Fazilet

Res. Assist.

A Phenomenological Model of Child Poverty: A Research on the StateSubsidized Children in Istanbul

Muhammet

Changes in Poverty-fighting Tools: From “Traditional” to “New Tendencies”

Sefa

This study focuses on the concept of decent work deficit, which refers to jobs in which there are no qualifications to assess them as decent work, and the problem of working poverty as an indicator of this concept. In this study, the concept of decent work and the components of this concept are analyzed and it is pointed out how important it is today. In addition, the focus is on the decent work deficit concept, which is also the subject of controversy in the literature. In the study, it was aimed to express the relationship between decent work deficits and the impoverishment of employees and to draw attention to the importance of the decent work approach in the fight against working poverty. In this study, the descriptive analysis method was used as a qualitative analysis technique. The study focuses on the current situation of working poverty in the world, the effect of types of employment and employment contracts on the impoverishment of employees, and the risk of impoverishment of those working in the vulnerable employment category.The changes and transformations that the neoliberal globalization movement brings with it are some of the inevitable realities of this process. When opinions about globalization are taken into consideration, it is understood that on one hand, the globalization process offers various possibilities, and on the other hand, it paves the way for some problems. Along with globalization, the occurrence of many factors especially in developing countries, such as the increase in the informal economy, the increase in unregistered employment with low wages, unprotected and poor working conditions, the increase in unemployment levels, the loss of power of unionisation and the lack of organization among employees, restrictions in public social protection expenditures, global crises, decent job decline etc. and the interaction of these factors also led to serious problems for the employees. Working poverty is at the top of this list of problems. Employment creation is not sufficient for preventing the working poverty problem. Therefore, the quality of employment created is as essential as the quantity aspect of these. Especially in the 1990s, the consequences of globalization causing unemployment and poverty started to be effective, and it was observed that objections against these outcomes began to be expressed loudly. These objections formed the basis of the decent work policy of the International Labor Organization (ILO). The concept of “decent work” expressed at the 87th International Labor Conference organized by the ILO in 1999 was adopted as a universal goal. Today, the need for decent work opportunities and global demand is increasing daily. In addition, the ILO has announced that there has been a decrease in working poverty rates, but this rate of deceleration has slowed down, while decent work deficit continues to spread.The developments in defining decent work introduced to the world public in 1999 reflect the importance the ILO attaches to this issue and the efforts to improve decent work. Decent work is briefly defined as “a productive employment that befits human dignity within the framework of freedom, equality, security and respectability”and includes six dimensions. These dimensions are “employment opportunities, freedom of labour, productive employment, fair and equal treatment in employment, safe work environment and respect in employment”. Furthermore, there are four components, namely “employment, social security, fundamental rights related to work and social dialogue”, which form the basis of decent work. In addition, while each of these components is essential, there is also interaction between them. In other words, an improvement in one or more of these components causes a movement in other components too (this includes the possibility of a reverse movement). At this point, attempts have been made to draw attention to the cases which express the opposite of the decent work approach and this is basically conceptualized as “decent work deficit” by the ILO, and which occurs when one or more of the four components are missing or inadequate.In addition to the fact that there are many indicators of decent work deficit, statistics on the problem of working poverty in the world have beenstated. In this context, although poverty is generally accepted as equivalent to unemployment, it is inferred that having a job today is not sufficient to avoid poverty. In this context, when countries are analyzed as income groups and regionally, it is observed that the number of people working in poverty is increasing especially in developing countries, although the working poverty tends to decrease proportionately throughout the world. Also, a significant part of world employment is though hiring informally, in insecure, low-wage, unprotected and poor working conditions. In addition, new types of employment have emerged inthe name of flexibility, which emerged in the neoliberal globalization process. At this point, it is observed that the impoverishment rates of the employees working within the scope of part-time and temporary&nbsp;employment contracts have increased in the European Union countries. This situation draws attention at a time when it is accepted that creating employment in the fight against poverty is essential beyond all question. In other words, individuals’ working with a part-time and temporary employment contract under current conditions is not sufficient to ensure that they avoid poverty. In addition, the ILO announced that those who work as self-employed and unpaid family workers, which it describes as “vulnerable employment”, have a higher risk of impoverishment. In this scope, it is pointed out that the number of selfemployed and unpaid family workers in the global employment figures is decreasing proportionally, while the number of self-employed people is increasing.&nbsp;In conclusion, while working poverty is also found in developed countries, it is becoming more widespread in developing countries as well. Excessive and/or medium/moderate working poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia region in particular is drawing attention as an important issue. In addition, it has been determined that there is a positive relationship between working poverty and working within the scope of part-time and temporary employment contracts and as well as the fact that the risks of impoverishment of those working in the vulnerable employment category are higher.

Decent Work Deficit: An Evaluation in Terms of Working Poverty

Abdulhalim

The understanding that social security is a state duty in the 20th century has been established. The state has acted generously providing social security benefits with the opportunities provided by economic growth. Following the extraordinary economic growth after the Second World War, a golden age of social security has been experienced. Financial difficulties have been added to demographic developments affecting social security with the stagnation in economic growth since the 1970s. After that, the state has sought out ways for a sustainable social security understanding and an era of restructuring in social security has begun.In a world where uncertainty has emerged in pension systems with globalization, many states have made various regulations and reforms to solve the financial problems of the pension system and to ensure the sustainability of the system. Reform studies in social security have been carried out globally for the last fifty years and are still underway. In social security benefits, noticeable regulations, such as increasing the retirement age, making the conditions more difficult and extending the minimum protection are made. There is a limit to what the state can now do. Therefore, these reforms seem necessary.Social security reforms have been at the top of the policy agenda of most OECD economies, with the constant aging of societies and the changing nature of work putting pressure on both the financial sustainability and pension income adequacy of pension systems. Faced with similar problems, modern welfare states have opted for various reforms. For this, governments primarily aimed to increase the funds by accumulating financial assets and reduce the financial burden of social security. In addition, they envisioned expanding the tax base by stimulating the labor supply and increasing economic output. This situation has ruled out the early retirement plans of the older population who want to enjoy all the benefits of the pension system before the normal retirement age.People leave their workforce at an early age when their social security benefits begin to become permanent at a later age (above 50). In the years when the retirement age is low, they stop looking for a job and retire early. In many studies on the effects of reforms in social security programs on the labor force participation rate, striking results have been obtained on the negative effects&nbsp;of unemployment insurance, unemployment benefits, early retirement and social assistance on the social security labor force participation rate. In the years when these benefits were provided, the labor force participation rate started to decrease, and when they were decreased, the labor force participation rate increased. It is possible to see improvements in the rate of participation of the elderly in the workforce. It is a fact that in most countries it is difficult to manage the aging population. Some countries have begun to limit early retirement, raise the retirement age, support women’s participation in the labor force, and have been selective in migration.One of the reasons that negatively affects social security coverage and adequacy is the fall in formal employment and the increase in unemployment rates. As the proportion of the elderly population increases, the proportion of active workers decreases. Informal work poses a major problem in accumulating funds for retirement in some countries. It is observed that the informality seen in the young population and generally among women decreases especially with the increase in education level.For the future of social security, benefiting from the solutions of history and taking lessons from today can be a solution to new searches. A major concern for both industrialized and developing countries is the phenomenon of early retirement. Early retirement keeps people away from active life, both by reducing the savings of social security systems and by causing the workforce to withdraw from work areas at an early stage. Therefore, keeping people in the labor market with a reasonable retirement age and making regulations that encourage working should be the policies to be followed.In this study, the development of the labor force participation rate of the elderly population reaching retirement age was evaluated using the data of selected OECD countries between 2000 and 2018. While labor force participation rates remained low before pension reforms, it was observed that these rates increased after reforms in recent years. In short, the idea that early retirement reduces labor force participation rates seems to be justified.

The Influence of Social Security on Labor Force Participation for Selected OECD Countries: A Comparative Study

Atanur

The origin of mining activities is quite old. Even in ancient times, many civilizations engaged in mining activities. For this reason, many civilizations have benefited from the blessings of the mines.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this direction, many states have been enriched by mines. For this, increasing the production in the mines has become inevitable. However, this situation also caused some negative results. For example, mining workers started to work under more difficult conditions. In addition, risks threatening occupational health and safety have increased in mines. In other words, mines have turned into areas of great risk.For these reasons, how healthy and safe mines are has become controversial over time. Many scientists have come up with different ideas in terms of occupational health and safety. For example, from the 16th century onwards, scientists discussed how healthy and safe mines were. They investigated the factors that impaired the health of mining workers. They proposed solutions in this direction. They found that there was a relationship between the faults of the mine workers and the work done. However, the most important developments regarding mining workers in Europe have been experienced along with industrialization. With industrialization, the working conditions of the miners deteriorated. In addition, many occupational accidents occurred in the mines and occupational diseases also increased significantly. With these developments, many legal regulations were made in the field of occupational health and safety for mining workers. However, the negative factors experienced in the mines were not completely prevented.Similarly, there were many important developments for mining workers in the USA with industrialization. For example, the relationship between disease and the work done was investigated. In addition, it examined whether the occupational health and safety methods applied in the mines were sufficient. After these developments, legal regulations were made in the USA in the field of occupational health and safety for mine workers. However, in the USA, the disadvantages experienced in the mines were not completely prevented.The first important developments for mining workers in our country started with the industrialization process. However, although the industrialization process in our country started later as compared to Europe, many legal&nbsp;arrangements were made for mining workers. The poor working conditions in the mines were also very effective in making these legal regulations since the working conditions of mining workers had deteriorated considerably from the second half of the 19th century. Also, there were no favorable conditions for occupational health and safety in the mines. For these reasons, many consecutive legislative arrangements were made for mine workers. However, the desired results have not been achieved.In the 20th century, many legal arrangements were made for mining workers in our country. The basis for these legal regulations was the idea of creating occupational health and safety in mines. For this reason, there were provisions made for mining workers in the legal regulations of labor law. However, the basic law concerning mine workers in our country was the Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331, which came into force in 2012. Occupational health and safety came into force as a law and directly addressed occupational health and safety. Although many laws concerning mine workers have come into force in our country, there have been many problems in the mines especially since the 2010s.Many mining accidents occurred during this period and many workers died. Therefore, if the legal regulations in the field of occupational health and safety are not applied, it does not make sense.As a result, there have been many developments in the field of occupational health and safety for mine workers, both in the world and in our country. However, accidents continue to occur in mines. For this reason, both employers and workers must act in accordance with legal regulations and act in accordance with occupational health and safety. Consequently, in this study, an evaluation was made to determine whether the necessary steps were taken to ensure occupational health and safety in the mines by researching the developments in the world and in our country towards mining workers. For this reason, important developments in the field of occupational health and safety for mining workers, both in the world and in our country, were examined.

An Evaluation on Yesterday and Today with the world and in Turkey Towards the Mine Workers’ Occupational Health and Safety Developments in Context

Eymen

Orhan

Prof.

Migration is a phenomenon that has been going on since the beginning of human history. It can be defined as the fact that individuals or communities leave their places for some reason and go to other places temporarily or permanently. This process, which is defined as a displacement movement, contains many factors that affect the structure of society. There might be many reasons behind migration such as economic insufficiencies, political pressures, natural disasters, wars, or civil wars.Migration is simply described as a displacement movement but it is not just a displacement movement. Migration is a process that has many social, cultural, economic, etc. effects. Therefore, migration should be evaluated considering the whole process.One of the most important causes of migration is economic reasons. When individuals and families feel economically inadequate, they seek a life where they can live in better conditions and when they get these conditions, they migrate from their regions to other regions where they can live in better contitions. Although economic reasons are one of the most significant causes of migration, it is not the only reason. There are many reasons such as social, cultural, political etc.Due to war, civil war, regime change, political pressures, people may have to migrate from their regions. Mandatory migrations under these conditions are important because individuals, families and communities migrate to live in their religion freely, speak their language freely, and avoid torture and death. In an environment where life and property security is at risk as a result of events due to political reasons, economic activities may slow down and may come to a standstill. In such cases, people quit their work and production and they try to migrate to safe areas en masse. Therefore, migration due to compulsory reasons negatively affects the economy of both the country and the people but the effects of migration are not limited to these. Migration does not only affect immigrants or that country, but also the final country and transit country.&nbsp;Turkey which is both a transit and final country is located on the migration routes due to its geographical location. It is a bridge between Asia and Europe, which is why it is affected a lot by migration waves. Turkey has received immigration from many different countries and continues to receive it. In recent&nbsp;years there has been a huge increase in migration to Turkey. The problems in the Middle East is one of the major causes of increasing migration to Turkey. The Arab Spring which started in 2010 can be shown as a good example of this situation.The anti-power demonstrations that started in Tunisia on 17 December 2010 and spread rapidly in the Arab Geography affected Arab countries such as Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Algeria and Jordan in 2011, and as a result, civil rebellion against the regime has begun in these countries as well. This process is called “The Arab Spring”. Since the beginning of the Arab Spring, migration from countries that have experienced this process to neighboring countries and other parts of the world has begun. One of the most affected countries by this migration wave is Turkey.As it is known, migration affects immigrants and their families, and the country that they migrated to. Immigrants who have to migrate may experience economic problems, cultural adjustment problems, language problems, or psychological problems due to the difficult process of migration. In addition, as a result of the effects of migration, immigrants and their families may break off from life sources, habits and some values that are identified with their own lives. In this process they might be exposed to some effects that change their family structures. A change in any member of the family may affect the whole family and as a result, transformations may occur in the family structure.This research has been conducted with 14 Syrian and Yemeni immigrant women by using qualitative research methods (depth interview and partial participation observation) to examine and evaluate the changes and transformations in the family structure of Syrian and Yemeni immigrants who live in the Istanbul/Beylikdüzü district and who have migrated to Istanbul due to war, political pressure and civil war.As a result of the research, migration has had economic, socio-cultural, educational, health and housing impacts on participants’ lives. These impacts have caused changes and transformations of family balances, family relations and family’s environment relations, family type, family responsibilities and family role distributions in the family structure of the participants.

