Namık

This study examines four cholera outbreaks that occurred in Çukurova, a region encompassing the boundaries of Adana Province in the Ottoman Empire, between 1890 and 1912. These epidemics are analyzed through a contextual approach, focusing on public health policies and responses in the Ottoman Empire. The study aims to assess the adequacy of Ottoman public health measures by analyzing archival sources to trace the course of these outbreaks and compare them with international examples. In the mid-nineteenth century, the causes of cholera were still debated. The miasma theory, which attributed diseases to “bad air,” remained dominant until John Snow’s 1854 research in England demonstrated the role of contaminated water in the spread of cholera. This led to a paradigm shift towards germ theory. The Ottoman Empire, undergoing a period of modernization, sought to reform its institutions, including its public health system, based on European models. As part of these efforts, the Ottoman government established a quarantine system and enacted cholera laws. This study is based on archival research, utilizing 138 Ottoman documents from the Presidential Ottoman Archives (BOA) to analyze the course of the epidemics. These sources provide both a chronological and thematic examination of the four cholera outbreaks in 1890, 1895, 1903, and 1911-1912. The 1890 outbreak was the first major cholera epidemic in Çukurova. Due to lack of experience, containment efforts were insufficient. The epidemic lasted approximately six weeks, and 177 people died. Authorities quarantined Adana and Mersin, restricted movement, and attempted—though inadequately—to provide doctors and medicine. However, the absence of proper infrastructure hindered effective control. The 1895 outbreak began in Tarsus, leading to an immediate quarantine. However, since cases were later detected in surrounding villages, it became clear that the response had been delayed. The presence of Dr. Şerafeddin Mağmûmi in Tarsus and the arrival of a medical team from Istanbul, led by Dr. Süleyman Gazele, strengthened the response. However, the doctor shortage remained a major challenge, as many towns, cities, and villages had no medical personnel at all. Additionally, the lack of clean water and sewage systems made epidemic control even more difficult. At this stage, government and local authorities did not question their own responsibilities; instead, the public was often blamed for the spread of disease. The 1903 cholera outbreak originated in Damascus. To prevent the disease from spreading into Anatolia, the Ottoman government attempted to establish a control zone stretching from the Euphrates River to the Mediterranean. However, despite these measures, cholera still entered Adana Province through İskenderun, which was then part of the Aleppo Province, and reached Çaylı. This caused concern within the province, prompting authorities to take immediate action. Their swift response prevented further spread into the wider Adana region. This was the only epidemic in the examined period where mortality rates remained relatively low, suggesting a more effective response. By the 1911-1912 outbreak, the Ottoman administration had gained more experience in epidemic management. Unlike earlier periods, economic concerns played a greater role in policy discussions. Additionally, since the Ottoman Parliament (Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan) was active at the time, public health measures were debated more openly. The study reveals that long-term infrastructure projects -such as the construction of clean water systems and proper sewage disposal- were not prioritized. Instead, the focus was on immediate crisis management during outbreaks. This short-term approach limited the effectiveness of epidemic control efforts. Overall, this study demonstrates that while the Ottoman Empire did take significant measures, its approach remained less systematic and preventive compared to Western countries. In Çukurova, the failure to invest in sanitation infrastructure before outbreaks occurred made cholera a recurring problem. This case study highlights the broader challenges faced by the Ottoman public health system in responding to epidemics during the late 19th and early twentieth centuries.

Cholera Outbreaks and Epidemic Response in the Çukurova Region (1890-1912)

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Zekeriya

Ümit

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

The Place of the Law of Large Numbers in Ottoman Statistical Works and Ahmed Emin

Bilal

Prof. Dr.

Mehmet Ali Tevfik Yükselen (1889-1937) was a bureaucrat who lived in the last period of the Ottoman Empire and the first period of the Turkish Republic. After graduating from Mercan Idadi, he studied law at schools in Istanbul and Thessaloniki. It is said that he completed his law studies in Switzerland. During the Ottoman period, he was a member of the Committee of Union and Progress, participated in the New Language movement, joined the editorial board of Genç Kalemler magazine, and was among the founding members of the Turkish Quarry. Mehmet Ali Tevfik's writing activities took place mainly during the Ottoman period, and he was only engaged in bureaucratic duties during the Republican period. He died in 1941 while serving as Consul General of New York. During the first period of his life, when he was intensely active as a writer, he published many articles and poems in various publications and gave many conferences for various purposes. One of the works written by the author at the age of twenty was an article he wrote to explain Hodja Tahsin's astronomical poem. This commentary was published in three parts under the title ‘Bir Bedi'a-i Şi'ir ve Hakikat’ in the 4th, 5th, and 6th issues of Resimli Kitab magazine dated January, February, and March 1909. The author says that he wrote this article in order to revive the memory of Hodja Tahsin, who he says died thirty years ago and has long been forgotten.The aforementioned Hodja Tahsin (1811-1881) was the first director of the Ottoman Darülfünun, which was attempted to be opened for the second time in 1869. In France, where he was sent by the Ottoman Empire, he studied modern science and philosophy, especially natural sciences. He wrote many works transferring the culture of modern science and philosophy he learnt in the West to Ottoman society. A significant part of the works written by Hodja Tahsin in his lifetime were published in his magazine Mecmû'a-i ‘Ulûm, which he edited for a total of seven issues between November 1879 and February 1880. The aforementioned journal contains a total of seven articles of Hodja Tahsin, some of which are translations. In addition to these, he had four works published in Istanbul in the early 1890s by his student named Nadirî Fevzî. These works are titled Esrâr-ı Âb u Havâ, Psiholojiya yâhud ‘İlm-i Rûh, Târîh-i Tekvin yâhûd Hilkat, Esâs-ı ’İlm-i Hey'et. Apart from these, other works, some of which were translated from the West, are also mentioned.Hodja Tahsin was also a talented poet. He has many short or long poems written for various reasons, such as biographical, historical, etc. Hodja Tahsin also wrote poems to express his scientific and philosophical thoughts. One of them is an astronomical poem describing the design of the universe revealed by modern science. The poem was first published as a total of 29 couplets in his work Esâs-ı ‘İlm-i Hey'et. There is also information that the poem was actually 130 couplets and that it was printed as a booklet by Hodja Tahsin himself, together with a map of the sky.In his article ‘Bir Bedi'a-i Şi'ir ve Hakikat’, Mehmet Ali Tevfik tried to explain in detail the modern view of the universe described by Hodja Tahsin in his poem. The reason why the author gave this name to his article is that in the poem in question, Hodja Tahsin describes very well the facts about the universe that astronomical science has revealed. For this reason, he calls the poem ‘Bir Bedi'a-i Şi'ir ve Hakikat’ (A Masterpiece of Poetry and Reality) and compares it to Jose Maria de Heredia's (1842-1905) poem ‘Coral Reef’ (Le Recif De Corail) in his poetry book Les Trophees. In this poem, Heredia described the subject like a geological expert, and in his astronomical poem, Hodja Tahsin revealed the universe in the same way. Mehmet Ali Tevfik begins his three-part article with biographical information about Hodja Tahsin. Towards the end of the first part, he begins to comment on the 29 couplet astronomy poem from the 17th couplet onwards. The explanations of the poem are mostly in the second and third parts of the article. In the article, the 25th and 26th couplets and the last, 29th couplet are not annotated.Some of the ideas about the universe expressed in the article are as follows.&nbsp;According to this, there are countless celestial bodies in the Milky Way, such as the Earth and our Sun, on which we live. There are also many galaxies like our Milky Way. The universe is infinite and is constantly changing and transforming. Some of the stars we see like a dot in the sky are newly formed, and some are about to disappear. Our planet, our sun, and even our existence as human beings have no privileges in this universe. Since they all have the same physical chemical structure, there must be life on other celestial bodies. According to the author, there are universes within universes not only in the ‘infinitely big’ sky, but also in the ‘infinitely small’ cell area, as revealed by his microscopic research. In conclusion, in this commentary on Hodja Tahsin's poem, Mehmet Ali Tevfik successfully introduces the modern science's design of an infinite universe in which every point is homogeneous and the same natural laws are valid, accompanied by interesting examples from astronomy.

