The Significance of Women’s Will in the Decision on Internal Migratıon: Young Women’s Preception of Marriage as a Path to Migrate from Countryside to City
Hayrettin Şahin, Kemal Çiftyıldız, Cemile EvkayaThe study of the trend of urban – rural population shift is based on long-term observation. In the studies, cases of young men who could not marry as long as they lived in a village, and young women who transformed marriage into an opportunity to migrate to urban areas were addressed, showing both reasons for migration and the problems of an after migration life. The reasons for migration following are a wish to dismiss intense working life and the hope of creating a nuclear family, avoiding a traditional relationship with one’s in-laws. It was determined that young men were not able to marry while living in the village and they could find job and marry very soon after moving to city. Elders who continue their lives in the village who also once experienced the difficulties of traditional structure (finding a bride, difficulties in living conditions etc.) also live in loneliness, which is a significant issue of our time. The traditional village structure of consuming what they produce and doing various types of work is replaced by readymade product consumption and monotonous work. This has negative effects on migrants. Migrant men face a lot of problems, in cities such as finding a job, adapting to work, a lack of flexibility in working life, adapting to urban life, and finding accommodation and adequate nutrition. Migrant women have difficulties with limited neighborhood relations, an inability to participate working life, and a failure to adapt to urban life.
Göç Kararında Kadın İradesinin Belirleyiciliği: Genç Kızların Köyden Kente Göç Etme Fırsatına Çevirmesi
Hayrettin Şahin, Kemal Çiftyıldız, Cemile EvkayaKırdan kente göç türünü inceleyen bu çalışma uzun dönemli gözleme dayanarak hazırlanmıştır. Araştırmada, köyde ikamet ettiği sürece evlenemeyen genç erkekler ve evliliği kente göç etmede fırsata çeviren genç kızlar ele alınmış ve her iki kesimin göç nedenleri ile göç sonrası sorunları irdelenmiştir. Kırdan kente göç edenlerin göç nedenleri arasında kentli olma, yoğun çalışma hayatından kurtulma, geleneksel aile yapısındaki kayın, görüm, elti, kaynana ve kaynatadan ayrı yaşayıp çekirdek aile kurma istekleri bulunmaktadır. Köyde kaldığı sürede evlenemeyen genç erkeklerin, kente göç edip iş bulunduklarında evlendikleri tespit edilmiştir. Köyde yaşamına devam eden yaşlılar ise, bir dönem geleneksel yapının zorluklarını (gelinlik, yaşam koşullarındaki zorluklar vb.) yaşamış olmanın yanı sıra bugün de modern dönemin sorunlarından olan yalnızlığı yaşamaktadırlar. Göçmen erkeklerin kentte karşılaştıkları sorunlar oldukça fazladır. Bunlardan başlıcaları; İş bulmak, işe uyum sağlamak, çalışma yaşamında esnekliğin az olması, kent hayatına uyum sağlamak, barınma ve beslenme giderleridir. Göçmen kadınların ise komşuluk ilişkilerinin sınırlı olması, çalışma yaşamına katılamaması, kent hayatına uyum sağlayamaması gibi sorunları bulunmaktadır. Köyde geleneksel yapıda, ürettiğini tüketme ve günlük farklı işlerin yapma alışkanlığı modern sistemde yerini üretmediğini tüketmeye ve tek tip iş yapmaya bırakmıştır. Bu durum göç edenleri olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir.
Human migration has a long history. It is well-known that hunting and herding tribes migrate in search of better pastures. Although the major causes of migration are disasters, wars and economic hardship, reasons for migrating still vary from person to person.
It can be said that two main revolutions in the history of mankind have influenced the course of migration. The first one is the agricultural revolution, realized by the use of animals in agricultural production, and the second one is the industrial revolution, realized by the use of machines in production. It is the concept of civilization that stands out in the agricultural revolution. The shift from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles is one of the important consequences of this revolution. On the other hand, the industrial revolution promoted modernization and the struggle between modern and traditional life began. This research is extremely important becasue it puts forth how changes in lifestyle differentiate and affect the experience of immigration. Migrations are examined under three main headings. The first is the causes of migration, the second is the outcome of migration, and the third is the analysis of the migration processes. These subject can be subjected to different analyses in terms of preferred socio-economic models and political ideologies.
In this study, it was revealed how young women are determinative in their decision to migrate from the village to the city. Two important questions have been sought. One is the reason for pushing young women to migrate, and the other one is how young women persuade men to migrate. In addition to these two problems, postmigration encountered problems have been also mentioned. In this study the transition from traditional to modern society and village to urban life is examined. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern world and the change of people’s priorities are also discussed.
The study is structured under three main headings. The first is the evolution of migrants in the village. İt has been divided into three separate divisions: the preRepublic migrations and the first years of the Republic, the years of dwellings and the periods of refugees. In the first period, which could be called a forced migration period, the First World War broke out, and the Republic was established. The most important migration event of this period was compulsory military service. In the 1950s, the process of going abroad (gurbet in Turkish) began. Gurbet is the temporary emigration of single men. These migrants sent their money home to provide for their families. Permanent immigration became more prevalent in the 1980s. After staying alone, gurbet men married and settled their families in foreign countries. Evenhough they visit their native country often, their real home is their new.
In the second chapter, the causes of migration are examined. Factors igniting women’s desire to migrate to the city are emphasized. These reasons are: continuity of the large family structure, work opportunties, the place of life and professional reputation problem, and the lure of the city. In the last part, problems faced by immigrants who migrated from rural areas to cities and their solutions are explained in detail. These are: constantly doing the same job, having little autonomy in one’s work, a lack of flexibility in working life, rent payment, the spending wages for food, limited play areas for children, difficulties in the participation of women to production, and changing of neighborhood relations.