The Notion of Migration and its Effects on Syrian and Yemeni Immigrant Families

Nergis

Assist. Prof.

The actors that provide financing and welfare services, who are the target audience in the classification of the welfare system, are held as the main variables. There can be three main typologies of welfare regimes according to this classification: the corporatist, liberal, and social-democratic welfare system. The implementations are determined by employment connection in terms of the corporatist welfare system, and the main actor is accepted as a family, whereas the basis actor is public institutions concerning the social-democratic welfare regime. As for the liberal welfare regime, the poorest people have been protected by the government. Hence, this classification has been varied as regards economic, social, and political conditions that have been changed. Providing equal and fair services to all individuals in the housing, education, and health sectors is the primary implementation tool that ensures equal opportunities for the participation of individuals with weak and fragile socioeconomic characteristics in economic and social life. Providing access to education and health services by strengthening the socioeconomic characteristics with welfare services means reducing the disadvantageous period of the individual and applying the social state principle. In the disadvantaged group, which includes identity categories such as poor, disabled, old, young, women, and children, migrants stand out as a fragile group to consider. In this period when migration mobility is highly active, welfare services to be applied for immigrants differ according to the welfare typology of the countries.&nbsp;The poorest segment was chosen as the target audience to be supported by the public in the liberal welfare system. When their encountering problems with the language, education, shelter, income, culture, etc., of immigrants are considered, it is inevitable for migrants to be among the target audience. In this system, where education and health services are paid migrants are economic costs by making the “most fragile” distinction even by their own citizens. In countries that adopt the conservative welfare system, the keyword is the need for labor power. The presence of migrants in the labor market facilitates access to welfare services. The right to equal welfare is advocated for all individuals in the social-democratic welfare regime; however, benefiting from welfare services is realized with the criteria of “full employment” in this system. “Citizenship” is the primary criterion in benefiting from welfare services even in the social-democratic welfare regime, which is accepted as the most ideal&nbsp;welfare system. The welfare regime that defines the welfare system of Greece, Spain, Italy, and Spain is the Southern European welfare regime. Having common features with conservative and social-democratic welfare leads Turkey to be included in this group.However, migration mobility caused by the events in Syria that began in 2011 has brought Turkey to the country hosting the most refugees around the world in 2020.It has required the importance of two basic welfare services for Syrians: shelter and health due to the acceptance that they will remain for a temporary period. Training services were managed temporarily, again in temporary accommodation centers and in the Temporary Education Center. However, because the current situation in Syria has not changed post 2014 and the population has exceeded 3 million Syrians in Turkey, it became necessary to institutionalize the welfare services. The intensity of the Syrian population has led to the perception that the welfare services provided to foreigners in Turkey are only for the Syrians. However, Turkey receives very active migration mobility from Afghanistan, Somalia, Pakistan, Iraq, etc. Welfare services for immigrants, even evaluated in Syria in particular, require a new classification of not only Turkey’s immigration policy but also welfare typology.

The Reformer Perspective of Welfare Services for Syrian Being Given Temporary Protection Status on the Welfare System of Turkey

Çiğdem

Robert Park states that “People are reproducing themselves as they produce their city”. It is possible to partly agree with this view. However, according to the opinion defended in this article, individuals are not completely free in the process of ‘designing’ and ‘creating’ the city. Capital’s reproduction conditions determine the city, just as it determines the region and the place. In this respect, it is not possible to establish and construct a city independent of capitalist production relations. The ‘City’, as in utopian views, is not an independent, imaginary design produced by architects. At least, such freedom does not exist in the capitalist system. In the capitalist system, the same capitalist dynamics and capital accumulation laws are valid in the formation and transformation processes of the city as well as all other superstructure institutions and formations. Capital needs favorable geographical, physical conditions and places in order to reproduce itself. It can be a region or a city; what is important is that Capital has the power to change and transform every object, natural life, environment, geography and space in line with its needs in the process of reproducing itself. As well as having this power, it also has the power to change, transform and reconstruct ‘Rural’ and ‘Urban’ in the same way. Given this decisive feature of capitalism, which population will periodically concentrate in which region of the city in each capitalist phase; how to share urban areas between different classes and what kinds of ‘Class’ and ‘Spatial’ separations will be experienced as a result. It should not be considered independent of capitalist relations of production and sovereign power relations. In the sample analysis section of the article, two different Capitalist periods are discussed: the Fordist and Post Fordist Capitalist period. Two different ‘City’ structures emerging in these two periods are discussed and first of all, the connection of the two City formation processes with ‘Capitalist production relations and capital accumulation conditions’ is examined. Then it is concluded that the dynamics that transformed the Fordist Worker / Industrial city and the dynamics that transformed the Global / Service City of the Post-Fordist Neo liberal process are based on the same basis. That is, the dynamics that transform both cities are considered to be subject to the same unchanging capitalist capital accumulation laws and relations of production. As a result, ‘Capitalist production relations’ and ‘Capital accumulation conditions’ are the main determinants in the transformation and restructuring process of the city. This does not change even though there are two different forms and features of the City that have&nbsp;occurred in two different capitalist periods. The basic determinants and dynamics of the formation process and structuring of both cities are also subject to the same ‘Capital accumulation law’ and ‘Capitalist production relations’.

Capitalism-Space Relationship: An Evaluation of the Comparison of the Fordist ‘Industrial/Worker’ City with the Post-Fordist ‘Global/Service’ City

Tuğba

This study compares the culture industry and digital capitalism in relation to the world of music. A branch of the entertainment economy, the music world has always been closely interested in technological developments, cultural features, and ideologies. The establishment of an official music industry can be dated to the early 20th century. This sector has always required the support and cooperation of the media. Advertising and marketing are conducted through newspapers, television, radio, and magazines, all of which are traditional media tools. The media that a music product and musician or group appear in the media, the more attention they attract, the more sales they will have, and the more attention their concerts will attract. Large global companies size do not only target markets in economically developed countries but seek entry to all local markets. This indicates the relevance of digital capitalism for the music business.Musicians who seek exposure must appear regularly on television shows, have their songs played on the radio, and be broadcast on music video channels to make their audience more familiar with them. As the audience becomes used to this music and their appearance becomes familiar to them, their audiences will start to admire them as icons. The global music industry, especially in North America, has created a large economic base on the systems of fandom and stardom. Popularity has become the most important fact in the culture industry. The concept of the culture industry, as developed by Adorno and Horkheimer, criticizes the production of art products for consumption. One of the main criticisms of the culture industry from a political economy standpoint is the standardization it produces.This paper reconstructs the concept of the culture industry within the present world of music. Popular music culture in Turkey uses similar practices and approaches for the global market and the local Turkish market. Traditional media channels are widely used in the music world, and the industry has been shaped from the beginning by the discourse of popularity. In this study, structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 people working in the music industry or media.&nbsp;&nbsp;In the first decade of the 2000s, especially in North America and Western and Northern Europe, the music industry encountered digital media and experienced revolutionary change. It is possible to interpret these years as&nbsp;indicating the interaction of new sources of media with the music world, including illegal free downloading, and consequently, as demonstrating a global economic recession for the music business. American-based music professional associations and major music companies worked on the legal aspects of these disputes for nearly ten years to regain their rights. At present, the global music world has accepted the inevitable rise of digital technologies and new media, and it has adapted to this world as part of this new system.&nbsp;Technology is now being used by music and media companies to create new income streams using all of the novel economic opportunities afforded by new media. Releases on digital music platforms have replaced artists’ album sales. For example, iTunes, released by the technology company Apple in 2003, is primarily used to download songs. Now, however, the downloading model is being replaced by a streaming model, which provides the audience with an infinitely extensive music archive. Relatedly, the idea of possession has become a property-related issue and actions taken to enforce it seem incompatible with the transience and high speed of development of the new media age.&nbsp;This work focuses on the effects that capitalism has had the digital world. Digital discourse and social media claim to offer fair and equal conditions to all users. At present, musicians can upload a music video to a website like YouTube or make an account on any social media provider to reach new followers. Some well-known artists whose songs you may know by heart have reached your ear using these means, becoming known on social media. Even musicians who cannot reach traditional media can use new media tools in their favor and become a true phenomenon if they are lucky. This fairy tale promise is an innocent flower that opens within the world of the capitalist media and entertainment industry and enchants us with its fragrance. Is there a democratic environment that can suit everyone in a world where companies are using new media so effectively? This study investigates these questions.

From Culture Industry to Digital Capitalism

Hüseyin

Aysen

Social media, one of the new information and communication technologies, has become an indispensable part of our daily life. Social media platforms, used by millions of people every day, are more than just communication tools. In this respect, social media has become a new place where social relations, culture, art, and ideology are reproduced. Accordingly, the internet and social media have led to radical changes in the communication, organization, and forms of action by activists involved in social movements. These changes in social movements caused by social media have inevitably affected labor unions and workers.First, the idea that the internet and social media affect trade union organizations negatively and create an obstacle to unions has been discussed in the literature. However, the impact of new information and communication technologies in daily life has increased rapidly. Consequently, unions cannot abstain from new communication technologies. Thus, the notion that these technologies will provide renewal to unions and that unions can benefit from new communication technologies is increasingly accepted.A critical way for unions to benefit from new communication technologies is active user participation on social media. Active user participation, an essential feature of social media with Web 2.0, refers to a double-sided interaction. Owing to Web 2.0, internet users are not only viewers on social media. They are in an active position to produce media content directly, consume it, and interfere with existing content. This active position of internet users is called a “prosumer.” More precisely, the prosumer is a person who consumes and produces media content. The concept of the prosumer has become one of the main features of social media after Web 2.0. At present, almost all social media users have transformed into prosumers by producing and consuming social media content. The role of the prosumers is that they provide unions with a significant opportunity to interact with workers. Labor unions can reach workers faster and easier than ever before using social media. Moreover, several labor union activities can be conducted more easily on social media.The integration of labor unions on social media has accelerated in recent years. However, many national labor unions are slower in terms of social media integration than international unions. For example, the International Trade Union Confederation and the European Trade Union Confederation actively use social media in almost all union activities. They use social media platforms particularly for international solidarity, international propaganda, and digital campaigns. Some national labor unions have also started to use social media effectively after understanding its importance. For example, labor unions in countries such as Spain, France, Australia, Germany, England, Netherlands, and Canada use social media more effectively and in more areas than before. Importantly, the use of social media by national unions did not emerge spontaneously. The fact that workers have become active in social media is one of the most important factors that propelled labor unions to use social media. For example, workers have started to carry out some activities by establishing groups on social media.Because of Web 2.0 it is not only in their own control that unions can be active on social media. Therefore, it is essential to examine the workers’ perception of the union on social media. Put differently, the union can define itself as an active organization on social media, but it is critical how workers define the union on social media. Regular sharing on social media does not show that a union actively uses social media. The important thing is not to share too many posts, but to receive as much positive interaction from workers as possible. The success of a union on social media is directly proportional to the extent to which it responds to the workers’ expectations. Therefore, workers’ perceptions of the use of social media by the unions are critical.In this context, the concept of social media, emergence of social media, relationship of social media with traditional mass media and its historical development, and how and for what purpose social media is used by national and international unions are examined in this study. Next, the data obtained through in-depth interviews held in Bursa and Kırklareli provinces with workers who are members of different unions and have different demographic features are evaluated. Thus, the aim is to determine how unions perceive social media usage by workers.