Mehmet Ali Tevfik Yükselen’s Commentary on Astronomy Poem of Hodja Tahsin

Ramazan

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Öznur

Stones have carried both functional and symbolic meanings throughout the ages as part of humanity’s efforts to make sense of natural environment. In early periods, people primarily used stones to meet daily life needs such as shelter, protection and tool making. Stones, initially seen as a fundamental element in architectural structures or as a tool, have gradually been used as ornaments, status symbols and sources of healing. Various beliefs have also emerged concerning the magical and mystical powers attributed to stones. This has led to them gaining supernatural meanings. The physical, chemical and mystical properties of stones have gained significant importance in the scientific and cultural lives of societies. In this context, knowledge about stones has been systematically recorded in different works throughout history and this information has been passed down from generation to generation through these works.The earliest written information about stones can be found in works written during the Antiquity. In these works, not only the physical and chemical properties of stones but also their medical and mystical characteristics were discussed in detail. The works written during this period were translated into Arabic from the eighth century onwards, making their way to readers across the Islamic world. Over time, the translation activities of medieval Islamic scholars were enriched with their scientific knowledge, deepening the symbolic significance of stones. In this context, stones began to be seen not just as simple objects for shelter or protection, but as elements carrying scientific, medical, and metaphysical functions. Among the first translated works on stones in the Islamic world, Kitāb al-Aḥjār, attributed to Aristotle (384–322 BCE), holds particular significance. This work, which is believed to have been translated in the first half of the ninth century, comprehensively addresses mineralogy. In the text, Aristotle presents his in-depth studies on the physical and chemical properties of stones. As a result, the work became an important reference for Islamic scholars in the field, influencing the texts they produced on the subject. The first original work in the Islamic world on stones was written by Yūhannā ibn Māsawayh (d. 243/857) in the ninth century under the title Kitāb alJawāhir wa Sifatihā wa fī Eyyi Baladīn Hiya wa Sifat al-Ghawwāsīn wa’t-Tujjār. Texts written in the Middle Ages Islamic world began to be translated into Turkish from the fifteenth century onward and were brought into the Ottoman geography. The first examples of works dealing with stones in Ottoman Turkish literature were given by Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al-Shirvānī (d. after 841/1438). Shirvānī, wrote two independent works about stones. The subject of stones was discussed in classical Turkish literature from the fifteenth century to the nineteenth century.Over the centuries, while independent works on stones were written by the authors of classical Turkish literature, special sections dedicated on stones were also included in ‘Ajā’ib al-Makhlūqāt (The Wonders of Creatures) books, which covered a wide range of subjects from various fields of knowledge. One of these sections might be seen in the translation of ‘Ajā’ib al-Makhlūqāt wa Gharā’ib al-Mawjūdāt (The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation) by Rodosī-zāde Muḥammad (d. 1113/1701) in the seventeenth century. In the section on stones, Rodosīzāde provides information about 45 stones by giving the locations of the ores of 17 stones, describing whether they are found in a city, a mountain, or another place. In the work, the purpose of each stone’s use is explained based on its physical properties. Stones have a wide range of applications, from being used as aesthetic ornaments or cutting tools to serving as medical treatment tools and bringing luck, prosperity or blessings. Among these uses, the most detailed information is provided about stones being used as a method of medical treatment in the field of health. In this context, the health benefits and possible harms of stones are discussed in detail. Additionally, many beliefs and practices regarding their healing power are conveyed. It is stated that some stones are used in the prevention or treatment of multiple diseases, and the effects of these stones on various illnesses are also explained. The medical properties of stones are associated not only with physical ailments but also with mental health and disorders, emphasizing the multifunctionality of stones.The primary objective of this study is to introduce the stones documented in Tarjuma-i ‘Ajā’ib al-Makhlūqāt wa Gharā’ib al-Mawjūdāt (The Translation of the Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation), penned by Rodosīzāde Muḥammad in the seventeenth century, to the academic community. The information presented in the text provides critical insights into the scientific, cultural, and intellectual landscape of earlier periods. The work approaches stones not merely from a physical perspective but also in terms of their aesthetic, medicinal, mystical, and practical functions. This comprehensive portrayal underscores the significance of the text in understanding the scientific, religious, and cultural knowledge of earlier periods. Given these aspects, this study contributes to the historiography of science in the Ottoman intellectual tradition. Although we do not claim expertise in evaluating the contemporary scientific validity of the information presented in the work, we contend that, with rigorous interdisciplinary research, the text could serve as a valuable historical source. For instance, the descriptions of the physical properties and practical applications of stones may offer insights relevant to contemporary studies in the history of mineralogy and gemology. The accounts of stones’ purported therapeutic properties could provide scholars in medical history and alternative medicine with a valuable historical perspective. Furthermore, the mystical and symbolic meanings attributed to stones reflect the religious and cultural perceptions of the era, making the text a crucial resource for research in fields such as religious studies, history, and folklore. Additionally, the linguistic and stylistic characteristics of this work, written in seventeenth century Ottoman Turkish, along with its specialized terminology concerning stones, hold significant relevance for scholars in literary and linguistic studies. Given these factors, it is evident that the subject of this research transcends the boundaries of literary analysis and instead represents a multidisciplinary resource capable of fostering connections between various academic fields.&nbsp;

