Journal of Penal Law and Criminology

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Research Article


DOI :10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593   IUP :10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593    Full Text (PDF)

The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law

Büşra Demiral Bakırman

The concept of clear and present danger originates from American law has become a phenomenon in different legal systems, particularly in connection with freedom of expression. The Turkish legal system uses the criterion of clear and imminent danger and has more than one regulation involving this criterion. Pursuant to Articles 215 and 216 of the Turkish Penal Code, in order for punishment to be possible, a clear and imminent danger must exist in terms of public order and public security. In addition to these provisions, Articles 17 and 19 of the Code on Meetings and Demonstrations (Toplantı ve Gösteri Yürüyüşleri Kanunu) state that, if a clear and imminent danger is present that a crime will be committed, meetings may be banned for a certain period. This study aims to examine how the clear and imminent danger test is applied in Turkish judicial decisions in the context of the aforementioned provisions and to reveal the criteria for determination of clear and imminent danger.

Keywords: Clear and present danger, freedom of expression, public safety, public order, danger crime

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APA

Demiral Bakırman, B. (2023). The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, 11(2), 186-197. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593


AMA

Demiral Bakırman B. The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology. 2023;11(2):186-197. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593


ABNT

Demiral Bakırman, B. The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, [Publisher Location], v. 11, n. 2, p. 186-197, 2023.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Demiral Bakırman, Büşra,. 2023. “The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law.” Journal of Penal Law and Criminology 11, no. 2: 186-197. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593


Chicago: Humanities Style

Demiral Bakırman, Büşra,. “The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law.” Journal of Penal Law and Criminology 11, no. 2 (May. 2024): 186-197. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593


Harvard: Australian Style

Demiral Bakırman, B 2023, 'The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law', Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 186-197, viewed 3 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Demiral Bakırman, B. (2023) ‘The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law’, Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, 11(2), pp. 186-197. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593 (3 May. 2024).


MLA

Demiral Bakırman, Büşra,. “The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law.” Journal of Penal Law and Criminology, vol. 11, no. 2, 2023, pp. 186-197. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593


Vancouver

Demiral Bakırman B. The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology [Internet]. 3 May. 2024 [cited 3 May. 2024];11(2):186-197. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593 doi: 10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593


ISNAD

Demiral Bakırman, Büşra. “The Clear and Present Danger Test in Turkish Penal Law”. Journal of Penal Law and Criminology 11/2 (May. 2024): 186-197. https://doi.org/10.26650/JPLC2023-1407593



TIMELINE


Submitted20.12.2023
Accepted16.01.2024
Published Online24.01.2024

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