The Perspectives of Workers on Social Media Use of Trade Unions: The Case of Bursa and Kırklareli

Abdullah

Buyer’s Repair and Replacement Rights at the Seller’s Liability for Defects

Seyran

Demographic transformation theory, which states that the demographics of countries will move from high to low fertility and mortality rates, claims that all societies will inevitably go through these stages. According to this theory, demographic transition will take place first in Europe and North America, then in Asia and Latin America, and most recently, in Sub-Saharan African countries. Indeed, throughout the 20th century, Continental Europe has witnessed the transformation of its aging communities, and today, Turkey is rapidly going through the final stage of its demographic transition. Similar to Europe, the demographic transformation process of Turkey is composed of falling birth rates, a decline in the mortality rate, extended life expectancy, and differing migration processes. According to the most recent data (2019), fertility rates in Turkey (1.99) have fallen below the replacement level of the population (2.1), life expectancy at birth is prolonged (78.3), and especially with the adopted “open door” immigration policy, Turkey has become a migration receiving society. All these factors significantly affect the structure of Turkey’s population. In this sense, with an aging population of more than 7.5 million, Turkey seems to be classified as an elderly country.If societies are prepared enough for the aging process (for example, having a certain level of wealth directed toward social welfare), social aging may not be a problem. Unfortunately, Turkey is facing an aging population problem without raising its level of social welfare. There are many questions that Turkey needs to answer, such as how individuals stay independent and active as they age, how to strengthen their health and social protection systems, how to improve the quality of life of individuals in prolonged life, and how to maintain a state‒family balance in elderly care. This situation is, of course, not only peculiar to. In particular, European countries, which completed this demographic transition earlier than Turkey, can be a role model for Turkey in this process.However, international organizations such as the World Health Organization) and the United Nations are also developing policy recommendations advocating that societies take precautions for their aging populations. The active aging approach is one such policy recommendation. The most comprehensive and most commonly used definition of active aging by the WHO is the process of increasing the opportunities for health, as well as the participation and safety offered to individuals in order to improve the quality of life as they age. Active&nbsp;aging adopts a rights-based approach, giving people the right to equal opportunities in all areas as they age. While helping people realize their potential for physical, social and cognitive wellbeing throughout their lives, the active aging approach emphasizes the provision of adequate protection, safety, and care when needed. In order to achieve this goal, an Active Ageing Index was created, in which the current situation for aging individuals is determined, the potential of the elderly to engage in activities of active aging is measured, and social policies are developed within this scope. The Index is defined as a tool for policymakers to develop data-based strategies to produce solutions to problems arising from the aging of the population. The Index aims to reveal the priority areas to a country by making comparisons of its components with other countries. The Active Ageing Index consists of four main parameters and sub-components of these parameters, with categories of Employment, Participation in Society, Independent Healthy and Secure Living, Capacity, and Enabling Environment for Active Ageing. The first three parameters refer to various activities involving older individuals, as well as real experiences that reflect independent, autonomous and safe living experiences; while the last parameter emphasizes the potential for active aging based on the individual’s own characteristics, as well as environmental factors that can make active aging easier or more difficult. Hence, the Active Ageing Index is advisable for use to analyze the current situation in Turkey for the elderly. However, at this point in Turkey, specific issues should not be ignored. Some revisions to the parameters of the Active Ageing Index are recommended, which has many features that differ from European countries’ experience in a socioeconomic, cultural, and historical sense. As a result, studies that center on aging should be expanded. Longitudinal studies, especially on old age, should be conducted and policies should be created based on the resulting data.

The Active Aging Approach as a Solution to the Aging Population: Criticisms and Suggestions for a Possible Index for Turkey

Ebru

With the rise of information and communication technologies, call centers have emerged as a new sector instead of face-to-face communication in companies’ relations with customers. Call centers are increasing their number as a new business area that begins to grow rapidly after information society. Although call center employees are white-collar employees of the information society, they look similar to the Fordist production system in terms of working conditions and are exposed to Taylorist principles. These young people mostly graduated from higher education, well-dressed and beautifully speaking Turkish, look like a young plaza employee, are employed like industrial revolution workers in exchange for a full-time and insured job, have taken a current form. Call centers are working areas with unfavorable working conditions where routine and standard jobs are done, workloads, control, and labor turnover rates are very high. The advantages experienced by the information worker are not out of the question for call center employees, and these employees are unable to avoid exposure to bad conditions similar to the industrial revolution. As of these characteristics, some authors (Taylor and Bain, 1999; Başbug et al. 2010: 260; Özkan, 2013: 65; Doğanay, 2016: 53; Bulut ve Ataay, 2017: 4-5; YücesanÖzdemir, 2019: 199) call centers are depicted as the factories of the modern world “an assembly line in the head”.In this research, it was tried to determine the problems of customer representatives working in call centers in their working life. There is some research on the problems of customer representatives receiving incoming searches in the literature. However, there is no research on the problems of customer representatives who makes an outbound calls. Therefore, outbound call customer representatives were selected as a working group. Phenomenology design was preferred because it was aimed to reveal the problems faced by the participants with their own experiences. In this context, answers for the following questions were sought in the research;&nbsp;Research Question 1) What are the problems faced by customer relations representatives?&nbsp;Research Question 2) Do the problems faced by responsible representatives for incoming calls differ from the problems of the responsible persons for outbound calls?The bank (outbound call) team of a company providing call center services in the finance, public, energy, telecommunications, local government, and e-commerce sectors with 14 branches, more than 12,000 employees in Turkey, Bursa office was selected as a sample. “Convenience Sampling” is used in sample selection. To identify employee problems, customer representatives were included in the research, team leaders and chefs in the managing group were excluded.&nbsp;Data in the research were obtained by interviewing qualitative research methods. The semi-structured interview form was used in the interview. In total, the meeting with 12 customer representatives was targeted, and the interviews were terminated at 10 upon seeing that the responses were dropped again. Data obtained from the interviews were analyzed through the MAXQDA 2020 PRO qualitative analysis program.&nbsp;&nbsp;According to the findings, all participants began to experience complaints such as hearing loss, chronic pharyngitis, and vocal cords, headaches after starting to work in the call center.. Working hours are 45 hours a week, but “if necessary” employees are also employed at the weekend, and this work is not considered as overtime work. Employees work with minimum wage plus premium, but the conditions for receiving premium are difficult due to high goals, completing calls in a very short time, and making no mistakes. Participants stated that the fee and premium were too insufficient for their work. Along with prolonged phone calls, the unsympathetic, rude, or even abusive conversations of customers cause great stress on the employees.&nbsp;&nbsp;Another important point that makes working conditions challenging is the daily call times received and the break times used in return. As a result of the automatic computer distributor of calls, a new call is connected to the customer representative whose phone is turned off at an interval of almost 10 seconds. This suggests that participants spend a significant time in the call, outside their break time. On the other hand, the calls made are recorded and the employees are under strict and constant supervision. Team leaders are also constantly circling and overseeing among employees. Customer representatives who do not receive calls for a few minutes are checked, ensuring that the new call is connected immediately.Another factor that distracts call centers from being workable places is the limitation of career opportunities. Within call centers, career opportunities are limited to team leader and chief. Participants talk about merit issues in promotions and express that elevation are often provided from outside the institution. The workloads, lack of high qualifications, standardization, and the limitation of elevation opportunities lead employees to see call centers as a “temporary job”.In addition to all these problems, the outbound customer representatives are also under sales pressure. The high goals also pose compelling pressure on employees. High targets are set to create sales pressure, and higher targets are given to those who achieve these goals by performing superior performance on the same day.&nbsp;Although many problems in the sector were revealed in 2013 by a report prepared by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, no problem could be corrected till this research was conducted in 2020. It is known that the unionization rates of call center employees are very low. In this study, it was found that the participants had incomplete knowledge of trade union rights. Participants, on the other hand, have a positive attitude that their problems can be reduced by trade unions. Improving awareness of the employees’ union rights will increase unionization rates. Among the important steps to improve working conditions in this sector are trade union struggling, putting legal lower limits on break times used in exchange for talk times, health problems correspondingly include the addition of wear share to employee pension calculations.

A Qualitative Research Towards Identifying Problems of Customer Representatives Responsible for Outbound Calls

Ufuk

Fatih

Assoc. Prof.

The Impact of NEET and Labor Market Indicators on Human Development: A Panel Data Analysis for EU-28 Countries

The Chinese labor market in the post-crisis period; has been shaped by the growing population, employment and GDP, shrinking agriculture and industrial sector, expanding service sector, gradually decreasing growth rates, unchanged unemployment and labor force participation rates. The most important effect of the 2008 crisis in the field of industrial relations was seen in the increase of labor movements. As a matter of fact, the strike seen in the Nanhai Honda automobile factory in South China in 2010 spread to other sectors. Foxconn suicides, which were also seen in the same year, were decisive in this context.&nbsp;&nbsp;Another turning point for the post-crisis labor movements was 2015. Workers’ movements, which were realized at rates not seen until that day, are the main determinants of this period. In this context, the acceleration of labor movements, which increased especially since 2010, continued after 2015 in the post-crisis period. The main reasons for the workers’ movements are wage arrears and wage increase, basically the issue of wages. Especially, the issue of wage arrears has a dominant weight in reasons of labor movements in the post-crisis period. The size of this reason, defined as the overdue wages to be paid, was around 80% after the crisis but reached 90% as of 2019. Also the dualism problem experienced by the workers emerges as an important factor.&nbsp;In this context, post-crisis labor movements mostly concentrated on the construction and manufacturing sectors. These sectors were followed by the manufacturing, service, transportation-logistics sector. While a significant part of the labor movements is seen in private initiatives, this is followed by SEEs or companies with no ownership. While most of the workers’ movements were seen as protests, this was followed by sit-ins and strikes. The vast majority of the labor movements (around 90%) consisted of 1-100 people. Also there have been movements with the participation of 101-1000 people, and even rarely, movements with the participation of 1001-10,000 people. The response to the actions realized that primarily police intervention, state intervention and management negotiations.On the other hand, the basic dynamics of labor movements after the crisis can be handled within the scope of political, economic, technological, social developments and NGOs. Accordingly, It can be expressed within the scope of political developments: Party-State system, which continues to dominate&nbsp;the industrial relations system, flexibility and subcontracting practices within the scope of liberal policies. Due to the slowing growth figures, the Xi government’s policies to calm down labor activism are taking place. The slowdown in economic growth and even the gradual decline in growth figures was effective. Policies developed as a result of this have been mostly business oriented. Likewise, liberal policies, privatizations, emphasis on subcontracting policies regarding the protection of employment, the suspension of labor law at the point of continuing and increasing local investments came to the fore during this period.It can be expressed within the scope of technological developments: It is prominent that China leads the world in both robot production and use. In this context, the increase in the need for a skilled workforce, the goals of increasing the robot density, the vision of MIC 2025, seeing technological developments as the engine of production, experiencing the most comprehensive automation level in the world, and President Xi’s call for the Robot Revolution in 2014 are of great importance. The negative effects of these developments on wage and employment conditions and at the same time increasing worker unrest have been determinant at this point.Likewise, It can be expressed within the scope of sociological developments: Due to inflation and rising living standards, the wage issue is the main factor. Also, wage policies that differ among regions are effective. Although there was an increase in the wage level in the post-crisis period below the level of developed countries. It is stated that the most prominent effect in this process is the China-USA trade wars. On the other hand, wage policies applied reduced the poverty level from 88% in 1981 to 11%. Accordingly, real wages increased by 9.1% between 2008 and 2014. According to this while real wages continue to increase in the post-crisis period, the poverty level continues to decrease. However, the most important reason for the labor movements is the wage issue. At this point, it should be underlined that the problem is wage arrears. Another issue within the context of social developments in the issue of migrant workers. In this context, the accumulation of migrant workers in the construction and manufacturing sectors is again of great importance in terms of the most strikes in these sectors. The fact that immigration, whose number is constantly increasing over time, is experienced from the inner regions to the coastal regions from the central and western regions to the eastern regions affects the number of strikes in these regions. At the same time, the fact that migrant workers are exposed to marginalized and institutionalized discrimination, the hukou system, the shaping of their working conditions in a relatively unfavorable framework, and they generally work in low-skilled jobs emerge as a distinctive feature at this point.On the other hand, one of the most important issues affecting labor movements in the post-crisis period is NGO activities. In particular, the control of the ACFTU by the government and the bias of the employer made the activities in this scope valuable. As a matter of fact, NGOs have carried out important activities on how to organize and conduct strikes, as well as to know the rights and freedoms. In other words, NGOs have played a role in undertaking the missions that a union should fulfill.

Chinese Labors’ Movements with their Basic Dynamics: Multiple Theoretical Analysis of the Post-2008 Period

Sayım

CALL FOR PAPERS - THEMATIC ISSUE

Didem

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Ageing Population and Elderly Care in the Context of Rural-Urban Relations: The Case of Kastamonu and Sinop

Şükriye

Res. Assist. Dr.

A lifestyle in which work is at the center of daily life and social relations are knitted around work is a turning point that occurred in the modern period. Since the modern period, work has been considered an indispensable action both individually and socially. When looking at premodern societies, we can see that work is at the opposite end of the spectrum of freedom. The association of labor with freedom is one of the crucial pillars of the developments that has made the modern perception of work a watershed moment in human history (Peksan, 2021, p. 320). The connection and the relationship established between labor and freedom were effective in regaining the lost value of work. The evaluations of classical social theorists on working life have the characteristic of being a field where the relationship between labor and freedom can be revealed. Based on discussions in classical social theory, the main goal of this article is to develop an inquiry into the possibility of considering the concepts of labor and freedom together. To that end, this article attempted to examine how thinkers’ theoretical perspectives are reflected in the work-freedom equation by examining the relationship that each founding sociologist has established between labor and freedom in the light of the course of freedom and work in human thought.In According to Marx, it is impossible to talk about the liberating nature of an activity if it is conducted to meet the necessary needs and the boundaries of this work are determined by others. Because the area of freedom that exists beyond economic rationality should be sought outside of the realm of material production. Marx associates wage labor, which began with the emergence of a capitalist society, with unfree and subjugated labor. In this context, this is the first point where the relationship between labor and freedom in Marx can be explained. To Marx, labor can transform a person into a free individual, just as it is possible to transform him into a proletarian working under the yoke of others.In Weber, the theme of rationalization is crucial in revealing the relationship that can be established between freedom and labor. Weber considered bureaucratic management style to be one of the rational behaviors. In the interpretation of a free contract, which is one of the fundamental principles of bureaucratic management, whether both the worker and the employer are recognized as free individuals remains unclear (Weber, 2005, p. 54). In bureaucratic organizational structures, the fact that relations become monotonous by depersonalizing restricts freedom. Weber is concerned that the widespread bureaucratization will erode individual liberties (Turhan, 2014, p. 263). Weber’s ideas, which view choice as the most fundamental feature of modernity, provide another argument for the relationship that can be established between labor and freedom. According to Weber (2011, p. 163), the idea of profession and Puritan morality is the founding elements of the capitalist spirit. Moreover, he contended that the concept of professional obligation based on religious foundations leads to a new lifestyle.&nbsp;The main question Durkheim (2014) is interested in is how social solidarity is increasing despite the modern individual’s independence from society and gaining some autonomy. As an individual gains autonomy, he becomes more intricately connected to society. The division of labor increases the individual’s autonomy. In this context, greater division of labor implies greater social solidarity. Moreover, in traditional societies individual freedom is hampered by the transmission of professions from generation to generation. For Durkheim, in the relationship between the division of labor and freedom, freedom is liberation from collective consciousness.When the historical development of the relationship between labor and freedom is examined, it is clear that the comments of Marx, Weber, and Durkheim fit the mission of restoring the lost value of 19th-century social thought to labor. Labor is a possibility for freedom for Marx, who seeks freedom beyond economic rationality. Durkheim defined freedom as man’s liberation from social consciousness through his profession. Although modern individual gains independence from society, he also contributes to social solidarity. In modern society, individuals are free to make choices, depending on the increase in opportunities. One of these freedoms is the free contract understanding that fits the bureaucratic organizational structure. However, Weber is concerned that, although rationalization and rationality create an environment conducive to productivity growth, increasing bureaucratic structures will create a kind of iron cage for modern society.&nbsp;