Stones in the Tarjuma-i ‘Ajā’ib al-Makhlūqāt wa Gharā’ib al-Mawjūdāt by Rodosī-zāde Muḥammad (d. 1113/1701)

Nurullah

Entomology is the study of insects. This field provides methods to recognise and control pests that threaten agricultural production, sustainability and crop yields. Turkey, an agriculture-based society in the early twentieth century, faced serious challenges due to insect infestations that destroyed crops and jeopardised food security. Pioneering entomologists, who observed this situation on the ground, endeavoured to use scientific knowledge in practice to alleviate the effects of infestations on the population and solve problems, thus contributing to the economic and social development of the country. In this context, the decision to specialise in the field of ‘entomology’, which emerged in Turkey in the early 20th century, reflects an intellectual effort to show that this field has a significant potential for the development of the country’s agriculture. In this context, Mehmed Süreyya Özek’s formal education in entomology reinforced his expertise in this field and made him an important figure in the development of entomology in Turkey. His education abroad taught him the latest developments and methodologies in the field, which he then adapted to the unique ecological conditions of Turkey and brought them to the country.&nbsp;In the efforts to protect plant health initiated since the first years of the Republic, in addition to the economic and technical possibilities of the country, the experience and technologies of other countries have been utilised. For this purpose, attention was paid to sending experts in their fields to international congresses and meetings. Participation in international meetings has provided a great advantage for the development of agriculture in Turkey. These meetings paved the way for bringing the latest technologies and utilisation from around the world to Turkey. Süreyya Özek stood out as a remarkable figure in this context. He took part in important organizations in the field of phytosanitary at national and international level, both as a statesman and as a researcher and academic. By representing Turkey on international platforms, Özek brought his knowledge and experience to provide added value to Turkish agriculture. Moreover, he took important roles, formed scientific committees and strengthened international friendships. Thanks to his efforts, the knowledge and experience provided by foreigners to Turkey has become a valuable resource for the next generation of scientists. He has also actively participated in international conferences and organisations, representing Turkey’s interests and ensuring that the voice of global phytosanitary policies is heard on behalf of his country. This involvement has enabled Turkey’s development in the international scientific community, as well as the publication of research and access to best practices. The fact that Süreyya Özek’s work is still felt in today’s Turkey and the modern plant protection system we have today shows that we owe a significant debt to his work.Süreyya Özek was one of the leading figures in entomology in modern Turkey, leaving a lasting impact on both his academic work and the practical application of entomological research. He made significant contributions to Turkish agriculture through his teaching, groundbreaking research in entomology and statesmanship. In this process, he shaped not only science but also agricultural modernization and education policies. Özek’s legacy extends beyond his academic achievements. The scientific tradition he established has been not only a source of knowledge but also a great source of inspiration for his students. He was not only a scientist and ‘teacher of teachers’, but also shaped his students’ vision of entomology and Turkish agriculture, and reinforced their passion for the field. By encouraging critical thinking and practical problem solving skills, he provided students with the in-depth knowledge and equipment needed to deal with entomological problems. This holistic approach has taken the education and training process not only to a theoretical but also to a practical level and has inspired the successful careers of many of his students. Many of these students have gone on to occupy important positions in Turkish agriculture and academia.&nbsp;Süreyya Özek played an important role in the efforts of Turkish governments to participate in joint work between countries through various international organisations and in entomological control efforts against agricultural disasters, both during and after his tenure as Undersecretary of the Ministry of Agriculture. Thanks to Turkey’s dedication in the struggle at home and abroad, it was observed that locust infestations were not effective domestically from 1935 to 1938. However, between 1935 and 1938, there were small-scale locust infestations, although they did not have a significant impact in terms of damage. While the governments took the necessary measures at home against these infestations, experts were brought from abroad and the steps to be taken in the future were determined in line with the examination reports prepared by these experts. In addition, by participating in conferences abroad, the road map to be followed in joint efforts for the control of pests and diseases at the international level was determined and the methods and methods developed in the struggle were closely followed.&nbsp;Süreyya Özek’s lifelong accumulation of knowledge and the institutional structures he laid the foundations for have created a solid infrastructure for future research. By building bridges between academic research and practical applications, he made entomology recognised as a science and contributed greatly to the developments in this field. Özek’s legacy has been kept alive by the Turkish agriculturalists who have taken over from him, and these researchers have continued to inspire scientists across the country, encouraging innovative research and providing solutions to contemporary agricultural problems. Recent research, especially on environmentally friendly strategies against pests, has built on the foundations of Özek’s earlier work.&nbsp;

Founder of Modern Entomological Science in Turkey: Mehmed Süreyya Özek (1885-1969)

