Baier, Christian Pfeiffer), In Representative studies on victimisation (pp. 251-284), Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. google scholar
  • Hart, T. C., Chataway, M., & Mellberg, J. (2022). Measuring fear of crime during the past 25 years: A systematic quantitative literature review. Journal of Criminal Justice, 82, Recieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235222001088 google scholar
  • Henson, B., & Reyns, B. W. (2015). The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. . . and crime: The current state of the fear of crime literature and where it should go next. Sociology Compass, 9(2), 91-103. google scholar
  • Hough M. (1995). Anxiety about crime: Findings from the 1994 British Crime Survey (Home Office Research Study 147). London, England: Home Office. google scholar
  • Hunter, L. M., Krannich, R. S., & Smith, M. D. (2002). Rural migration, rapid growth, and fear of crime. Rural Sociology, 67(1), 71-89. google scholar
  • Innes, M. (2015). ‘Place-ing’fear of crime. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 20(2), 215-217. google scholar
  • Jackson, J. (2005). Validating new measures of the fear of crime. International journal of social research methodology, 8(4), 297-315. google scholar
  • Jackson, J. (2009). A psychological perspective on vulnerability in the fear of crime. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(4), 365-390. google scholar
  • Jackson, J. & Gouseti, I. (2014). Fear of Crime. Recieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291775791_Fear_of_Crime google scholar
  • Jackson, J., & Gouseti, I. (2016). Threatened by violence: Affective and cognitive reactions to violent victimization. Journal of interpersonal violence, 31(18), 2987-3016. google scholar
  • Juan, C. S., Vozmediano, L., & Vergara, A. I. (2010). Self-protective behaviour against crime in urban settings: Diagnosis through surveys and Geographic Information Systems. Psyecology, 1(2), 253-262. google scholar
  • Kanan, J. W., & Pruitt, M. V. (2002). Modeling fear of crime and perceived victimization risk: The (in) significance of neighborhood integration. Sociological inquiry, 72(4), 527-548. google scholar
  • Karakus, O., McGarrell, E. F., & Basibuyuk, O. (2010). Fear of crime among citizens of Turkey. Journal of criminal justice, 38(2), 174-184. google scholar
  • Karakuş, Ö. (2013). Suç Korkusunun Sosyolojik Belirleyenleri: Sosyal Sermaye mi? Sosyal Kontrol mü?. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 1-19. google scholar
  • Karasu, M. A. (2017). Kentsel Mekânda Suç Korkusu-Şanliurfa Örneği. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 20(1), 41-76. google scholar
  • Krulichova, E. (2019). The relationship between fear of crime and risk perception across Europe. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 19(2), 197-214. google scholar
  • Krulichova, E., & Podana, Z. (2019). Adolescent fear of crime: Testing Ferraro’s risk interpretation model. European journal of criminology, 16(6), 746-766. google scholar
  • Kuen, K., Weisburd, D., White, C., & Hinkle, J. C. (2022). Examining impacts of street characteristics on residents’ fear of crime: Evidence from a longitudinal study of crime hot spots. Journal of Criminal Justice, (82), 101984. google scholar
  • LaGrange, R. L., Ferraro, K. F., & Supancic, M. (1992). Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of social and physical incivilities. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 29(3), 311-334. google scholar
  • Lagrange, S. L., & Ferarro, K. F. (1987). The Measurement of fear of crime. Sociological Inquiry, 57(1), 70-97. google scholar
  • Lewis, D. A., & Salem, G. W. (2017). Fear of crime: Incivility and the production of a social problem. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203792032 google scholar
  • Lotz, R. (1979). Public anxiety about crime. Pacific Sociological Review, 22(2), 241-254. google scholar
  • Markowitz, F. E., Bellair, P. E., Liska, A. E., & Liu, J. (2001). Extending social disorganization theory: Modeling the relationships between cohesion, disorder, and fear. Criminology, 39(2), 293-319. google scholar
  • Maxfield, M. G. (1984). The limits of vulnerability in explaining fear of crime: A comparative neighborhood analysis. Journal of research in Crime and Delinquency, 21(3), 233-250. google scholar
  • McGarrell, E. F., Giacomazzi, A. L., & Thurman, Q. C. (1997). Neighborhood disorder, integration, and the fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 14(3), 479-500. google scholar
  • Michalos, A.C, Zumbo, B.D. (2000). Criminal Victimisation and the Quality of Life. Social Indicators Research, (50), 245-295. google scholar
  • M0ller, V. (2005). Resilient or Resigned? Criminal Victimisation and Quality of Life in South Africa. Social Indicators Research, (72), 263-317. google scholar
  • Nasar, J. L., & Jones, K. M. (1997). Landscapes of fear and stress. Environment and behavior, 29(3), 291-323. google scholar
  • Office for National Statistics (2023, December 16). Crime Survey for England & Wales. Reiceved from https://www.crimesurvey.co.uk/en/index.html. google scholar
  • Öztürk, M. (2016). Düzensizlik ve Toplumsal Kaygı Teorileri Bağlamında Suç Korkusu: Mersin Örneği. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 40(1), 281-291. google scholar
  • Öztürk, M., & Yıldız, M. (2017). Yaşam Doyumu ve Suç Korkusu Arasındaki İlişki (Mersin Örneği). Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 1-30. google scholar
  • Pain, R. (2000). Place, social relations and the fear of crime: a review. Progress in human geography, 24(3), 365-387. google scholar
  • Perkins, D. D., & Taylor, R. B. (2002). Ecological assessments of community disorder: Their relationship to fear of crime and theoretical implications. In Ecological research to promote social change (pp. 127-170). Boston, MA: Springer. google scholar
  • Podana, Z., & Krulichova, E. (2021). Victimization experience does matter: Testing the effect of different types of victimization on fear of crime among adolescents. European Journal of Criminology, 14773708211053829. google scholar
  • Powdthavee, N. (2005). Unhappiness and Crime: Evidence from South Africa. Economica, 72, 531-547. google scholar
  • Prieto Curiel, R., & Bishop, S. R. (2018). Fear of crime: the impact of different distributions of victimisation. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), 1-8. google scholar
  • Quann N., Hung K. (2002). Victimization experience and the fear of crime. A cross-national study. In Nieuwbeerta P. (Ed.), Crime victimization in comparative perspective. Results from the International Crime Victims Survey, 1989-2000 (pp. 301-316). The Hague, The Netherlands: Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement. google scholar
  • Rader, N. (2017). Fear of crime. Henry N. Pontell (Ed.). In Oxford research encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. google scholar
