From Remote Work to Telework from Home: Occupational Health and Safety of White-Collar Employees
This study evaluates the method of teleworking from home from the perspective of white-collar workers, who are the most frequent users of this method and the most employed type of labor in the knowledge economy. The method of teleworking from home brings many benefits and risks from the perspective of white-collar workers. When examining the studies in the literature, factors have been determined to exist that are considered both benefits and risks in telework from home. One of these factors is occupational health and safety. In this context, evaluating occupational health and safety is of great importance. The implementation of occupational health and safety measures within the scope of teleworking from home reveals the significance of sharing legal responsibility and inconsistencies in practices regarding cases that have been brought to court. An examination of the studies in the literature shows the risks and dangers of teleworking from home in terms of occupational health and safety and the problems experienced in the process of taking precautions to be increasing daily. The aim of the study is to present arguments to support the idea that teleworking from home is more of a risk than a benefit in terms of occupational health and safety.
Uzaktan Çalışmadan Evden Tele Çalışmaya: Beyaz Yakalı Çalışanların İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği
Çalışmada evden tele çalışma yönteminin, bu yöntemi en sık kullanan ve bilgi ekonomisinin en fazla istihdam ettiği emek türü olan beyaz yakalı çalışanlar perspektifinden değerlendirilmesi yapılmaktadır. Evden tele çalışma yöntemi beyaz yakalı çalışanlar perspektifinde birçok fırsat ve tehdidi beraberinde getirmektedir. Literatürde yer alan çalışmalar incelendiğinde evden tele çalışmada aynı anda hem fırsat hem de tehdit olarak kabul edilen faktörler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu faktörlerden biri iş sağlığı ve güvenliğidir. Bu kapsamda iş sağlığı ve güvenliği konusunun değerlendirilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Evden tele çalışma kapsamında iş sağlığı ve güvenliği tedbirlerinin uygulanması, hukuki sorumluluğun paylaşılması ve davaya konu olan vakalardaki uygulama tutarsızlıkları konunun önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
Literatürde yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği açısından evden tele çalışmanın ortaya çıkardığı risk ve tehlikeler ile tedbir alınması sürecinde yaşanan sorunların her geçen gün arttığı görülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, evden tele çalışmanın iş sağlığı ve güvenliği açısından bir fırsattan çok tehdit olduğu düşüncesini destekleyecek argümanları sunmaktır.
When looking at the development of the work element, it is seen to be a concept that is affected by socioeconomic factors and to be in transformation. The increasing sectoral share of the knowledge economy is seen daily as the basis of the transformation. This transformation constitutes the main subject of the study and emphasizes the fact that the act of working within a limited area is an activity that can also be carried out remotely. With the emergence and development of the activity of remote working, the most used remote working method today is known to be teleworking from home. This method has now created diversified methods, especially teleworking from home. The teleworking method dates back to the 1970s and has spread to large audiences with the COVID-19 pandemic. Teleworking from home is predominantly seen as a working method for white-collar employees and brings with it many benefits and risks. These benefits and threats have been interpreted in different ways by different authors in the literature. In fact, some factors regarding teleworking from home have been considered both benefits and risks. This situation has been observed to create unclear areas in the literature, with one of the leading factors in this uncertainty being occupational health and safety.
Although positive opinions have been presented in the literature about occupational health and safety regarding teleworking from home, the dominant opinion is that occupational health and safety is a risk factor for teleworking from home. Despite the positive views, teleworking from home is a way of working that threatens the occupational health and safety of white-collar employees. Teleworking from home is known to be able to eliminate some risks arising from the physical conditions of the workplace for white-collar employees. For example, the factors that may threaten one’s occupational health and safety during the course of going to and from work are not valid for those teleworking from home. However, due to the nature of the work they do, white-collar employees may be exposed to risks while working from home. In other words, situations may arise where the home poses more risks than the workplace.
Psychosocial risks and ergonomic risks are important risk factors that white-collar workers are exposed to in terms of occupational health and safety. These risks pose a threat to occupational health and safety while teleworking from home. Psychosocial risks are a little-known dimension of occupational health and safety, but these risks are known to have become more visible and dangerous with the new ways of working. The psychosocial risk factors involve such risks as stress, mobbing, long work hours, and social isolation. Psychosocial risks are also seen to be just as effective when working from home as they are in the workplace, with some psychosocial risks having a more negative effect when teleworking from home.
Ergonomic risks are related to issues such as the employee’s work environment, suitability of equipment, and correct working position. Based on these factors, eliminating ergonomic risks does not appear to be possible for employees who work from home compared to working at an office. Ergonomic risks for white-collar workers arise from the work environment and not the workplace. Workplaces are designed to produce and provide services and are subject to legal regulations and measures. As the center of teleworking from home, however, the home is a place designed as employees’ private space. If adequate precautions are not taken and a suitable working environment cannot be provided, inadequate ergonomic conditions experienced when teleworking from home become a significant occupational health and safety risk.
This study has been conducted as a compilation and attempts to eliminate the conceptual confusion in the literature between telework and teleworking from home, which are types of remote work. The study also examines studies on the effects teleworking from home have on the occupational health and safety of white-collar employees and includes positive and negative opinions on the subject. Lastly, the study expresses its purpose as the view of teleworking from home being an important issue for the occupational health and safety of white-collar employees and one that contains an element of risk and supports this view with various arguments.