Ahmet

Arif

Hüseyin

In the 19th century, developments in microbiology in the West highlighted the importance of preventive healthcare services. Alongside the emergence of modern approaches in state governance, state officials began to be held responsible for healthcare services and were authorized to take necessary measures for public health. These advancements also influenced the Ottoman Empire, leading to the modernization of administrative and healthcare practices concerning public health. Health reforms in the Ottoman Empire gained momentum during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II. A notable development was the implementation of vaccination programs, particularly against rabies and smallpox, to improve public health.In addition to structural reforms in healthcare, Abdulhamid II prioritized the training and education of numerous physicians and healthcare personnel to address the healthcare needs of the time, especially concerning infectious diseases. He adopted an encouraging stance toward sending physicians and healthcare teams abroad for education. In the fall of 1885, Louis Pasteur’s introduction of the rabies vaccine to the scientific community caught the attention of Abdulhamid II, who closely followed healthcare advancements in Europe. Approximately seven months later, in the spring of 1886, he ordered a delegation to be sent to Paris to learn about the newly developed rabies vaccine from Louis Pasteur. The delegation was to include prominent experts such as Zoeros Pasha, Hüseyin Remzi, and Hüseyin Hüsnü, with Zoeros Pasha designated as the head. Even before their departure from Istanbul, the delegation attracted the attention of the French press and was featured in several newspapers. To honor Pasteur, Zoeros Pasha was entrusted with a sum of money and a medal to be presented to the newly established Pasteur Institute.After receiving comprehensive training in Paris, the delegation returned to Istanbul and was tasked with implementing modern vaccination techniques against rabies. During Abdulhamid II\'s reign, physicians were sent to Europe not only to study rabies and diphtheria vaccines but also to learn methods for combating other infectious diseases. Institutional reforms in combating infectious diseases were realized upon the return of these trained physicians. The first rabies hospital, Dâülkelp Tedavihanesi, was established in Sirkeci Demirkapı by Zoeros Pasha in 1887. In 1892, the Telkihhane-i Şâhâne was founded to produce and develop smallpox vaccines. By 1893, the Bakteriyolojihane-i Şâhâne and Tebhirhaneler were established to produce the vaccines and serums needed to fight epidemics.&nbsp;The integration of medical knowledge into healthcare services, particularly concerning rabies and anthrax, was facilitated by those sent from Istanbul to train at the Pasteur Institute. Experts in their fields who received advanced training at this pioneering institution returned to Istanbul, paving the way for future overseas education opportunities for healthcare personnel in other areas. Statistical records of treatments provided valuable insights into the outcomes of efforts to combat infectious diseases, enabling the evaluation of healthcare policies\' success. These records demonstrated the effectiveness of implemented policies, which subsequently facilitated the expansion of preventive healthcare practices across Anatolia.The physicians who implemented these successful healthcare policies were commended, boosting their motivation. Additionally, individuals from the Pasteur Institute who visited the Ottoman Empire had the opportunity to assess how their advancements were integrated into Ottoman healthcare policies in institutional and practical terms. Their feedback further contributed to the improvement of healthcare services.This study, conducted using the survey model and document analysis method, utilized documents obtained from the Ottoman Archives, printed works from the period, periodicals, statistical reports, and original studies. Searches were conducted in the open-access Ottoman Archive catalog of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey Directorate of State Archives, and relevant documents pertaining to the research topic were selected.For obtaining printed works from the period, the Digital Archive and e-Resources of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Atatürk Library, the e-Resources of Atatürk University Central Library, and the National Library Digital Library System were utilized. Foreign periodicals were accessed via Gallica, the digital library of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, and its partners.Sources written in Ottoman Turkish and French were translated into modern Turkish. All these documents were systematically examined, and the findings were analyzed and discussed.

The Influence of Abdulhamid II’s Relationship with Pasteur and the Pasteur Institute on Ottoman Medicine

Şerife

Remziye Hisar was among the first women in the Republican era to receive her undergraduate and doctoral degrees in Europe. The most well-known feature of her scientific background is that she was among the first women to obtain a PHD in chemistry in Europe during the post-Republic era. Her undergraduate education in Europe constitutes a part of her academic biography, whose details are not well known. Remziye Reşid, named after Reşid Süreyya, to whom she was married at the time, made her first application to study abroad as a scholarship student in 1924. During her tenure as a teacher at the Adana Darülmuallimat (Girls’ Teacher Training School), which lasted until 1924, her request was denied due to the absence of funding in that year’s budget. Thereupon, Remziye Reşid arrived in Paris in August 1924 -either resigned or on medical leave- and began her studies in natural sciences and mathematics, which she had wanted to pursue for a long time.In the four years between her arrival in Paris and the receipt of her certificate in Biochemistry in June 1928, she successfully completed the certification examinations necessary to obtain a license in chemistry. The first year and a half of these four years of academic activity was spent in an effort to become a fully supported main student of the Ministry. However, during her stay in Paris, she was plagued by economic difficulties. Her letters to the Ministry of National Education and the student inspectorate show that her salary and expense allocations were not enough for her education and daily needs.She was accepted as a supported student by the Ministry of National Education in February 1925, and eight months later, in October of the same year, she was accepted as a main student. Positive opinions about Remziye Reşid’s hard work and seriousness were influential in giving her full support. In February 1925, she enrolled in the Faculty of Science at the Sorbonne University of Paris as a supported student of the Ministry. However, the difficulties of being unprepared to study chemistry here prolonged her education process.&nbsp;The most important shortcoming was that she had not studied the mathematics-based preparatory phase required to study science according to the French system. She started chemistry without going through the preparatory stages called mathematiques élémentaires and mathematiques spéciales. To compensate for this, she focused on studying mathematics from the time she arrived in Paris. She sent her work entitled Riyaziyat Mefhumları, the product of her mathematical study, to the Ministry of National Education for publication.&nbsp;The value of the work was appreciated, but it was not deemed suitable for publication by the Ministry.&nbsp;The first goal of Remziye Reşid’s chemistry education was to obtain certificates in applied and general chemistry. However, the bad grades she received until October 1927 did not lead to a good impression for the Ministry. She did not take the exams before this date, and did not pass the exams she took. This was influential in the Ministry’s decision to stop her education and repatriate her to Turkey at the end of 1927. Throughout her education, Remziye Reşid tried to draw attention to the fact that the most important thing was her hard work and diligence. At the end of 1927, the decision to send her back was changed as a result of her passing the exams with honors, and her education period was extended. In June 1928, she passed the Biochemistry certificate exam with a high score and continued her further studies within the scope of her doctorate. In 1928, she continued to study for her next goal, a certificate in General Physics.Documents related to Remziye Reşid’s undergraduate period in Paris were obtained from the Presidential Republican Archives. By utilizing archival sources, it is possible to elaborate, correct, and make the limited information in the existing literature more comprehensible about the period covered in Remziye Reşid’s academic biography. The last archival record of Remziye Reşid is her petition in December 1928 asking for the books she needed. In 1929, it is estimated that she returned to Turkey at the end of the year after receiving her general physics certificate. Her ongoing doctoral studies were also interrupted for this reason.Remziye Reşid lived with her daughter Deha, who was born in Paris in 1924, her sister Güzide, who came to Paris from Istanbul in 1925, and her son Feza, and assumed the responsibilities of both a student and a caregiver for her family. This circumstance added to the financial difficulties she had to overcome. Her letter-form petitions to the authorities and their responses reflect her persistent and passionate personality. She overcame the academic and economic difficulties she faced with her desire to study. This desire and will to succeed is the driving force behind her courage to report and explain even when she receives low grades.