The Relationship between Labor and Freedom in Classical Social Theory

The concept of disability is a relatively new concept due to having been evaluated from the framework in which it is currently handled. The point the concept has currently reached also reflects the current point of view. However, the view toward the disabled has passed through many phases throughout history and faced many conceptualizations in line with these perspectives. The proposed concept itself remains a matter of debate these days. When one considers the concept in terms of the social sciences, one sees the reflections of the production and productivity-oriented human perception that the economy-centered world that became evident after the 18𝑡 ℎ century has imposed on people. In general, an examination of the literature shows the studies to have mostly focused on the practices for the disabled and their life experiences. While the importance of these studies is undeniable, every practice obviously still has a philosophical background, and ignoring this background will make understanding the target of the practices that have been put forward difficult. As a matter of fact, seeing how the perspective transformation, as provided by the social model that has been put forward as a criticism of the medical model, in terms of the rights those with disabilities have gained has changed the field, and the practices will facilitate understanding what this article is stating. In this respect, presenting the issue through the dimension and philosophy of the social sciences will be shown to be very important in terms of understanding and analyzing the practical problems that currently stand before society. Understanding the destination of the concept of disability is only possible by revealing the concept’s past. Meanwhile, the historical transformation of the concept has not happened independent of the change and transformation that has occurred in Western thought and social order. In other words, the view toward the disabled is a part of the Western view of the person as a whole. Looking closely at Western thought in this context will show the main axis that constitutes the transformation of the individual view to have been shaped within the framework of economic usefulness in a thought process that goes from the divinely created individual and nature to an individual who is a part of nature formed as a result of coincidences. However, the definition of a human only as an economic instrument within the framework of homo-economicus has brought many problems together in the historical process.Finally, placing this picture before the reader and discussing the possibility of a new world will perhaps be able to contribute to a better understanding of the problem. The main problem here is that a type of society in which economics is not fundamental is off the agenda. If the world can establish the explicability of a model of society where economics is not the main element, then socially integrating the structures that are referred to as disadvantaged people, women, children, and the elderly will become a little easier. This is because in a competitive system, one’s value is directly proportional to one’s productivity. One’s value is not self-evident but is related to the demand had for that individual. In particular, the perspective put forward in the educational processes that shape people needs to be criticized, because at the point that has been currently reached, even education has been and is being organized in a way that meets the needs of the market economy. Clearly a weakening is seen to be present in how the individual who has grown up in this education system perceives society. This weakness in perception reveals itself in the attempt to solve the problem along its own axis. Individuals who design themselves in line with the needs of the market economy are faced with a feeling of worthlessness when they fail, because modern individuals experience a career-centered construction process in a rush that has turned into a marathon, traumatically involving them in the competitive system without them even being aware and with a pathological anxiety. The career-centered individual has turned into a project of the self. Individuals who cannot adapt to the system feel helpless, because sociological reality surrounds them. Capital, which has already globalized and crosses borders, has also reached an uncontrollable level that threatens states. Capital will want to flow in terms of its structure and will see all the elements that are likely to prevent this as its enemy. This is because experience has shown that no transformation favoring people has taken place in the economy-centered world shaped by the Industrial Revolution, despite all the capital and the market economy.&nbsp;

A Sociohistorical Reading on the Position of Disabled Individuals in the Grip of Modernization and the Market Economy

Cihangir

Öğretim Görevlisi

Poverty is one of the most significant problems mankind has experienced for such a long time and has currently reached its peak in places where industrialization and urbanization are intense. The problem of poverty is an important obstacle to social integration. In particular, the problems poverty creates, such as inequality of opportunity, insecurity, injustice, and discrimination, are the catalysts for social exclusion. Social exclusion is defined as being removed from social resources and opportunities, having inadequate participation in society, and being socially disadvantaged in society. Of course, children are among the most vulnerable population groups at risk of social exclusion. Suffering from poverty and being exposed to social exclusion during childhood adversely affect children’s health and physical, emotional, mental, and social development; it restricts their access to educational services and prevents them from establishing healthy social relationships with society. In addition, social exclusion has long-term effects on children by causing a scarring effect. Among the long-term effects are issues such as insufficient social and cultural capital, impaired social functionality, low social participation, difficulty participating in employment, lack of social security, social pathologies, and low participation in the decision-making mechanism.When looking at the relationship between poverty and social exclusion, some views see poverty as the cause of social exclusion, others express how social exclusion is a broader concept covering poverty, other even see social exclusion and poverty to be equivalent, and other views even state the relationship between social exclusion and poverty to be complex. In other words, no consensus is found regarding the views on the relationship between poverty and social exclusion. What is essential that both cases negatively affect vulnerable groups that include children. However, studies revealing the relationship between social exclusion and poverty in children are limited in Turkey. From this point of view, the aim of the article is to reveal the relationship between poverty and social exclusion in children.Many components stand out at the intersection of social exclusion and poverty in children. Both of them reproduce the disadvantaged state by being transferred from generation to generation, causing damage to social functionality, depriving children of social security and social protection, limiting children’s access to public services (especially education and health services), reducing the opportunities for participation in the workforce by preventing children from developing their cultural and social capital, preventing children from living in healthy housing conditions and having a child-friendly environment, causing social pathologies that affect children, and limiting their participation in decision-making mechanisms. Ultimately, poverty and social exclusion in children reproduce children’s disadvantages through the scarring they cause and the effects of learned helplessness on children.Türkiye has taken some steps to combat poverty and social exclusion in children. Social Services Law No. 2828 and Child Protection Law No. 5395 appear as important legislative provisions. Within the scope of medium-term programs, objectives are found under the title of Social Inclusion and the Fight Against Poverty, such as preparing a social protection system that protects children from social exclusion, increasing accessibility to public services, and ensuring social integration. The Social and Economic Support Service aims to keep children in school and thus support their participation in the workforce, which is an important step in the fight against poverty and social exclusion in children. In addition to legislation and practices, institutions are also found that aim to protect children from social exclusion. The Social Cohesion Department undertakes tasks such as increasing children’s social cohesion and protecting them from problems that may harm their or their family’s well-being. In addition, youth centers aim to protect children from social exclusion by directing them to cultural, sporting, artistic, social, and scientific activities. However, these aforementioned legislations, practices, and institutions cannot be said to produce permanent solutions. The need exists for policies, practices, and institutions that focus on solutions more than the problems, that aim at social peace and welfare, and that make those who experience the problem the leading actor in the solution.

The Other Side of Poverty: Social Exclusion in Children

Selin

Büşra

Sustainable development in recent years has become a topic that is discussed globally. Increasing economic and social inequalities have made sustainable development the subject of study in economic and social fields. Sustainable development has three dimensions (i.e., economic, social, and environmental); however, this study will evaluate its social and economic dimensions in terms of family policies and social services. Economic sustainability involves the increase in production and capital. Meanwhile, the social dimension of sustainable development refers to meeting the basic needs of individuals and societies and providing access to services. When considering the changing population structure alongside economic and social inequalities, the provided services gain importance in terms of their effects on individuals and especially families for achieving the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDGs). Family policies are an important component of social policy and are considered to entail all services such as health, employment, income distribution regulation, women, children, foster family programs, housing policies, and family planning. Although changes have occurred in the family structure compared to previous years, factors such as migration and the presence of elderly and disabled individuals in the family are treated as situations that should be considered when planning for family services. Identifying and meeting the psychosocial and economic needs of families is important for achieving SDGs. In this context, public and local government services are an important tool in the provision of family-oriented services. Social services for families in Türkiye are handled by the Ministry of Family and Social Services, while services for work life and employment are carried out under the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Ministries such as the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of National Education also play an important role in providing complementary services to families.Policies towards family in Türkiye are shaped alongside international and national legislation and development plans, with social services for families being carried out within the scope of the General Directorate of Family and Community Services, the General Directorate of Services for the Disabled and Elderly, the General Directorate of Social Assistance, the General Directorate of Child Services, and the General Directorate on the Status of Women. The social service centers established under the Ministry of Family and Social Services (ASHB) have an important place in providing education and counseling services for families. Social service centers are a community-based service that provide interventions suitable for the purposes of social work, especially for children, young people, women, and disabled and elderly people. Services are also found for children such as adoptions, foster families, education, and health benefits. In terms of ensuring economic and social sustainability, the issue of women’s participation in social and economic life maintains its importance. Poverty and the fact that women’s participation rates in work life are lower than men’s are important problem areas in services for women. The field of the elderly and disabled has been another issue that needs to be addressed in terms of sustainable development. The increasing rate of the elderly population in Türkiye and in the world has also become an important issue in terms of sustainable development. When examining the services that are provided for disabled people within the scope of family policies, the responsibility for the care of the disabled at home in Türkiye is seen to mostly fall on the family and the female family members. With globalization and the changes in social and economic life, the role and responsibilities of local governments and municipalities are increasing so as to meet individuals’ needs.In summary, sustainable development has 17 sub-objectives, some of these being reducing poverty and hunger and increasing gender equality and solidarity. Increasing poverty and the related social and economic injustices around the world are closely related to social services, and the social and economic dimensions of sustainable development are interrelated. The negative impact of economic development also negatively affects social development. Individuals who live below the minimum living standard economically are at a disadvantage with regard to being able to meet their basic living needs. When evaluating family policies in Türkiye, studies should be conducted on the three functions of social work: protective-preventive, rehabilitative, and transformative-developing. The social services that are provided to families should be evaluated not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of quality, and family policies should be developed by ensuring the participation of those benefiting from social services.

Evaluating Family Policies in Türkiye in Terms of Sustainable Development and Social Services

Mustafa

Both quantitative and qualitative data are currently found to demonstrate that Türkiye has evolved into a society primarily comprised of wage earners. By reflecting trends seen in OECD countries, women in Türkiye, notably in the service sector, can be observed to be actively engaged as wage earners. However, within developing nations such as Türkiye, both formal and extensively informal employment structures prevail. Scholars widely agree that Türkiye aligns with the Southern European and Mediterranean welfare regimes. Familism, which is prevalent in Türkiye’s welfare system, leads to categorizing women in this regime as homemakers and is significantly influenced by cultural norms. Familism stands as a common resource from which employed women in Türkiye can benefit, albeit the impact may vary across diverse occupational profiles.This study focuses on 36 married women with children employed as wage earners primarily within the service sector across 12 different cities in Türkiye who operate within the framework of the familism welfare system. Employing a mixed research method, this research seeks to analyze the female participants’ similarities and differences using quantitative data concerning socio-demographic, socio-economic, and childcare tasks. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate how women perceive the double burden that includes childcare supported by family members, and their experiences concerning the work conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study analyzed the quantitative data using data reduction techniques such as hierarchical clustering and the k-means method through the program SPSS 25.0. Subsequently, the study interpreted the qualitative data obtained from respondents alongside the derived clusters derived, thus allowing for the identification of congruences and inconsistencies between the quantitative and qualitative findings.The study’s introduction presents both quantitative and qualitative data in order to explore Türkiye’s transition to a society dominated by wage earners, the formation and growth of the service sector in which wage earners are predominantly active and the female employment rate. The study first outlines the literature concerning female employment within Türkiye’s familism welfare system before discussing the policies aimed at balancing work and life in Türkiye. The subsequent section delves into the analysis of the respondents’ quantitative data using hierarchical clustering and the k-means method, resulting in the classification of 36 female respondents into six distinct clusters. Lastly, the study connects the identified six occupational clusters with the qualitative data, revealing the congruences and discrepancies.The analysis of the data reveals Clusters 1 and 2, which are separate from each other but have similar occupational and educational profiles, to be common at the level of discourse. The representatives of these two groups have a relatively feminist consciousness, are supported by their family members regarding childcare and housework, and benefit from the social security the state provided during the pandemic as public sector employees. Even though the quantitative analysis reveals a distinction among the female respondents of Clusters 3, 4, 5, and 6, these respondents can be seen to have a strong tendency toward viewing employment as a double burden, namely as a duty and obligation or as an unbearable obligation. At the same time, the act of being employed has an emancipatory function for the respondents from Clusters 1 and 2, while the members of the other clusters do not perceive being employed as emancipatory due to the negative work conditions. However, due to the weakness of the welfare state and the high care rates in the market, informal care (i.e., balancing the burden of care with family resources) is still widespread due to women doing unpaid domestic work in Türkiye.All the women who were interviewed had faced either advantages or disadvantages regarding access to State-provided social security coverage during the pandemic; this viewpoint being based on whether they were employed in the public sector, private sector, or self-employed. Throughout the pandemic, public sector jobs did not result in job or wage insecurity, unlike employment in the private sector, which carried a potential risk of job loss or income reduction. On the other hand, self-employment was seen to correspond to a level of security midway between the other two job types. The study’s findings show that the positive and negative effects of the social security system, which has an unequal corporatist structure that provides unequal benefits to citizens in Türkiye, also had adverse effects on working women during the pandemic.As a result, the study finds that some of the female respondents have a feminist consciousness, while others have a mentality that reproduces the patriarchal mentality. Furthermore, for almost all female respondents, family resources represent a fundamental compensatory resource for childcare tasks. While female respondents working in the paid public sector benefited greatly from social security during the pandemic, the social security of the female respondents working in the private sector was found to be more fragile.