  • Rader, N. E. (2004). The threat of victimization: A theoretical reconceptualization of fear of crime. Sociological Spectrum, 24(6), 689-704. google scholar
  • Rader, N. E., Cossman, J. S., & Porter, J. R. (2012). Fear of crime and vulnerability: Using a national sample of Americans to examine two competing paradigms. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(2), 134-141. google scholar
  • Raymond, P. (2017). Decisions to participate in and desist from four types of common delinquency: Deterrence and the rational choice perspective. In The termination of criminal careers (pp. 331-334). Routledge. google scholar
  • Rountree, P. W. (1998). A reexamination of the crime-fear linkage. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 35(3), 341-372. google scholar
  • Rountree, P. W., & Land, K. C. (1996). Perceived risk versus fear of crime: Empirical evidence of conceptually distinct reactions in survey data. Social forces, 74(4), 1353-1376. google scholar
  • Sanders, M. P. (2022). An augmented counseling approach on fear of crime and self-efficacy in older adults (Order No. 29685601). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2720472663). Recieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/augmented-counseling-approach-on-fear-crime-self/docview/2720472663/se-2 google scholar
  • Sargeant, E., Liu, Y., St John, N., Fong Hong, N., Huu, T., Chen, J., & Mazerolle, L. (2017). Social capital and fear of crime in Brisbane. Journal of Sociology, 53(3), 637-652. google scholar
  • Savaş-Yavuzçehre, P. (2022). Kentsel Dönüşüm Uygulaması Sonrası Suç Korkusu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Denizli Aktepe Mahallesi Örneği. Pamukkale Avrasya Sosyoekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(1), 1-17. google scholar
  • Scarborough, B. K., Like-Haislip, T. Z., Novak, K. J., Lucas, W. L., & Alarid, L. F. (2010). Assessing the relationship between individual characteristics, neighborhood context, and fear of crime. Journal of criminal justice, 38(4), 819-826. google scholar
  • Shaw C, McKay H. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. google scholar
  • Singer, A. J., Chouhy, C., Lehmann, P. S., Walzak, J. N., Gertz, M., & Biglin, S. (2019). Victimization, fear of crime, and trust in criminal justice institutions: A cross-national analysis. Crime & Delinquency, 65(6), 822-844. google scholar
  • Skogan, W. G. (1981). Issues in the Measurement of Victimization (Vol. 74682). US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. google scholar
  • Skogan, W. G. (1984). Reporting crimes to the police: The status of world research. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 21(2), 113-137. google scholar
  • Skogan, W. G. (1992). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Smith, L. N., & Hill, G. D. (1991). Victimization and fear of crime. Criminal justice and behavior, 18(2), 217-239. google scholar
  • Smith, S. J. (1987). Fear of crime: beyond a geography of deviance. Progress in Human Geography, 11(1), 1-23. google scholar
  • Solymosi, R., Buil-Gil, D., Vozmediano, L., & Guedes, I. S. (2021). Towards a place-based measure of fear of crime: A systematic review of app-based and crowdsourcing approaches. Environment and Behavior, 53(9), 1013-1044. google scholar
  • Taylor, R. B., & Covington, J. (1993). Community structural change and fear of crime. Social problems, 40(3), 374-397. google scholar
  • Taylor, R. B., & Hale, M. (1986). Testing alternative models of fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 77, 151-189. google scholar
  • TÜİK (2023, December 16). Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması. Recieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yasam-Memnuniyeti-Arastirmasi-2022-49691 google scholar
  • TÜİK (2023, January, 3). Göç İstatistikleri-2022. Recieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Ic-Goc-Istatistikleri-2022-49727 google scholar
  • TÜİK (2023, January, 3). İllerde Yaşam Endeksi-2015. Recieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Illerde-Yasam-Endeksi-2015-24561 google scholar
  • Uludağ, Ş. (2010). Vatandaşların suç korkusu (Güvenlik endişesi) hücrelerini etkileyen faktörler ve alınabilecek önlemler: Malatya örneği. Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 1- 28. google scholar
  • Ünal-Reşitoğlu, H. (2017). Diğerleri için duyulan suç korkusu. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (41), 145-160. google scholar
  • Visser, M., Scholte, M., & Scheepers, P. (2013). Fear of crime and feelings of unsafety in European countries: Macro and micro explanations in cross-national perspective. The Sociological Quarterly, 54(2), 278-301. google scholar
  • Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States:Avenues for research and policy. Criminal Justice, 4(4), 451-489. google scholar
  • Warr, M. and M. C. Stafford. (1983). ‘Fear of victimization: A look at the proximate causes. Social Forces, 61(4): 1033- 43. google scholar
  • Wikström, P. O. H., & Dolmen, L. (2001). Urbanisation, neighbourhood social integration, informal social control, minor social disorder, victimisation and fear of crime. International Review of Victimology, 8(2), 121-140. google scholar
  • Williams, F. P., McShane, M. D., & Akers, R. L. (2000). Worry about victimization: An alternative and reliable measure for fear of crime. Western Criminology Review 2(2). [Online]. Recieved from: http://www.westerncriminology.org/documents/WCR/v02n2/williams/williams.html google scholar
  • Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows. Atlantic monthly, 249(3), 29-38. google scholar
  • Wyant, B. R. (2008). Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime: Isolating endogenous impacts. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 45(1), 39-64. google scholar
  • Yavuz, Y. (2019). Suç Mağduru Olma Korkusuna Sosyolojik Bir Bakış. Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, (4), 28-52. google scholar
  • Yıldız, M., & Belen, F. Z. (2018). Terör Eylemleri Sonrası Suç Mağduru Olma Korkusunu Tetikleyen Faktörler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Alex Michalos (Ed.), Terör ve Uyuşturucu Madde Şiddeti içerisinde (37-48), Ankara: Hegem Yayınları. google scholar
  • Yılmaz, Y. (2018). Siber Suç Korkusu ve Önlem Alma Stratejileri: Ankara’daki Teknokentler Örneği (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi. google scholar
  • Yurtsal, E. S. (2016). Sosyal Ağlarda Suç Korkusu: Facebook Örneği. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 93-112. google scholar
  • Zauberman, R. (1985). Sources of information about victims and methodological problems in this field. Research on victimisation, Council of Europe. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Çalışkan, A. (2023). A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, 11(2), 146-167. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426