The Undergraduate Period of Remziye Reşid (Remziye Hisar), One of the First Woman Chemists of the Republic of Turkey, at Paris Sorbonne University (1925-1928)

Ömer

Since the earliest periods, the strongest relationship of accounting has been established with mathematics and even seen as a sub-discipline of mathematics. Accounting education was evaluated together with mathematics and presented together in some educational works. The effect of this association, which can be found in the 14th−15th centuries, can be traced until the early twentieth century.&nbsp;In the nineteenth century, especially in the last quarter of the Ottoman Empire, translated and subsequently copyrighted books of accounting were organized with a modern understanding, included in the curriculum of almost every educational institution, and played an important role in the development of commercial life. The knowledge accumulation of this period has shaped today's understanding of accounting with its commercial, industrial and academic aspects. In this respect, it is important to examine the scientific history of accounting and to develop different approaches. The relationship between accounting and mathematics, its being considered as a sub-discipline of mathematics and its effect on accounting knowledge, is an important but insufficiently addressed issue in terms of the history of accounting science. In the accounting history literature, there are a limited number of studies that draw attention to the periods when accounting was seen as a sub-discipline of mathematics and this presupposition. Current studies that examine the association of accounting and mathematics by pointing to the historical relationship have generally addressed the issue through books and authors.This study examines Turkish educational books from 1869 to 1913 that highlight the relationship between accounting and mathematics, a period when the pioneering books of modern accounting were published in our country. When evaluated together with foreign examples, it should be expected that this relationship, which has historical roots in the distant past, has reflections on the Turkish education system. It can be assumed that accounting and mathematics lessons were taught by the same people, that there was a transitivity between the lessons, and that the same people taught these lessons together or alternately during their tenure. As a matter of fact, data on this relationship between accounting and mathematics education can be found in idadis, which were the most widespread and the longest-schooling institutions among the Ottoman schools in the relevant period. In this respect, the claim of the research conducted within the scope of this study is that since accounting is seen as a sub-discipline of mathematics, accounting lesson teachers in idadis should be teachers who also teach mathematics lessons. Within the scope of the study, the other lessons taught by the teachers in charge of accounting lessons in the idadis have been determined and these lessons have been analyzed from different perspectives according to their types and groups, and the coexistence of accounting and mathematics in the relevant period has been evaluated.According to the findings of the study, ninty different accounting teachers in forty five different idadis taught thirty three different lessons other than accounting lessons a total of 175 times in the period 1890-1915. The highest number of teachers has been observed in Gümülcine, Adana, Erzurum, Karasihar-ı Sahip, Konya, Mamuret-ül Aziz and Thessaloniki idadis, while the highest number of lectures has been observed in Gümülcine, Erzurum, Hama and Mamuret-ül Aziz idadis.According to the results of the study, it was found that accounting teachers mostly taught mathematics (including geometry and trigonometry) lessons other than this lesson. This finding points to the reflection of the assumption that accounting was a sub-discipline of mathematics in the idadis during the relevant periods, as observed in various historical accounting books and approaches. In addition to mathematics, accounting teachers respectively taught Turkish, foreign languages, geography and science, spelling/correspondence, religious studies and agriculture. In this respect, the study aims to contribute to the literature by supporting the historical relationship between accounting and mathematics through teachers who taught both lessons.

A Research of The Assumption That Accounting Is a Mathematical Sub-Discipline According to the Lesson Distributions in Ottoman Idadis (1890-1915)

Emrah

Diseases and the microbes and viruses that cause diseases are important phenomena that have left permanent traces in human history. These diseases have affected society socioeconomically, socially, and psychologically by infecting humans and animals. The plague epidemic in medieval Europe, also known as the black death, not only changed the political history of Europe but also shook the whole world in terms of its effects. Along with human diseases, animal diseases also affect societies and cause severe damage to the food production chain. When food supply was not possible, societies faced serious problems, and, as in the Ottoman example, bread riots broke out. The Ottoman Empire had to fight against animal diseases since the Early Modern period, and many diseases, especially cattle plague, started to be seen in Anatolia, especially in the 16th century. The limited sources available to us indicate that cattle plague epidemics in the 16th century caused serious economic problems. In the early modern period, cattle plague was not limited to the Ottoman Empire; it also spread to the European continent. The cattle plague, which became an epidemic in Europe, caused severe livestock losses all over the continent, especially in the middle of the 18th century, which was a period when animal deaths reached the highest level. The spread of cattle plague in Europe and the severe damage it caused to the economy necessitated the first academic studies on this disease to be carried out in Europe. The disease, which became an epidemic in Europe, ravaged Anatolia in the 19th century, especially after the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878. The disease spread throughout Anatolia, and the capital city of Istanbul was also affected. The cattle plague epidemic in Istanbul was particularly effective between 1886 and 1891, and the disease continued to affect Anatolia until the end of World War I.The epidemic outbreak of cattle plague in Anatolia corresponds to the 1880s and 1890s, during which time the disease was seen almost everywhere in Anatolia. In the face of this disease, the Abdülhamit II administration had to make some legal arrangements and started to institutionalize. In this sense, the Inspectorate General of Umurı Baytariyye was established within the Nafia Nezareti in 1888, and Lieutenant Colonel Veterinarian Mehmet Ali Bey was appointed as its head. Established in 1888, the Inspectorate General of Umur-ı Baytariyye was later affiliated with the Ministry of Forestry, Mining, and Agriculture in 1892. After the Inspectorate of Umur-ı Baytariyye was affiliated with the relevant ministry, the Regulation on Veterinary Central Organisation was issued on 11 December 1892. According to this regulation, agricultural affairs were to be carried out by a science committee composed of five branches, and the fifth branch of this science committee was to be the Islah-ı Hayvanat ve Umur-ı Baytariyye Branch. In this period, when the state started to formulate legal regulations and institutionalize, the Zabıta-i Sıhhiye-i Hayvaniye Talimatnamesi, which entered into force on 5 January 1893, played a primary role in the state's fight against animal diseases.The Ottoman State's struggle against animal diseases continued during the Second Constitutional Monarchy Period, and the state issued the Zabıta-i Sıhhiye-i Hayvaniye Kanunu Muvakkati on 17 December 1913, shortly before World War I, in order to prevent the diseases. The Zabıta-i Sıhhiye-i Hayvaniye Kanunu Muvakkati repealed the previously published regulations and other legal provisions as of 17 December. Along with such legal regulations before World War I, the state also published a treatise titled Cattle Plague and the Measures to be Taken About It, which deals with the recognition of cattle plague, the causes of its spread, its symptoms, and serum and vaccine studies against this disease and constitutes the subject of our research. This treatise provides detailed information about cattle plague, the measures taken by the state against cattle plague, how this disease affected the Anatolian countryside, and the serum and vaccine studies against this disease. The fact that the disease continued its effect during World War I and affected the animals used in the army accelerated the vaccine studies, and serum and vaccine were produced against this disease in "Serum Darü'l İstihzarı" [Serum Production Center] in Dersaadet, Erzincan, and Eskişehir. These serums were sent to certain regions even under wartime conditions, and the disease was tried to be prevented. This important treatise also deals in detail with the necessary sanitary measures to prevent the spread of cattle plague and the penalties to be imposed in case of non-compliance. In this sense, this important treatise prepared under wartime conditions shows that the Ottoman Empire tried to take the necessary measures against diseases and tried to eliminate such diseases by emphasizing scientific studies.