A Sociological Study on Working Women in Türkiye: Welfare Regime, Familism and Experiences of Reconciling Employment with Unpaid Domestic and Care Works

Aykut

Gazanfer

Decades may need to pass before immigrants are accepted by and integrate with the society they have entered. During these decades, urban tensions and conflicts are experienced between the local population and immigrants to varying degrees and for various reasons, thus affecting social cohesion. In addition, refugee and immigrant policy is one of the most discussed issues in countries’ politics. The phenomenon of migration comes to the fore as part of the steps toward securitization and takes on a discourse that includes not only public policies but also society and individuals. The question of how this interaction affects social tension stands out as an important problem. When examining the historical contexts of migration in Türkiye, it is understood to have been a geographical reality in every period, and this provides an important perspective toward illuminating the problematic.The main purpose of this research involves a sociological analysis of how Syrians who have been living in Türkiye for over ten years have experienced social tension in the cities where they have settled. The study’s field research was conducted in some districts and neighborhoods of İzmir and Ankara that have come to the fore through the tensions and conflicts between Syrians and the local population. In addition, Syrians are clustered in repressed inner-city areas and the low-income districts of both big cities. In this context, the study aims to investigate how Syrians experience tense events with the local community in the urban spaces where they live. However, important ideas have been obtained in terms of understanding and overcoming the obstacles in front of the experiences they undergo.&nbsp;In this context, two separate field studies have been planned on the subject. The first attempts to understand the reason for the violent judicial incidents that took place in the Altındağ district of Ankara. The study has been conducted through interviews in the Konak district of Izmir alongside the data obtained from there. Thus, the main problem statement of the research involves using scientific criteria to understanding the causes of social tension and conflict that are experienced by Syrians. The study is based on qualitative research methods and interviews 14 Syrians. Ethics committee approval has also been obtained for the research with the decision numbered 16 of Dokuz Eylül University Social and Humanities Research and Publication Ethics Board on 01.03.2022.&nbsp;As a result of the research and its sociological examination of social tension, the themes related to economic, environmental, and social reasons are understood to be important in both research regions. The results obtained in the province of İzmir, where the last steps of the research occurred are presented in Table 1. In this context, the research focuses on how Syrians experience social tension using their observations and experiences regarding the environment in which they live; the study conceptualizes the dynamics that affect social tension multi-dimensionally. Both field studies in Ankara and İzmir provinces have concluded the sociocultural characteristics regarding Syrians’ choice of settlement, their concentration in disadvantaged areas, and the emergence of behaviors not accepted by society (e.g., social tension and conflict) are seen to occur in these settlements. Therefore, the social relations the Syrians have established in the settlement not only appear as a part of this whole but also affect the structural factors according to the degree of the social interaction. These also influence the reality of social tension. However, structural discourses expressed through language in terms of structure also cause social tension. This situation stigmatizes and marginalizes individuals through thoughts and expressions. In this respect, a previously conducted study had determined demographic indicators such as gender, age, education level, and economic development to affect social inclusion through macro indicators (Narlı &amp; Özaşçılar, 2020, p. 319). The current study understood that the discourses containing social tension were reflected in the Syrians’ expressions and that the problems that emerged regarding the micro-structural indicators affected the communication process. Therefore, the determination has been made that the barriers in the communication process cannot be considered separately from the micro-structural indicators. In this respect, the findings obtained as a result of the research show that social problems exist in the spatial domain. In addition, the discourses expressed through language in terms of structure deepen these themes. While this situation is reflected in thoughts, approaching immigrants without stigmatizing, or marginalizing them is important in terms of resolving the problems.

A Qualitative Examination of the Reasons for the Reality of Social Tension Experienced by Syrians Under Temporary Protection

Fethi

Information and Communication Workforce Forecasting: Evidence from England

Muhammed

Sude

Kübra

Ayşe

Betül

Yüsra

Between the job search and decision processes to accept or reject a job offer, an individual offered a position may decline the opportunity due to various reasons. In this study, rejection encompasses all behaviors that conclude the job process, including refusal to apply for recommended open job position, withdrawal of a submitted application, failure to attend a job interview, or refusal of a job offer made by an employer. The key point is that the concept of rejection exceeds the rejection of a person of a job offer; it also encompasses situations in which the person individual halts a job search or application process before reaching the rejection stage. The study proposes that many reasons or conditions influence this decision.&nbsp;Thus, it aims to establish a scale for identifying the reasons for the decision to reject a job offer. First, a survey instrument was formulated, which received unanimous ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Social and Human Sciences Department of Istanbul University. The research was conducted in Sultanbeyli, which is characteristically a socioeconomically vulnerable population within Istanbul, during a period marked by increasing unemployment, impoverishment due to unpredictable price fluctuations, and challenges in the labor market. The research focuses on individuals aged 18 years and above who are actively seeking employment at prevailing wage levels through local employment service providers in the Sultanbeyli district (Turkish Employment Agency, Sultanbeyli Municipality Career Center, and nearby job referral institutions) who were directed to job opportunities but rejected at least one job offer despite their eligibility. Using the snowball sampling method and the online survey approach, the study recruited 424 participants across four months (from May 2022 to August 2022).&nbsp;The study performed exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses to identify the dimensions of the scale called Reasons for Refusal of Job Seekers to Orient to the Job. Furthermore, EFA employed the varimax rotation technique and principal component analysis to calculate factor loadings and determine under which dimensions such factors were grouped. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated for the reliability analysis of the scale, which were derived from the EFA results and consisted of two factors and 19 items. Finally, to test the reliability of the scale, which resulted from EFA and CFA, the study examined the correlation coefficients between the items and dimensions on the basis of the average scores.&nbsp;Afterward, a valid and reliable scale was developed that comprised two primary dimensions, namely, personal reasons and employer- and job-related reasons, along with 19 items. After analyses, the study analyzed the relationships between the subfactors of the scale, which were positively and significantly correlated with one another. When examining common factor variance and factor loadings of the items, the study observed that the factor loadings of the items in the first dimension ranged from 0.744 to 0.888. Moreover, the first dimension explains 64.983% of variance, while the second dimension accounts for 10.240%.&nbsp;Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, which were calculated for reliability analysis, are .967 and .950 for Factors I and II, respectively. The fit index values obtained via CFA (𝜒 2 /SD = 3.381, RMSEA = 0.75, AGFI = .861, GFI = .891, CFI = .959, NFI = .943, IFI = .959) are within acceptable ranges and represents an appropriate scale model. To assess reliability, the study analyzed the correlation coefficients between the items and average scores of the dimensions. The scale was designed to be used without obtaining a total score; thus, the correlation between each item and average scores of the factors under which they are categorized was examined, which reached &gt;0.70. In summary, the results indicate that the demonstrates a high level of validity.However, the number of items under the two dimensions is unequal; thus, we conducted a comparison between the average scores of the dimensions. The study found that the scale was more prominently related to employer- and job-related factors instead of personal reasons.

Reasons for Refusal to Orient to the Job of Job Seekers: A Scale Development Study

Altan

Huzeyfe

The efficiency of job searching enables a timely match between those who are unemployed and places with job vacancies, thus reducing the long-term unemployment rate. Understanding the job search channels job seekers commonly use is important for helping employers announce vacancies through the appropriate channels and for helping policy makers see the disruptions in job search processes. Which job search channel to choose is partially a function of the job seeker’s personal characteristics, and knowing these determinants better enhances employers’ ability to reach the relevant candidates. This study uses the Household Labor Force Survey (HLFS, 2014-2019) micro data to investigate the relationship between individuals’ characteristics and their choice of job search channel.&nbsp;The HLFS dataset has 13 variables regarding job search channels. These channels can be categorized under two groups: active and passive (Bachmann Baumgarten, 2013). While active job search channels refer to methods where time and effort are spent, passive channels can be defined as those that wait for the results from previous active searches. This study focuses on the active job search channels those seeking paid work use, whether by applying directly to an employer; by looking for a job through friends and relatives; by applying to the Turkish Employment Agency (İŞKUR); by applying to a private employment agency; by looking for job advertisements in newspapers, magazines, or online; by placing or answering advertisements in newspapers; or by taking a job exam or interview. The study estimates the probability of use for each job search channel using the job seekers’ individual characteristics as explanatory variables. The study estimates the separate probit regressions models for each job search channel, with the dependent variable taking a value of 1 if the person uses that job search channel, and a value of 0 otherwise.The study results provide valuable information for policy makers and researchers. To start with, the prevalence of the use of İŞKUR has increased over time. The results from the econometric analysis show this increase over time to also be valid after controlling for the effects of personal characteristics. In this context, İŞKUR can be considered successful in regard to how it extends its services to the unemployed. As of 2019, however, only 41% of those who were unemployed had applied to İŞKUR. Therefore, space remains for improvement with regard to İŞKUR expanding its job and vocational counseling services.The age of the unemployed job seeker is a major determinant in the choice of the job search channel, with individuals over the age of 45 being more likely to search for a job through friends and relatives and less likely to use other job search channels. Older individuals can be expected to have a broader social circle and therefore to be more likely to search for a job through friends and relatives. However, the low probability of using other job search channels may increase the duration these individuals remain unemployed. Hence, usefulness may exist for having İŞKUR increase its efforts to reach this group. The fact that unemployed youths are less likely to apply to İŞKUR compared to the 25-44 age group indicates that efforts to reach this group may also contribute to reducing unemployment among youths. Those with less than a high school-level of education are more likely to search for a job through friends and relatives and less likely to use other channels than those with higher levels of education. The results also show women to be more likely to apply to İŞKUR and private employment offices compared to men and to be less likely to apply to employers directly or search through their friends.&nbsp;Those who are unemployed and who have just entered the labor market after finishing their studies are more likely to apply to private employment offices such as online platforms or to monitor job advertisements; however, they are less likely to apply to İŞKUR. This indicates that recent graduates have sufficient knowledge about searching for work online but to not have sufficient awareness of İŞKUR’s services. Informing students about İŞKUR’s job placement services prior to their graduation may help recent graduates find a job more easily. One alternative explanation implies that the job opportunities available through İŞKUR may not address new graduates. Another channel that new graduates are relatively less likely to use is looking for work through friends and relatives. This may be affected by the fact that new graduates have no experience in the labor market nor a sufficient environment. Expanding and supporting internship practices in education programs can enable students to gain experience in the labor market as well as expand their network.

Determinants of the Probability of Using Job Search Channels: An Application for Turkey

Ersin

Assist. Prof. Dr.

The present study was prompted by the emergent popularity of remote working methods and flexible work arrangements during the pandemic, which resulted in the recognition of the concept of the gig economy in the relevant literature. Therefore, the first section of the study examines the definitions of the gig economy and its impact on workers and societies. Subsequently, the worldwide&nbsp;prevalence of the gig economy is discussed taking into account its benefits and drawbacks. Finally, the paper presents the findings and results of the study, which was conducted via bibliometric analysis.The bibliometric analysis section details the results of the study. The study data used were obtained from the Web of Science database. The data comprised articles from journals indexed in the Web of Science between 2010 and 2021. More than 2,500 articles related to the concept of the gig economy concept were examined during the study, which aimed to answer the following questions:1.How is research on the gig economy distributed based on publication categories? 2.What interest trends do publications on the gig economy display over the years? 3.How are research citations on the gig economy distributed across countries? 4.How are institutions researching the gig economy distributed? 5.How do keywords cluster in research conducted on the gig economy?The study offers insights into the distribution, trends, and key contributors of research on the gig economy and elucidates the overall domain.Certain limitations of this study must be acknowledged. First, the study focused only on the Web of Science database for data collection. Other databases or sources could contain relevant articles that were not included in the present analysis. Second, the search was conducted based on the specific search term “gig economy.” Studies that used different terminology or focused on related concepts could thus have been excluded. Third, a limited time frame between 2014 and 2022 was selected for the study. This range could have omitted earlier or more recent publications that could offer additional insights.These drawbacks should be considered when the results of the present study are interpreted and its findings are generalized. Prospective studies can expand the scope by including multiple databases, using broader search terms, and considering wider time frames to more comprehensively apprehend and illuminate the gig economy.The present study’s findings reveal that the gig economy concept has rapidly attained popularity in recent years, which has resulted in a significant increase in the number of relevant articles in the literature. Developed economies such as the United States, United Kingdom, and China evince the most cited articles and exhibit the highest publication output on this subject. The concept is primarily discussed in the domains of ındustrial relations and management. Additionally, in the context of Turkey, six publications and five citations were found in relation to the gig economy, with corresponding link strength of 33 units. Therefore, limited research on the gig economy has thus far been conducted in Turkey, indicating the need for further studies in this field.Increasing digitization and the widespread use of social networks contribute to the development of a new economic model known as the gig economy. This concept is particularly prominent in the fields of industrial relations and management and is examined within an interdisciplinary framework that includes sociology, law, and economics. However, the growing number of studies on this topic has also caused conceptual confusion. Therefore, the present study performed a bibliometric review to compile and analyze scholarly investigations on the gig economy and present their important findings. The study intended specifically to bridge the conceptual gap in the Turkish literature on the gig economy and offer directions for future research endeavors.The gig economy is widely studied in the Anglo–Saxon tradition, particularly in countries such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada. However, countries like India and China also demonstrate significant positions in this domain. Universities such as Oxford, Sydney, Cambridge, and Melbourne evince great interest in researching the gig economy. The bibliometric analyses revealed another prominent study area labeled “conceptual co-occurrence.” Therefore, the analysis of conceptual co-occurrence is an important topic for prospective studies. The present study’s analysis of conceptual co-occurrence observed that the term gig economy is often referenced in tandem with the idea of platforms and the sharing economy.