AMA

Çalışkan A. A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology. 2023;11(2):146-167. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426


ABNT

Çalışkan, A. A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, [Publisher Location], v. 11, n. 2, p. 146-167, 2023.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Çalışkan, Aykut,. 2023. “A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels.” Journal of Penal Law and Criminology 11, no. 2: 146-167. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426


Chicago: Humanities Style

Çalışkan, Aykut,. “A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels.” Journal of Penal Law and Criminology 11, no. 2 (May. 2024): 146-167. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426


Harvard: Australian Style

Çalışkan, A 2023, 'A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels', Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 146-167, viewed 3 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Çalışkan, A. (2023) ‘A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels’, Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, 11(2), pp. 146-167. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426 (3 May. 2024).


MLA

Çalışkan, Aykut,. “A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels.” Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, vol. 11, no. 2, 2023, pp. 146-167. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426


Vancouver

Çalışkan A. A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology [Internet]. 3 May. 2024 [cited 3 May. 2024];11(2):146-167. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426 doi: 10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426


ISNAD

Çalışkan, Aykut. “A Model Design for Determining Social Parameters and Their Importance Regarding Fear of Crime Levels”. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology 11/2 (May. 2024): 146-167. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1235426



TIMELINE


Submitted15.01.2023
Accepted22.12.2023
Published Online22.01.2024

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.