A Treatise on the Measures Taken Against Cattle Plague in the Ottoman State During the First World War: Sığır Vebası ve Hakkında ittihazı Lâzım Gelen Tedâbir

Erhan

In the Ottoman Empire, military periodicals were based on Cerîde-i Askerîye (Military Newspaper), which is considered the first army newspaper first published in 1864. After the publication of Cerîde-i Askerîye, the publication of military newspapers and magazines in various fields gained momentum. Cerîde-i Baytarîyye of which publication was suspended due to the Balkan War, was republished in 1918 under the name Askerî Cerîde-i Baytarîyye because of the need for a journal in the field of military veterinary medicine.&nbsp;In this study, information on the publication process and content of the Askerî Cerîde-i Baytarîyye/Askerî Mecmua-i Baytarîyye journal was detailed, and its importance in the context of the history of veterinary medicine and military veterinary medicine was evaluated. The study material consists of the journal with issue number 19 registered in the National Library with inventory number “1973 SA 183”. The first issue of Askerî Cerîde-i Baytarîyye/Askerî Mecmuai Baytarîyye was published in June 1334 (1918), and the last issue numbered 19 was published in Kânûn-i Sânî 1336 (January 1920). When the publication frequency of the journal between 1918 and 1922 is examined, it is observed that although it was printed monthly, two issues were printed at once in some months. When the articles/writings of the magazine are examined, it is seen that especially translations are included in almost every issue.In the article titled “İfâde-i mahsusâ (Special statement)” in the first issue of the journal, the purpose of the journal is stated as the re-publication of Cerîde-i Baytarîyye, which was interrupted due to the Balkan War, and the transmission of developments in the field of veterinary medicine. Askerî Cerîde-i Baytarîyye/Askerî Mecmua-i Baytarîyye was published monthly by the ‘General Inspectorate of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of War’ in the Military Press. The name of the journal was changed to Askerî Mecmua-i Baytarîyye (Military Journal of Veterinary Medicine) as of the 17th issue dated Teşrîn-i sânî 1335 (November 1919). The journal, which was determined to have completed its publication life under the name Askerî Mecmua-i Baytarîyye, included topics such as diseases such as tuberculosis, scabies, glanders and rabies, the existence of horses and cattle during the period, animal nutrition, surgery, meat inspection, as well as treatments applied to animals during war, biographies, promotions, assignments, book reviews, translations of articles obtained from professional journals abroad, and information on veterinary education institutions.In this study, information on the publication process and content of the Askerî Cerîde-i Baytarîyye/Askerî Mecmua-i Baytarîyye journal was detailed, and its importance in the context of the history of veterinary medicine and military veterinary medicine was evaluated.When the issues of the journal are examined, it is seen that the purpose of the publication is to convey the medical developments that took place during the Balkan Wars and that it fulfills this purpose effectively. It can be said that it is an important document in terms of reflecting the functioning and current status of military veterinary medicine in the Ottoman Empire at the time it was published. In addition, it can be stated in terms of its content that it is a valuable source for both the history of veterinary medicine and military history, as it reveals that the discipline of veterinary medicine was handled with military order and meticulousness. Howewer, when examined in terms of its content, Askerî Cerîde-i Baytarîyye/Askerî Mecmua-i Baytarîyye addressed not only topics related to veterinary medicine, but also issues concerning public health, human medicine, and zoonotic diseases, thereby presenting a holistic perspective on health reflective of the period's understanding. This multifaceted content can be regarded as an early representation of what is today known as the "One Health" approach—a multidisciplinary model that emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Therefore, Askerî Cerîde-i Baytarîyye/Askerî Mecmua-i Baytarîyye holds significant value not only in the context of the history of veterinary medicine, but also in terms of understanding the structure of Ottoman health and military institutions.

An Example From Periodial Publications of the Ottoman Era: Askerî Cerîde-i Baytarîyye/ Askerî Mecmua-i Baytarîyye (1918-1920)

Gül Hanım

The nineteenth century has been a period of social, political and cultural transformation in Europe, as in Europe for the Ottoman Empire. The wars, riots, epidemics and economic difficulties in this period have forced the empire to make radical changes not only politically but also in many areas of social life. The reform movements that started with the announcement of the Tanzimat Edict have covered a wide area from administrative and legal regulations to education, from health to social policies. In particular, the necessity of education, the sending of students abroad and the transport of Western science to Ottoman society has been one of the important dynamics of the modernization process. One of the reflections of these modernization movements on social life has manifested itself in the field of health.The training of specialist physicians in the field of health, the institutionalization of medical education, the use of modern medical equipment, the progress recorded in drugs and vaccines has created an important transformation in Ottoman society. These developments have led to new perspectives on the care and health of not only adults, but also children and especially babies. As a matter of fact, by the end of the nineteenth century, remarkable progress in Ottoman society in parallel with the developments in Europe in the field of mother and child health.During this period, with the acceleration of press and media activities, modern medical information was brought to the wider sections of the society. Through newspapers, magazines and treatises, scientific data on child care were presented to mothers, caregivers and families, and it was aimed to correct false practices among the public. For example, issues such as feeding babies, bath order, sleep habits, arson methods and walking processes are discussed in detail with the articles written by specialist physicians and experienced mothers of the period. It has been emphasized that traditional methods, especially arson, may cause some permanent physical damages; Modern, medical reasons are proposed to these applications.The use of drunken substances, which facilitated the transition to the sleep given to infants during sleep, has existed as a tradition in Ottoman society for many years; However, under the influence of modern medical understanding, it has been explained that this practice is extremely inconvenient for infant health. Likewise, in the articles of child care, the importance of the presence of a separate bed for infants or at least a swing that can be easily installed in every house. However, mothers should be conscious about the various tools and equipment used to strengthen and support the legs in infants passing to the walking period; In particular, it is emphasized that the enthusiasm of mothers to execute their babies early can lead to permanent orthopedic disorders.&nbsp;All these developments show that the Ottoman society is not only trying to westernize, but also strives to blend its own traditional values and contemporary scientific knowledge together. The works published in the field of child care show that Ottoman society is open to contemporary medical knowledge, that social health adopts as a state policy and tries to put the process of modernization on social foundations.&nbsp;As a result, the developments in the field of child and infant health in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century constitute an important dimension of the modernization efforts of the period. The Ottoman society closely followed the contemporary developments in Europe and tried to perform this information as it adapted to its social structure. Particularly thanks to the information transferred to the public through press and media activities, it is aimed to improve mother and child health; The training of healthy generations has become the common concern of the state and society. This process can be considered as an important indicator of the transformation of Ottoman modernization in social life.