GIG Economy: A Bibliometric Analysis

Merve

Hybrid Employees Approaches Toward Hybrid Working and the Work-Life Balance: A Field Study

Gökhan

Belemir

In the 21st century, developments in technology have increased exponentially, and many changes have occurred worldwide. In addition, significant investments have been made in artificial intelligence and autonomous robot technology, and great advances have been made in many areas. This prevalence is expected to grow exponentially in the coming periods, and the investments made are expected to increase further in the coming years. The main reason for this prevalence is that artificial intelligence is now seen in all areas of our daily lives and can be used in many areas. Researchers suggested that artificial intelligence may surpass human intelligence in the coming years and become a threat to humans. All these developments may profoundly affect the working life. The acceleration of automation, particularly in parallel with artificial intelligence and autonomous robots, forced the balance in the labor market to change and increased productivity considerably compared with previous years. The increase in productivity with machines connected to artificial intelligence has increased the concerns of the workforce to serious dimensions. The reason is that although the demand for labor has decreased, the demand for autonomous robots and machines with artificial intelligence has increased. Moreover, the robot stock has renewed a new record with 3.5 million units only in 2023, and these records will increase exponentially every year. All these developments have increased concerns about the employability, social security, and stability of the welfare level of individuals. Therefore, the risk of a decrease in the demand for the labor factor owing to automation has led to the introduction of universal basic income as a social policy proposal. In this context, the study aims to examine whether universal basic income can serve as a tool that allows individuals to survive in situations of high automation, assume the role of insurance against hardship, and make society and the economy function greatly.&nbsp;From this perspective, universal basic income is defined as regular cash transfers offered to all citizens living in the country or region, without any conditions. A basic income, which is expected to play a protective role against the risk of technological unemployment, is expected to keep the purchasing power of individuals in balance and increase the demand for goods and services. In addition, individuals can take entrepreneurial risks easily because they have a basic income, which provides them with confidence. In this context, in many pilot studies, particularly in developing countries, individuals and households with a basic income can take entrepreneurial risks easily and that they encourage people to work. In addition, owing to the economic freedom that individuals have partially provided, a basic income enabled them to choose the job they wanted and increased productivity on a parallel scale. Moreover, a basic income contributes to poverty reduction owing to its role as insurance. Again, many studies showed that when the incomes of poor individuals meet their basic needs, the tendency of absolute poverty decreases.&nbsp;Although universal basic income provides a positive environment for social protection, poverty, and economic balance based on unemployment, it is still intensely discussed. Moreover, referendums are held in many countries, and it is not yet implemented on a definite scale. Despite all these objections, the idea of universal basic income is expected to be in line with technological developments and be proposed as the potential solution to possible problems from the labor market to social life. From this perspective, this paper is structured with three main sections. The first part theoretically discusses the concept of artificial intelligence and its development and examines its historical process. The second part evaluates in detail the effect of artificial intelligence and its autonomous robots on employment. Finally, the third part discusses the advantages of and objections to universal basic income as a social policy measure to counter the possible destructive effects of technology.&nbsp;

Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Employment: Universal Basic Income as a Social Policy Measure

Naim

The vast majority of societies are made up of workers who sell their labor to employers in exchange for wages to survive. Wage policies affect more than just workers’ living conditions. These policies also have a direct impact on social welfare and peace. As a result, employee wage policies are an important topic of agenda with individual and social consequences. In this study, wage policies implemented in Türkiye in recent years were examined by considering the subjectivity of various segments of the labor force. Findings reveal the two main facts that stand out in our country’s wage policies. The first is that the minimum wage has become the average wage and that all wage levels have been trending downward. The second fact is that the Turkish Statistical Institute can use inflation measurements to determine wage policies, and these measurements have meaning beyond being a macroeconomic indicator. Furthermore, the study revealed the increasing distrust toward the inflation measurements of the Turkish Statistical Institute and the concrete reasons for this skepticism. The focus has been on the fact that the Turkish Statistical Institute has ceased to publish the item price list as of June 2022. This has fueled criticism of the Turkish Statistical Institute, which announced it continuously between January 2003 and May 3, 2022. The wage policies in the collective bargaining agreements of the Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions, Hak-Is Trade Union Confederation, and Confederation of Progressive Trade Unions of Turkey member trade unions were investigated in the study after all of these evaluations. This study used the document analysis method and examined the articles regulating wage increases in collective bargaining agreements concluded by 14 different unions that are members of three workers’ confederations in 7 different sectors. This research is unique because there is no study in the literature on the relationship between the collective bargaining policies of trade unions and general wage policies. Furthermore, the variety of collective bargaining agreements contributes to the enrichment of the work. Samples of collective bargaining agreements are those signed after June 3, 2022. This date was chosen because the Turkish Statistical Institute has not published the item price list since that date. Although there were criticisms of the Turkish Statistical Institute’s inflation measurements prior to this date, examining the agreement documents after the date when the Turkish Statistical Institute did not disclose the data that should have been shared with the public due to a court decision made it easier to find answers to the study’s basic questions. Additionally, this research revealed whether the trade unions take into account the justified concerns about the data of the Turkish Statistical Institute in the agreements signed after this date. Moreover, the findings determined whether trade unions will be considered a part of the general wage policies that dominate labor relations in Türkiye or whether trade unions have developed policies that can alter the current general wage policies in favor of the masses they represent. These questions were answered by the fact that trade unions are insufficient to protect their members’ economic welfare and can be defined as part of Türkiye’s current wage policies. Trade unions are in a bad situation because of collective bargaining policies that require them to organize a break from the prevailing general wage policies, which is in the best interests of their members and then all employees. Subsequently, this study emphasized that the unions should implement new methods in collective bargaining agreement wage policies to protect the welfare of employees, particularly their members. Galatasaray Sports Club used one of these new method examples in its sponsor agreement. Galatasaray Club signed a 5-year stadium naming rights agreement with a company. The sponsor agreement stated that after the second year of the agreement, the average inflation rates of the institutions of the Turkish Statistical Institute and the Inflation Research Group would be used to determine the sponsorship amount. Finally, the study suggested evaluating inflation calculations other than the measurements of the Turkish Statistical Institute as a method of wage increases, particularly in collective bargaining agreements in private sector workplaces.&nbsp;

The Impact of the Turkish Statistical Institute on Wage Policies in Türkiye: An Evaluation of Trade Unions Using Collective Bargaining Agreement Samples

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Ayşıl

Mehmet

When looking at the development of the work element, it is seen to be a concept that is affected by socioeconomic factors and to be in transformation. The increasing sectoral share of the knowledge economy is seen daily as the basis of the transformation. This transformation constitutes the main subject of the study and emphasizes the fact that the act of working within a limited area is an activity that can also be carried out remotely. With the emergence and development of the activity of remote working, the most used remote working method today is known to be teleworking from home. This method has now created diversified methods, especially teleworking from home. The teleworking method dates back to the 1970s and has spread to large audiences with the COVID-19 pandemic. Teleworking from home is predominantly seen as a working method for white-collar employees and brings with it many benefits and risks. These benefits and threats have been interpreted in different ways by different authors in the literature. In fact, some factors regarding teleworking from home have been considered both benefits and risks. This situation has been observed to create unclear areas in the literature, with one of the leading factors in this uncertainty being occupational health and safety.Although positive opinions have been presented in the literature about occupational health and safety regarding teleworking from home, the dominant opinion is that occupational health and safety is a risk factor for teleworking from home. Despite the positive views, teleworking from home is a way of working that threatens the occupational health and safety of white-collar employees. Teleworking from home is known to be able to eliminate some risks arising from the physical conditions of the workplace for white-collar employees. For example, the factors that may threaten one’s occupational health and safety during the course of going to and from work are not valid for those teleworking from home. However, due to the nature of the work they do, white-collar employees may be exposed to risks while working from home. In other words, situations may arise where the home poses more risks than the workplace.Psychosocial risks and ergonomic risks are important risk factors that white-collar workers are exposed to in terms of occupational health and safety. These risks pose a threat to occupational health and safety while teleworking from home. Psychosocial risks are a little-known dimension of occupational health and safety, but these risks are known to have become more visible and dangerous with the new ways of working. The psychosocial risk factors involve such risks as stress, mobbing, long work hours, and social isolation. Psychosocial risks are also seen to be just as effective when working from home as they are in the workplace, with some psychosocial risks having a more negative effect when teleworking from home.Ergonomic risks are related to issues such as the employee’s work environment, suitability of equipment, and correct working position. Based on these factors, eliminating ergonomic risks does not appear to be possible for employees who work from home compared to working at an office. Ergonomic risks for white-collar workers arise from the work environment and not the workplace. Workplaces are designed to produce and provide services and are subject to legal regulations and measures. As the center of teleworking from home, however, the home is a place designed as employees’ private space. If adequate precautions are not taken and a suitable working environment cannot be provided, inadequate ergonomic conditions experienced when teleworking from home become a significant occupational health and safety risk.This study has been conducted as a compilation and attempts to eliminate the conceptual confusion in the literature between telework and teleworking from home, which are types of remote work. The study also examines studies on the effects teleworking from home have on the occupational health and safety of white-collar employees and includes positive and negative opinions on the subject. Lastly, the study expresses its purpose as the view of teleworking from home being an important issue for the occupational health and safety of white-collar employees and one that contains an element of risk and supports this view with various arguments.

From Remote Work to Telework from Home: Occupational Health and Safety of White-Collar Employees

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Verda

In the present day, the discipline of “social policy” is mainly studied under the departments of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations (LEIR) since it includes topics such resolving problems of workers during production and reducing class conflicts. Apart from the departments of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations,” courses and academic studies on “social policy” are also current in other departments such as social work, sociology, and public administration. Even though the development of social policy in Turkey is mainly covered by two prominent schools (Istanbul University and Ankara University), there are different opinions on the matter. The present study analyses the outlook of the academic projection of “social policy,” which has a long-standing tradition within the context of graduate theses. Narrowly defined, social policy aims to eliminate the conflicts, imbalances, and conflicts of interest that arise between employers and workers in the capitalist order, to harmonize between classes and to address the problems of industrial societies. Broadly defined however, social policy refers to studies that deal with issues of all social groups, covering common areas and producing solutions to problems. Social policy, which is one of the fundamental fields of the Labour Economics and Industrial Relations discipline, has spread to areas such as labour markets, labour, social security law, human resource management, sociology of work and organizational management, and work psychology.Difficult to define and limit, the scope of “social policy” is quite broad. In its fullest sense, it encompasses all policies aimed at making changes in the social structure. Even though its course of development differs from one country to another, the concept of social policy was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and conditions at that time and, in time, has become a scientific discipline. Its main feature can be defined as the aim of maintaining the continuity of the economic and social system by partly compensating and eliminating problems and adverse outcomes stemming from the system.&nbsp;In a narrow sense, social policy intends to eliminate inconsistencies, imbalances, and conflicts of interest emerging between employers and workers in the capitalist order and to maintain harmony between classes. It focuses on the problems of industrial societies. In a broad sense, it signifies the entire body of practices concerned with the issues of all social groups, covering social fields, and providing solutions for problems. In this context, social policy aims&nbsp;to offer solutions for the problems of all social groups by considering all social fields. Accordingly, it also includes factors like education, health, the protection of craftspeople, taxation policies, agriculture, and the cooperative system.&nbsp;While social policy grew as a scientific discipline and underwent changes and transformations in terms of practice, it mainly flourished under the departments of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations” within the higher education system in Turkey. In other words, emerging and developing in parallel with the need for solutions to problems encountered in society, the discipline of social policy has also brought about the emergence of the department of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations.” Nowadays, as a result of the diversification of social problems, the scope of the department has also widened within this context and, due to the rapid development of information technologies stemming from globalization, social policy has become more crucial. These developments have led to an increased interest in social policies and academic studies concerning social policy.&nbsp;Adopting a partly detailed perspective through the analysis of graduate theses, the present study attempts to answer the following questions:• How are the theses examined within the scope of the study distributed across years, graduate study levels, and universities? • How are the subjects of theses on “social policy” distributed? • Do the theses involve field research? • How are these theses connected with the definition and concept of social policy?These questions are answered within the framework of dimensions created based on the studies in the national academic literature.This study has a qualitative research design allowing the presentation of research results by reading the data one-by-one based on codes and categories. The qualitative research method was accepted as the most suitable research method for this study which aims to determine the thematic states of graduate theses, including the concept of “social policy” in their titles and analyze and comment on the theses thoroughly.&nbsp;The research population consists of 3836 theses written within the scope of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations” in the database (National Thesis Centre) of the Turkish Council of Higher Education (CoHE). As for the study sample, it comprises 124 theses. The data obtained as a result of scanning using the keyword “social policy” in the “Title” tab in the “Detailed Search” section were transferred onto “Excel” spreadsheets, and MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2018 and the theses offering access to full texts were downloaded.&nbsp;The theses were classified according to publication years, levels of graduate study, and institutes. To ensure validity and reliability, the Excel data files created by the researcher based on the lists of theses from the CoHE database were presented to an expert for consultation. Based on the opinion of this expert, the keywords of the research questions were finalized.The document analysis method was employed in the study to analyze the content of the theses. The document analysis stages used in the present study can be listed as follows: “accessing documents,” “obtaining documents,” “analyzing the data,” and “using the data”.Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the concept, “social policy” covers a wide range of fields in academic studies. Following a general examination of research studies, it seems that the feared effect of the combination of the words “social” and “policy” does not occur. This issue, emphasized in the studies of Makal (2008), and Koray (2013), is worthy of further discussion. Just like this argument, the entire research is undoubtedly open to critique and further development. This is a qualitative study, and it is not independent of the value judgment, observations, and experience of the researcher. Given the number of studies conducted within the scope of this discipline in which each review is either the reason or outcome of another increase, a clearer picture regarding the subject matter will be revealed.

