Journal of Social Policy Conferences

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DOI :10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939   IUP :10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939    Full Text (PDF)

Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study

Muhammed Erkam Kocakaya, Sude Karanfil Tamer, Kübra Yetkin, Ayşe Korkmaz, Betül Tozar, Yüsra Ak

Refusal to orient includes failing to apply for a recommended open job position, withdrawing a submitted application, missing a job interview, or rejecting a job offer. Many reasons influence an individual’s decision regarding a job offer. This study aims to establish a scale for identifying the reasons for the decision to refuse to orient to a job recommendation of employment and career consultation. Toward this end, the study reviewed the literature, consulted with experts, conducted a pilot study, and, ultimately, developed the scale. This scale was planned for a sample of 424 participants aged 18 years and above and residing in Sultanbeyli, which is one of the most socioeconomically disadvantaged districts in Istanbul. These individuals were recommended for at least one job but opted to decline the offer. Following the survey process, the study conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to pinpoint the dimensions that underlie the items of the scale questions. As a result, indicated the formulation of a valid and reliable scale that consists of 19 items, which were categorized under two dimensions, namely, personal reasons and employer and job-related reasons. 

Keywords: Job search, Job referral, Refusal to orient to the job, Unemployment, Scale development
DOI :10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939   IUP :10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939    Full Text (PDF)

İş Arayanların İşe Yönelmeme Nedenleri: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması

Muhammed Erkam Kocakaya, Sude Karanfil Tamer, Kübra Yetkin, Ayşe Korkmaz, Betül Tozar, Yüsra Ak

İşe yönelmeme, iş arayan ve bir işe yönlendirilen bir bireyin işe başvuru yapmaması, iş görüşmesine gitmemesi, iş teklifini reddetmesi veya iş başı yapmaması gibi durumları içermektedir. İşe yönelmeme birçok farklı nedenden kaynaklanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı iş arama sürecinde bir iş ve meslek danışmanı tarafından bir işe yönlendirilen bireylerin işe yönelmeme nedenlerini belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Bu kapsamda, iş arama davranışını ve işin kabul edilmemesini etkileyen potansiyel faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla ulusal ve uluslararası literatür incelenmiş, uzmanlar ile görüşülmüş, pilot uygulama yapılmış ve ölçek formu hazırlanmıştır. Bu form, sosyo-ekonomik yapısı itibarıyla İstanbul’un en dezavantajlı ilçelerinden biri olan Sultanbeyli’de ikamet eden, en az bir işe yönlendirilmesine karşın işe girmemeyi tercih eden, 18 yaş ve üzeri 424 katılımcıdan oluşan bir örnekleme çevrim içi olarak uygulanmıştır. Saha çalışmasının ardından ölçek sorularının altında yatan boyutların keşfedilmesi için açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri (DFA) yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda çalışmada işe yönelmeme durumu için “bireysel nedenler” ve “iş ve işveren kaynaklı nedenler” olmak üzere iki boyutta kategorize edilen toplam 19 maddeden oluşan geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir.

Keywords: İş arama, İşe yönlendirme, İşe yönelmeme, İşsizlik, Ölçek geliştirme

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


Between the job search and decision processes to accept or reject a job offer, an individual offered a position may decline the opportunity due to various reasons. In this study, rejection encompasses all behaviors that conclude the job process, including refusal to apply for recommended open job position, withdrawal of a submitted application, failure to attend a job interview, or refusal of a job offer made by an employer. The key point is that the concept of rejection exceeds the rejection of a person of a job offer; it also encompasses situations in which the person individual halts a job search or application process before reaching the rejection stage. The study proposes that many reasons or conditions influence this decision. 

Thus, it aims to establish a scale for identifying the reasons for the decision to reject a job offer. First, a survey instrument was formulated, which received unanimous ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Social and Human Sciences Department of Istanbul University. The research was conducted in Sultanbeyli, which is characteristically a socioeconomically vulnerable population within Istanbul, during a period marked by increasing unemployment, impoverishment due to unpredictable price fluctuations, and challenges in the labor market. The research focuses on individuals aged 18 years and above who are actively seeking employment at prevailing wage levels through local employment service providers in the Sultanbeyli district (Turkish Employment Agency, Sultanbeyli Municipality Career Center, and nearby job referral institutions) who were directed to job opportunities but rejected at least one job offer despite their eligibility. Using the snowball sampling method and the online survey approach, the study recruited 424 participants across four months (from May 2022 to August 2022). 