Important Stages of Late Ottoman Baby Care: Cleaning, Clothing, Sleeping and Walking

Res. Assist. Dr.

“Addendum to the Article “Doctor Ömer Vasfı̇ Aybar and Türk Hekimi, the Medical Journal He Published in Ankara” [Letter]”

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

Eyüp

Emre

Prof.

Training Courses for the Protection from Poisonous Gases and Legal Regulations between the Two World Wars in Turkey

Derya

Training of Ottoman Naval Soldiers to be Employed in Airplanes

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Res. Assist.

Nilüfer

Assoc. Prof.

Doctor Ömer Vasfı̇ Aybar and Türk Heki̇mi̇, the Medical Journal He Published in Ankara

Pharmacy Assistants’ Endeavours in Establishing Vocational Associations in Ottoman and Republican Turkey (1912-1949)

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

An official publication of the Department of the History of Science, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları (Studies in Ottoman Science) is a peer-reviewed bi-annual international academic journal. Founded in 1995, it is the oldest academic journal in its field in Turkey. As of 2024, the print version has been stopped. The journal has become an online-only publication.

The journal Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları publishes peer-reviewed original research articles (in Turkish and English), review articles and articles in translation on the history of science technology and medicine. Research notes, addendum, book reviews and reports of scientific meetings in the field are also accepted.

The journal covers research on the history of science, technology and medicine especially dealing with the historical aspects of scientific institutions; the development of scientific disciplines and techniques; the transmission of scientific and technical knowledge among various societies; the translation of scientific and technical books; the science education; biographies of scientists and many other themes of the history of science. History of pharmacy is also included in the scope. Focus is given on the history of scientific activities in Turkey during the Ottoman Empire (14-20th c.) and occasionally during the Turkish Republic (beginning as from 1923). The historical studies dealing with science in former Ottoman territories such as the Middle East and the Balkans, are also welcomed.

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Scopus

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

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DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

Ulrichsweb

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Studies in Ottoman Science

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The journal Studies in Ottoman Science-Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları publishes peer-reviewed original research articles (in Turkish ve English), review articles and articles in translation on the history of science technology and medicine. Research notes, addenda, book reviews and reports of scientific meetings in the field are also accepted. The journal is published in January and July.The journal covers research on the history of science, technology and medicine especially dealing with the historical aspects of scientific institutions; the development of scientific disciplines and techniques; the transmission of scientific and technical knowledge among various societies; the translation of scientific and technical books; the science education; biographies of scientists and many other themes of the history of science. History of pharmacy is also included in the scope. Focus is given on the history of scientific activities in Turkey during the Ottoman Empire (14-20th c.) and occasionally during the Turkish Republic (beginning as from 1923). The historical studies dealing with science in former Ottoman territories such as the Middle East and the Balkans, are also welcomed.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>SCOPUS</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Index</li><li>DOAJ</li><li>ERIH PLUS</li><li>EBSCO Academic Search Ultimate</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li><a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/dispAdvSearch.do?userGroupName=anon~84c5a0c7&amp;prodId=AONE" target="_blank">Gale Cengage</a></li><li><a href="https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/Ulrichsweb/" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Ulrichsweb</a> </li></ul>

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The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

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To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

The Artificial Intelligence Policy, prepared in light of developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and practices in scholarly publishing, sets out the editorial and ethical principles that authors, reviewers, and editors should follow when using such technologies. The following sources have been considered in the preparation of the AI policy:Committee on Publication Ethics <a href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/cope-position/authorship-and-ai-tools" target="_blank">(COPE) - Authorship and AI tools</a>; International Committee of Medical Journal Editors <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four" target="_blank">(ICMJE) - Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology; World Association of Medical Editors  (WAME) Chatbots, Generative AI, and Scholarly Manuscripts</a><a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#four"></a>AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) can develop and produce a wide variety of content, including text, images, audio, and synthetic data. When used ethically and safely, these capabilities can increase productivity and foster innovation, but when used without human guidance, they pose risks such as inaccurate and biased results, omissions and errors in citations, deficiencies in protecting privacy and intellectual property rights, and potential violations of authors' and publishers' rights. IUPress adopts the following core principles to avoid these risks in the use of AI:  <ul><li>Details of any AI used in the production of content (including but not limited to text, figures, images, and code) must be declared and clearly explained in the appropriate section of the paper (as an acknowledgement and/or in the methods section). </li><li>No AI tool may be listed as an author in any scientific paper. </li><li>Authors are responsible for the accuracy, completeness, and originality of their work, even if AI is used in any way; they are responsible for the proper referencing and attribution of others' ideas, data, words, or other materials. </li><li>Reviewers and editors must not upload submitted work, in whole or in part, to any generative AI application.</li></ul>In the editorial processes of IUPress publications, tools are available to assist editors in identifying AI-generated content. On the other hand, it is common to use AI tools that provide suggestions for improving and enhancing readability, language, and grammar, and such AI tools can be used in IUPress publications under the supervision of editors and authors.