Evaluating Graduate Theses on Labour Economics and Industrial Relations in Turkey within the Context of “Social Policy”

Toker

The article below is a tribute to the centennial foundation of the International Labour Organization. Following deliberations over various various criticisms by the ILO, the Turkish legislature had enacted the new i legislation of Turkey, i.e. the Labor Unions and Collective Agreements Act of 7 November, 2012, no.6356 which constitutes the present legal framework of industrial relations in Turkey. Aiming to bring the labor relations law of Turkey into conformity with ILO norms on freedom of association as well as to find solutions to various practical problems of implementation, Act no.6356 carries various positive provisions, i.e.simplifying some of the earlier formal requirements; restrenghening the job security of the union shop steward; clarifying the rights of union administrators; abolition of the condition for public notary approval for the worker’s acquision of and withdrawal from union membership. But the Act also seems flawed in certain respects, i.e. uncertainties in the protection of the worker against acts of antiunion discrimination; maintenance of the socalled “double criteria” for collective bargaining authorization, ( that is , while seemingly reducing the first condition to 1/% from the previous 10% cent industry-level representation , making the union’s ability to achieve the authorization certificate more difficult due to forced mergers among industries ; certain strike restrictions in sectors not deemed to fall into essential services in the strict sense of the ILO; and suspension of strikes and lock-outs by the government due to reasons of general healt or national security where, in the absence of agreement between the parties, industrial conflict is to be suspended and the process must result in compulsory arbitration.More recently with a view to lessen the workload of labor courts, the amendment to the Labor Courts Act by Act no. 7036 dated 25 October 2017, has in the settlement of workers’ claims including reinstatement demands brought the precondition of calling on the process of ‘mediation’ before filing the lawsuit. Although mediation shall not entail a binding decision, it may lead the worker to accepting a lower amount than what he would be awarded under legal action in the court system.As the mandate of the so-called ‘mediation as a precondition for legal action’ encompasses requests for compensation in union-related dissmissals as well, the mediation technique may create consequences detrimental of the protection of freedom of association and as such is likely to be challenged before the Constitutional Court or to be brought to the agenda of the ILO.&nbsp;Furthermore, coupled with the declining rate of union density in Turkey, the prevalence of the so-called ‘single channel representation’ i.e. the absence of workers’ representatives and/or a works council system at least in workplaces where union shop stewards do not exist, seem lead to various voids which must be filled for the performance of various functions in the Turkish industrial relations system (e.g.collective layoffs) . Therefore this paper advocates the adoption of a ‘dual-channel representation system including labor labor unions and elected employee representatives’ who must be active anyhow as Turkey had ratified ILO Convention 135 in the year 1993.At a stage where the government’s avowed goal was to launch reforms to bring Turkish industrial relations into conformity with international norms on freedom of association, the outcomes of Act no. 6356 have been rather mixed, in some respects disappointing, in others encouraging. Various dimensions of Act no.6356 are clearly tilted against the interests of workers and labor unions Thus, despite the introduction of various positive elements and certain ameliorations made since the year 2012, Act no 6356 is still likely to continue being challenged in national and international fora.This article, based partly on the observations of the writer as the government representative in the supervisory organs of the ILO, is a general evaluation of the main changes brought about by Act no.6356 on freedom of association in Turkey as well as on a few a other amendments made after its passage in 2012. Despite the presence of the above-stated weaknesses, , it is clear that the present legal framework of industrial relations in Turkey represents a better-balanced and advanced stage than the previous legislative environments . In reaching this level of maturity, the impact of the ILO and the jurisprudence of the ILO’s Freedom of Association Committee, coupled of course with the contributions of the Turkish social partners should be acknowledged.

The Impact of International Labour Organisation on the Development of Industrial Relations in Turkey (A Critical Approach from the Perspective of International Norms on Freedom of Association)

Hülya

After the Second World War, European states attempted to overcome major economic difficulties by inviting guest workers to their countries in order to resolve the manpower deficit left by the war. Over time, however, immigrants who moved from developing countries like Turkey to Western European states abandoned their “guest worker” status and began to settle permanently in these countries. Because of this, immigrants’ cultural problems, identity issues and concepts of culturalization, integration, and assimilation began to be studied to a much greater extent in the fields of sociology and political science.Turkish labor migration to Germany started following an agreement signed between Turkey and Germany on October 30, 1961. In the first year, 6,800 Turks arrived in Germany, and their population steadily increased over the years. The Turkish population in Germany rose to 652,000 in 1971, 1,546,000 in 1981, and 1,780,000 in 1991. Turks who moved to Germany in the first decade following the agreement are considered to be the first generation of Turkish immigrants. Members of this generation had no information about Germany before their arrival and experienced serious difficulties in adapting to their new country. They were generally unskilled workers, they could not speak German, and they preserved Turkish values rather than assimilating German ones. As this group was seen by the Germans as temporary guest workers, integration policies were not applied to them&nbsp;The second generation of Turkish immigrants in Germany appeared from 1974 to 1984. They were the children of the first generation, or they came to Germany under the laws of family reunification. In fact, beginning from the 1980s, the German government sought certain ways to encourage Turkish immigrants to return to their country, but these efforts proved largely ineffective. Even if a number of Turkish immigrants returned to Turkey, their children opted to stay in Germany, and thus the Turkish population continued to increase. Members of the second generation could speak some German, and some of them were educated in German schools. Following the formation of the second generation, German officials realized that presence of Turks in Germany would be permanent, and accordingly initiated some policies to ensure the integration of next generations to German society.The third generation of Turkish immigrants is the product of these policies. These people are young, aged 18-29, and living in Germany. Compared to the previous generations, members of the third generation have a much closer relationship to German society. They were born and educated in Germany, they can speak German fluently and their friends are generally German. As they have also adapted to German culture and lifestyle to a great extent, it can be argued that the integration&nbsp;policies launched by the German state took root in this generation. Because of their proximity to German language and culture, these young Turks are quite active in the daily and professional life of Germany. On the other hand, they have not learned Turkish language and culture very well; they have some persistent conflicts with their families and previous generations. Alienation from Turkish identity is the most crucial problem in the overall structure of third generation.In this study, the process of migration and integration of Turkish immigrants in Germany is examined and a comparison of the first and third generation Turks is made. The article argues that the changing cultural dimension of the Turkish immigrants in Germany originated from state policies to bring third-generation Turks closer to German culture and society.

Process of Migration and Integration of Turks in Germany: Comparison of the First and Third Generations

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Metin

After the international norms of trade union freedom were determined by ILO Convention 87 (1948), a rapid increase in complaints about member states was observed. Since 1951, the ILO Administrative Council has used the Committee on Freedom of Association (CFA) for assistance in investigating these complaints.The Committee on Freedom of Association has also explained what procedures and principles it considers when reviewing and resolving complaints about member states: the first of its decisions is that it is not a judicial decision that compels the member state. According to the statement, a decision which is made is not intended to condemn a member state or a trade union organization; on the contrary, it aims to make trade union freedom valid in all countries by making use of the trilateral structure, which is the most prominent feature of the ILO.While making decisions, the second principle of the CFA is that it does not, as a rule, take into account the level of development of the complained country. The third principle is that the change of political regime or political power in a member state will not affect the previous decisions. The new political regime or the new government is under the obligation of producing solutions based on the decisions of the Committee in terms of trade union freedom.Lastly, the CFA requires that, in accordance with the decision of the Administrative Council with respect to multinational companies, the existence of a provision contrary to trade union freedom among the conditions of investment in another country shall never be tolerated.The reason why we choose the issue of strike is that employers’ associations in the ILO and in our country argue from time to time that the right to strike does not have a legal relationship with trade union freedom. The most important justification of the allegations in this regard is that there is no direct provision regarding the right to strike in Convention 87 or other legislation of the ILO regulating trade union freedom.For many years, the CFA has advocated a totally opposite view. According to them, the right to strike is an integral part of trade union freedom. In this case, it is not possible for trade unions to exclude the right to strike while freely regulating their activity programs.&nbsp;Based on this basic view, the CFA does not accept all actions where employees collectively agree to stop working as a legal strike within the framework of trade union freedom. For example, according to the CFA, a strike initiated by a trade union for purely political purposes does not fall within the framework of trade union freedom. As such, the CFA does not accept the strike which is done in order to prove that the trade union is the authority in collective bargaining. The CFA acknowledges that the issue of authority is a problem that needs to be examined separately.As such, the committee acknowledges that the right to strike may be restricted or even banned in basic services that threaten the health and safety of society. In the case of government officials in public service, the CFA accepts that high level bureaucrats who use public power on behalf of the state can be included in the scope of the ban on strikes. The Committee tries to clarify the concept of basic services in its decisions and gives examples from various business lines.The CFA has also made important decisions on peaceful solutions to ensure that workers do not lose their rights in the event of restrictions or prohibitions on the right to strike. According to the CFA, the peaceful solutions that are put into action in such a situation should definitely have gained the trust of parties through their impartiality and independence.It is determined that an independent body should decide for such strikes which are delayed for a certain period due to national security and general health, and if the government is the decision body, this postponement should be made with a good faith interpretation considering the narrow meaning of the words ‘national security’ and ‘general health’.&nbsp;If serious health and safety problems arise in society due to the prolongation of the strike and its widespread nature, it may be decided to meet the minimum needs of society by the decision of an independent body; however, as a result of this decision, the effect of the decision to strike should not diminish and the public image of the union should not decrease.

The ILO’s Committee on Freedom of Association - Some Important Decisions on the Right to Strike

Murat

Özge

According to the referendum held in the United Kingdom (UK) in June 2016, the proportion of “leavers” was much higher. Since the referendum, the debate about the future of the European Union (EU) has progressed into a different dimension. In total, 51.9% of the citizens of UK voted to leave the EU as a result of the referendum where European skepticism was evident. This led to some doubts about the future integration model of the EU. In this period, many factors were observed as the impulsion that generated the mode of debates on the future of European integration. One of the most important and controversial factors at the EU level can be identified as migration. Especially after the Syrian Crisis, the number and the types of migrants coming from Syria to other regions were seen as a concern by many states in political, economic, and social terms. Even if the EU’s security and border management policies had taken root far before the start of the Syrian Civil War, the Syrians who escaped from the civil war have increased the security concerns of member states to the highest levels. In parallel with the increase of security concerns, the perception of the EU regarding migrants exists as a controvertible subject at a political level because of the differentiated approaches of EU members regarding this issue. Anti-immigration discourses have become a very effective form of populist expression in certain policy areas. One of the examples of this style of expression that has gained more ground in recent years can be observed in UK’s EU referendum process. In this context, evaluating anti-immigrant discourses in referendum campaigns presents important clues regarding the rise of Eurosceptic trends in the EU.In this article, discourses on immigration and migrants during the referendum campaigns are presented as one of the main drivers that paved the way for Brexit (Britain-exit). The instrumentalization of the immigrant opposition arose out of debates between the Conservative Party and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), and this provides an example of the position of migration in the EU. The rise of far-right politics and populist radical discourses are a defined problem that the EU must overcome and the UK referendum process is supposed to be held as a concrete sample regarding this problem. Therefore, as a tool of populist and far-right wing discourses, explaining the anti-immigration aspects in the UK’s referendum process is the main aim of this study. In this context, the presentation of the immigrants as an economic and social burden on the EU member states is a critically moot point that questions the future of the EU. So, as a factor that is pushing the discourses of the far-right wing, populists, and anti-immigrant can be defined as a risk for the EU and its normative characterization. This study aims to explain how anti-immigrant discourses can influence the campaign process and to what extent it affected the UK’s decision to leave the EU.According to the literature, Brexit has been held in terms of the process itself, and a future model of European integration is now on the agenda of many scholars&nbsp;in terms of the many risks that the EU has confronted. Even if Brexit does not seem like an astonishing step, it is a factor pushing anti-immigrant discourses that draw a considerable scene. Among the member states, UK has been defined as the representative of Eurosceptic tradition for a long time. In the EU, where there has been a developing culture of solidarity among member states in areas such as the Eurozone, the Justice and Home Affairs, and the Schengen Area, the separation of UK politics from the culture of solidarity has been assessed as the axis of European skepticism. When considering UK’s isolated preferences in some European level policy areas and its Eurosceptic tendency, we can evaluate Brexit as not being a surprising event. However, anti-immigrant discourses in the process can be evaluated as a challenging dimension. Anti-immigrant discourse has not only widened its influence in the UK’s political scene, it has reached a worrisome dimension in many other parts of the EU today. Therefore, analyzing the Brexit process presents a tangible outcome about to what extent anti-immigrant and populist discourses can widen their influence in the European Union.