The study performed exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses to identify the dimensions of the scale called Reasons for Refusal of Job Seekers to Orient to the Job. Furthermore, EFA employed the varimax rotation technique and principal component analysis to calculate factor loadings and determine under which dimensions such factors were grouped. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated for the reliability analysis of the scale, which were derived from the EFA results and consisted of two factors and 19 items. Finally, to test the reliability of the scale, which resulted from EFA and CFA, the study examined the correlation coefficients between the items and dimensions on the basis of the average scores. 

Afterward, a valid and reliable scale was developed that comprised two primary dimensions, namely, personal reasons and employer- and job-related reasons, along with 19 items. After analyses, the study analyzed the relationships between the subfactors of the scale, which were positively and significantly correlated with one another. When examining common factor variance and factor loadings of the items, the study observed that the factor loadings of the items in the first dimension ranged from 0.744 to 0.888. Moreover, the first dimension explains 64.983% of variance, while the second dimension accounts for 10.240%. 

Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, which were calculated for reliability analysis, are .967 and .950 for Factors I and II, respectively. The fit index values obtained via CFA (𝜒 2 /SD = 3.381, RMSEA = 0.75, AGFI = .861, GFI = .891, CFI = .959, NFI = .943, IFI = .959) are within acceptable ranges and represents an appropriate scale model. To assess reliability, the study analyzed the correlation coefficients between the items and average scores of the dimensions. The scale was designed to be used without obtaining a total score; thus, the correlation between each item and average scores of the factors under which they are categorized was examined, which reached >0.70. In summary, the results indicate that the demonstrates a high level of validity.

However, the number of items under the two dimensions is unequal; thus, we conducted a comparison between the average scores of the dimensions. The study found that the scale was more prominently related to employer- and job-related factors instead of personal reasons.


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APA

Kocakaya, M.E., Karanfil Tamer, S., Yetkin, K., Korkmaz, A., Tozar, B., & Ak, Y. (2023). Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 0(85), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939


AMA

Kocakaya M E, Karanfil Tamer S, Yetkin K, Korkmaz A, Tozar B, Ak Y. Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2023;0(85):127-142. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939


ABNT

Kocakaya, M.E.; Karanfil Tamer, S.; Yetkin, K.; Korkmaz, A.; Tozar, B.; Ak, Y. Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 85, p. 127-142, 2023.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Kocakaya, Muhammed Erkam, and Sude Karanfil Tamer and Kübra Yetkin and Ayşe Korkmaz and Betül Tozar and Yüsra Ak. 2023. “Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study.” Journal of Social Policy Conferences 0, no. 85: 127-142. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939


Chicago: Humanities Style

Kocakaya, Muhammed Erkam, and Sude Karanfil Tamer and Kübra Yetkin and Ayşe Korkmaz and Betül Tozar and Yüsra Ak. “Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study.” Journal of Social Policy Conferences 0, no. 85 (May. 2024): 127-142. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939


Harvard: Australian Style

Kocakaya, ME & Karanfil Tamer, S & Yetkin, K & Korkmaz, A & Tozar, B & Ak, Y 2023, 'Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study', Journal of Social Policy Conferences, vol. 0, no. 85, pp. 127-142, viewed 8 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Kocakaya, M.E. and Karanfil Tamer, S. and Yetkin, K. and Korkmaz, A. and Tozar, B. and Ak, Y. (2023) ‘Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study’, Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 0(85), pp. 127-142. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939 (8 May. 2024).


MLA

Kocakaya, Muhammed Erkam, and Sude Karanfil Tamer and Kübra Yetkin and Ayşe Korkmaz and Betül Tozar and Yüsra Ak. “Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study.” Journal of Social Policy Conferences, vol. 0, no. 85, 2023, pp. 127-142. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939


Vancouver

Kocakaya ME, Karanfil Tamer S, Yetkin K, Korkmaz A, Tozar B, Ak Y. Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study. Journal of Social Policy Conferences [Internet]. 8 May. 2024 [cited 8 May. 2024];0(85):127-142. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939 doi: 10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939


ISNAD

Kocakaya, MuhammedErkam - Karanfil Tamer, Sude - Yetkin, Kübra - Korkmaz, Ayşe - Tozar, Betül - Ak, Yüsra. “Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences 0/85 (May. 2024): 127-142. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2023.85.1357939



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Submitted10.09.2023
Accepted22.11.2023
Published Online29.12.2023

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