The Impact of Anti-Immigration Discourses in the United Kingdom on the Brexit Process

The Journal of Social Policy Conferences, which since 1948 has been published within the body of the Faculty of Economics, Labor Economics, and the Industrial Relations Department at Istanbul University, Turkey, plays an important part in the formation and maintenance of social policy tradition. With the stages, changes, and transformation it has undergone from 1948 to the present, the journal offers an outstanding academic setting for research in the field of social policy in Turkey. In addition, 1948 is an important year in terms of the International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions approved by Turkey. Turkey, which ratified only one ILO convention between the years 1932 and 1946, signed 11 conventions between the years 1946 and 1959. In this context, ILO, which is an important institution at international level in the field of labor relations and social policy, and the journal that created the first social policy corpus in Turkey were founded in the same period.The main hypothesis of this study is to highlight the importance within scientific and academic development of long-term academic publications being able to present to their readers the reflections of the social, political and economic developments of the periods with which they are concerned. Starting from this, the purpose of the study is to examine how ILO, which is one of the major international institutions in terms of industrial relations and working life, is reflected in the Journal of Social Policy Conferences as a journal that has been maintaining its publishing activities through 71 years.This study firstly presents the history of the Journal of Social Policy Conferences. Then, within the scope of “Qualitative Analysis of the Journal of Social Policy Conferences”, the articles in the journal are subjected to qualitative analysis regardless of periods. After that, the journal articles dealing with ILO, -and those covering the basic ILO conventions are examined under the title of “ILO in the Journal of Social Policy Conferences”.&nbsp;&nbsp;The literature review shows that different academic publications such as journals and graduate studies are analyzed through various qualitative research methods, namely document analysis, content analysis, and bibliometric analysis. With 71 years of history, the Journal of Social Policy Conferences is too deep to be analyzed through a single method. This is because when the origin and history of the journal is examined, it is clear that different periodizations can be made (e.g before and after 2003 according to the criterion of being a peerreviewed scientific journal; before and after 2009-2010 based on the criterion of transfer to the internet environment from the printed journal).In this article, the reflection of ILO in academia is presented through the Journal of Social Policy Conferences, the academic representative of the social policy field in the national arena. The fact that the study is the first one to subject the Journal of Social Policy Conferences to qualitative bibliometric analysis shows its originality. However, this originality also carries with it the difficulties of making an analysis that complies with the spirit of the journal. In this context, the study should be considered as an “exploratory” preliminary study that can guide future studies with how it all started and how it continued as well as the research method it employed.The database used in the research was created by transferring all the files in the journal archive to the Excel program through the DergiPark system. Analyses were performed on 830 files excluding the records coded as “Imprint, Editorial, Table of Contents”, “Editorial”, and “Foreword” from among the those included in the dataset created within the scope of the study.&nbsp;The calculation results indicate that the journal does not comply with the 80/20 rule, which states that 80% of all articles published in the journal should be written by 20% of the authors, and neither does it comply with Price’s law, which measures the productivity of the authors. However, it does comply with Lotka’s law, which measures the contribution to the literature. In light of the calculation made according to Lotka’s law, which is a quantitative estimation of how many articles the authors have contributed to the literature, it can be said that the 71-year journal will continue to contribute to the field as an academic platform in the following years as well.There are 30 studies directly containing the word “ILO” in their titles. This number amounts to 3.6% of the total number of studies. There are few studies directly addressing ILO which can be repeated within the scope of the journal covered in the present study as well.The Journal of Social Policy Conferences, which has grown and developed concurrently with the social policy history of Turkey, has aspects that, by maintaining its mission from tradition to future, flourish, create a tradition, sustain such tradition, and have a significant collective power.

Journal of Social Policy Conferences and International Labor Organization (ILO)

Emel

Çetin

Turkey has been caught unprepared for the influx of asylum seekers and migrants since the 1990s and the increasing number of refugees fleeing the Syrian war since 2011. Today, more than 3.5 million Syrians and over 300,000 non-Syrian asylum seekers are residing in Turkey. They are among the most disadvantaged groups in Turkish society. Turkey’s migration and asylum system has been undergoing a transition process since the early 2000s. Recently, the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) in 2013 and the Regulation on Temporary Protection (RTP) in 2016 have been adopted to categorize and manage different asylum-seeker groups. The main difference between them is that non-Syrian asylum seekers can apply for international protection to be resettled to a third country and must register in a satellite city. Today, there are more than 60 satellite cities as defined by the Ministry of Interior Directorate General of Migration Management (DGMM). According to the Article 82-1 of Law on Foreigners and International Protection (2014), refugees and asylum seekers are only allowed to live in satellite cities for reasons of security and public order, and to prevent accumulation in big cities. Düzce is one of the satellite cities as defined by DGMM. More than seven thousand asylum seekers, mostly from Iraq, Syria, Iran and Afghanistan, are currently living in Düzce. This paper explores the difficulties of accessing social services and the social integration problems of asylum seekers in Düzce from a gender- and human rights-based social-work perspective.This paper is based on an empirical research using a qualitative approach and a snowball sampling method. In-depth interviews with 21 asylum seekers and two key informants from public institutions, Düzce Governorship and the City Branch of Migration Management, were conducted. In addition, several public institutions in education, health, and social services, as well as non-governmental organizations’ activities for asylum seekers, were investigated. The socio-economic support options in Düzce include free education for children, Turkish-language courses for adults, free access to health care (including free medications) and 120 TRY given by Kızılay Card to meet some requirements such as food and shelter. Also, some NGOs provide irregular economic support based on humanitarian aid. Our findings show that although asylum seekers are entitled to access some social services, including education, health services or employment, they have difficulties accessing them due to language barriers, work obligations, health problems, and gendered responsibilities.Asylum seekers cannot access healthy accommodations and usually face lowpaying or irregular employment and/or non-payment problems, social exclusion and stigmatization in Düzce; and these problems deepen their psychological problems&nbsp;caused by the war. In particular, female asylum seekers have serious problems meeting their daily needs, such as food and shelter, accessing to health care, and public services. As a result of limited access to psycho-social and economic support mechanisms, female asylum seekers face unique gender-based risks, including sexual harassment in their search for employment or aid.&nbsp;At the local level, the needs of asylum seekers are met through a “philanthropist” approach, where social workers are not involved. Asylum seekers consist of different groups, including children, youth, the elderly, disabled individuals, and single women, and they all have different problems and needs. Based on empirical research, some recommendations can be made to support asylum seekers more effectively. In general, these recommendations include the empowerment of asylum seekers via different support mechanisms, such as an easy access to multi-lingual information services, accommodation, and human rights-based socio-economic supports. Most importantly, in order to fight against gender-based violence, human rights based and gender-sensitive psycho-social and economic support mechanisms should be developed for female asylum seekers in Düzce and all over Turkey.

Asylum Seekers’ Social Integration Problems and Access to Social Services: A Case of Düzce Satellite City

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Journal of Social Policy Conferences is a peer-reviewed bi-annual journal which is published by the Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations of Istanbul University Faculty of Economics. The journal aims to publish, theoretical and applied studies on labor economics, employee-employers relations, unemployment, poverty, social assistance, social services, social security, social insurance and all studies on the social, legal and economic aspects of working life as well as social policies regarding women, youth, elders and all disadvantageous groups. 
Contributions are welcome from economics, finance, sociology, social policy, international relations, law and all other fields which have relevant and insightful comments to make about financial science.

Article Submission: sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr

Before submitting your manuscript, please ensure you carefully read and adhere to all the guidelines and instructions to authors provided in the “Guide for Authors” section.

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Journal of Social Policy Conferences aims to represent an interdisciplinary academic platform for both national and international social policy debates, to construct the links between academic research and social policy regulations in Turkey, to make a contribution to comparative and international studies by publishing both theoretical and empirical research on the field of social policy, labour economics, industrial relations, social security, social services, labour law, sociology of work, organizational behavior, psychology of working and human resources management and by doing so, to reflect a comprehensive approach to solve the social policy issues in the Turkey.Journal of Social Policy Conferences is a scientific journal for the publication of research and studies including theoretical, philosophical, historical and political essays, research papers, case reports and reviews, international and comparative papers; encompassing all aspects of social policy, labour relations, labour economics, labour law, sociology of work, work and organizational psychology and human resources management.· Topics of interest may include-but not limited to- social policy studies, such as history of social policy, instruments of social policy, unemployment, poverty, social services, social security, income distribution, working conditions, migration, discrimination, social exclusion and social policies regarding women, youth, the elderly and all disadvantaged groups, education and environmental policies and international social policy debates.· In the field of Labour Economics; labour supply and demand in labour markets, employment, unemployment, wages, productivity and labour market policies.In the field of Industrial Relations;From the historical perspective, workers 'movements, labour unions, civil servants' unions, employer unions, collective labour disputes and solutions, collective bargaining, the role of the state in industrial relations, comparative industrial relations, social dialogue with the effect of globalization on industrial relations.In the field of Social Security;historical development of social security, management, techniques, institutional structure, financing, economic and financial dimension, legal dimension, new applications in social security systems.Social Services;methods and techniques, social services for the family, women, children, young people, disabled and elderly people, social work practices in the fields of health, education and justice and social services organizations.In the field of Labour Law;collective labour law issues such as the obligations arising from the employment contract, termination of the employment contract, severance pay, working hours, applications to disadvantaged groups, labour law issues, unions, collective bargaining, strike and lockout practices.In the field of Sociology of Work;classical and contemporary approaches, the effect of technology on working life, social stratification and classes, alienation, leisure industry, globalization, gender issues in working life, generations and transformation.In the field of Organizational Behaviour; corporate culture, leadership, motivation, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, work ethic, stress in organizations, conflict, power and politics.In the field of work psychology;meaning and importance of working in an individual's life, career development, ergonomics, work monotony, burnout syndrome.In the field of Human Resources;management, organization, planning, business analysis, training, performance appraisal, career management, wage management, strategic human resources management, international human resources management, information systems.*The Journal of Social Politics Conferences includes academic articles as well as book reviews in relevant fields and decision-making studies in the field of business law.

Aim and Scope

<a href="https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/journal/detailJ/TVRReU5qWT0=" target="_blank"></a><a href="https://trdizin.gov.tr/publication/journal/detailJ/TVRReU5qWT0=" target="_blank">TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index</a>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate EBSCO Health Policy Reference Center ProQuest Central ProQuest Social Sciences Database ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection ProQuest Political Science Database DOAJ <a href="https://dbh.nsd.uib.no/publiseringskanaler/erihplus/periodical/info.action?id=498753" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;font-size: 14px;">ERIH PLUS</a><a href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ist/iujspc.html" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">RePEc IDEAS</a><a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istiujspc/" target="_blank" style="background-color: transparent;">RePEc EconPapers</a>SOBİAD  <a href="https://econpapers.repec.org/article/istiujspc/" target="_blank"></a>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. PlagiarismSubmitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

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The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

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Journal of Social Policy Conferences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

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The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageArticles in Turkish and English are published. Submitted Turkish article must include an English abstract, keyword and an extended abstract. Extended abstract in English is not required for articles in English.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="mailto:sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.<ol><li>The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size, line spacing of 1.5 and “justify align” format. For indented paragraph, tab key should be used. One line spacing should be used for the tables and figures, which are included in the text.</li><li>The title of the text should be centered on the page, in lower-case letter, bold, Times New Roman font and 14 font size.</li><li>Information about the author is to be written on the left part of the page skipping one line space after the title, and it should be in Times New Roman font, 10 font size, with one line spacing. After indicating the name of the author in lower-case letter and surname in capital letter, the title, affiliation, and e-mail address should be included.</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract of 200-250 words both in the language of the article and in English. An extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used is to be included following the abstracts. If the manuscript is in English, extended abstract is not required. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in the language of the article and in English.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract (If the manuscript is in English, extended abstract is not required), sections, footnotes and references.</li><li>Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text.</li><li>A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9A81F22189C1441EA0295B632B933403" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=sskd_title-page_637060533239753097.docx">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, ORCID, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>The rights of the manuscripts submitted to our journal for publication, belongs to the author(s).</li><li>The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.</li><li>A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.</li><li>The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article submissions should be submitted <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/login" target="_blank">Dergipark</a> or directly to the e-mail address <a href="mailto:sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr</a>Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=sskd_title-page_637060533239753097.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the languge of the manuscript and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Key words: 5 words both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (for the articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Grant Support (if exits)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exits)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Social Policy Conferences complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=sskd_title-page_637060533239753097.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscriptü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscriptü    Abstract (200-250 words)ü    Key words: 3 to 5 wordsü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/AE60FD915FB14D6CA63465D03E515528" target="_blank">Title Form</a>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Sayım Yorgun
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