Artificial Intelligence Policy

<ul><li>Authors are required to declare if they have used AI-assisted technologies (such as large language models [LLMs], chatbots, or image generators) in the creation of their submitted work. </li><li>Authors should explain, both in the cover letter and in the appropriate section of the submitted paper (as a footnote and/or in the methods section), which AI tool and which version of it they have used and for what purpose. </li><li>Authors should also indicate how they used the AI tool and how they assessed the validity of the results obtained using this technology, and what aspects of the paper, manuscript content, data or supporting files were influenced by the use of the AI tool or were generated by AI.</li><li>It is the authors' responsibility to ensure the accuracy, validity and appropriateness of content and citations generated by AI-assisted technologies and to eliminate potential errors, inconsistencies and biased results. </li><li>Authors should always check the original sources to eliminate possible plagiarism, recognising that there is a potential for plagiarism in texts produced with AI-assisted technologies. They should confirm that they have checked and that the sources are original.  </li><li>AI-assisted tools (such as ChatGPT) cannot be listed as authors because they cannot be responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and originality of the work, and these responsibilities are essential to authorship. Therefore, authors are responsible for all material involving the use of AI-assisted technologies. Authors should ensure that all statements in the article that state the hypotheses, interpretations, conclusions, limitations, and implications of the study represent their own opinions.  </li><li>Studies created by authors using AI tools in the following ways, which substitute for the basic researcher's and author's responsibilities, violate the principles of scientific publishing and publication ethics, and such studies are not eligible for inclusion in publications: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Generation of text or code without rigorous review, </li><li>Generation of synthetic data to replace missing data without a robust methodology, </li><li>Creation of any inaccurate, synthetic content, including abstracts or supplementary materials, </li><li>Creation and manipulation of images and figures (pictures, graphs, data tables, medical images, image snippets, computer codes and formulae) or original research data (enhancing, hiding, moving, removing or adding a particular feature within an image or figure) using AI.</li></ul></ul>

It is essential to maintain confidentiality in the peer review process and not to share or use the reviewed work in this process. <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/ethical-guidelines-peer-reviewers-cope.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers</a>)<ul><li>Reviewers should not upload a manuscript or part of a manuscript submitted to them for review to generative AI tools or large language models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as uploading content to such AI tools by reviewers violates the authors' privacy and property rights.  </li><li>Reviewing a scientific paper is a responsibility that can only be undertaken by human beings. The critical thinking and original evaluation required for peer review is beyond the scope of this technology, and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the paper. The peer review report and decision letters should reflect the personal assessment of the reviewers and editors of the submitted content. The reviewer is responsible and accountable for the content of his/her report. </li><li>AI tools may be used in a limited way to improve the quality of the language of the peer review report (for translation or language editing) in the context of peer review. If such use is made, the reviewer must declare the use when submitting the report. </li><li>Reviewers who suspect inappropriate or undisclosed use of generative AI in a submission should report their concerns to the editor.</li></ul>

Editors are obliged to ensure that the confidentiality of the manuscripts submitted to the journal is maintained during the evaluation process, and it is essential that the peer-reviewed work is not shared or used outside the parties involved in that process. (COPE - Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf" target="_blank">(COPE – Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors)</a>.<ul><li>Editors should not upload a submitted article, or any part of it, to generative Artificial Intelligence tools or Big Language Models to assist in the review, evaluation or decision-making process, as this may violate authors' privacy and property rights. </li><li>Managing the editorial review of a scientific article implies responsibilities that can only be attributed to humans. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies should not be used by editors to assist in the evaluation or decision-making process of an article, as the critical thinking and original evaluation required for this task is beyond the scope of this technology and there is a risk that the technology will produce inaccurate, incomplete or biased conclusions about the article. The editor is responsible and accountable for the editorial process, the final decision and its communication to the authors.</li><li>Editors should not use generative AI tools to compose decision letters or abstracts of unpublished research. </li><li>Editors may use generative AI tools to help find appropriate reviewers.</li><li>If editors suspect the use of generative AI in a submitted manuscript or a submitted referee report, they should conduct an editorial review of the matter and consider the policy.</li></ul>

Studies in Ottoman Science-Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All submissions must be original, unpublished (including full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct the editor will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

Studies in Ottoman Science-Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. Authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research are not sufficient for being accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/CD6036D23EAB4EA3BD0F169E2C40EFC2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor-in-Chief to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-inChief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

All correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuoba" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/oba/home" target="_blank">https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/oba/home</a> It must be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/602E002B41C5489AA5B223E6849E5664" target="_blank">title page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/CD6036D23EAB4EA3BD0F169E2C40EFC2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The journal publishes manuscrits in Turkish and English. Preferably, the manuscript should not exceed 10,000 words (not including notes) and 120 notes.2. Manuscript should be written in MS Word format, double-spaced and in 11 point Times New Roman font. We kindly ask you not to send a pdf file. The title should be written with capital letters (12 point, bold), sub-headings in lower case letters (11 point, bold).3. For research articles; reviews, research notes and translations in English, an abstract of 150- 200 words (excluding keywords) in English is to be added to the first page of the article; optionally an abstract of 150-200 words (excluding keywords) in Turkish can be added as well. For non-English articles; an abstract of 150-200 words in the language of the article, an abstract of 150-200 words in English, and an extended abstract of 600-800-words in English should also be included. Maximum 10 keywords will be provided underneath both of the abstracts. Each keyword can include more than one word. No abstract and bibliography are needed for research notes, addendum, book &amp; scientific meeting reviews, and letters to the editor. While uploading addendum, book review and letter to the editor files on the DergiPark system, please enter the first paragraph of the article in the abstract section.4. Appendixes, with related bibliographical references,are placed after the main text, and before the bibliography. Their references should be included in the bibliography.5. Centuries and dates should be written in full: fifteenth century, 29 October 1923. For dates please use BCE and CE in English texts and MÖ and MS in Turkish texts.6. Short quotations should be given between double quotes within the paragraph. Long quotations (10 points) should have double indentation on the left (only), without quotes.7. Figures and images should include captions with related bibliographical references.Bibliographical references mentioned in the captions should be included in the bibliographyTheir captions should be incorporated within the text, and not be collected at the end of the manuscript. Also, they should be separately uploaded to DergiPark system. Captions of images and figures should be numbered separately. Captions should be in 9 points.8. Notes and bibliography must be in line with journal’s reference style based on Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition).9. Notes (8 point) should be given at the bottom of every page, signalled by superscript numbers in the main text. Reference numbers should follow the punctuation marks (.35 ,23).10. Submitted manuscripts and abstracts should be conformed with the grammar and orthography of the language (Turkish and English) in which they were written. English language editing will not be provided by the editor. Non-English speaking authors are kindly invited to consult language editing services before sending their manuscript and abstract.11. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/BAC922C39A0E4D9C9E6DB74FB429657E" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone, fax number of the author(s) and ORCIDs of all authors (see The Submission Checklist).

Author Guidelines

Studies in Ottoman Science - Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları has adopted the “notes and bibliography” documentation system preferred by many in the humanities, including those in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, a bibliography. Authors who would send proposals to the journal are kindly invited to follow the examples given below when writing the footnotes and compiling the bibliography. These examples are borrowed from the Chicago Manual of Style (http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html). A few more examples have also been added. Further information and numerous examples about the “notes and bibliography” system are available at the 14th and 15th chapters of the Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition).A bibliography is needed at the end of research (original) articles, review articles and articles in translation. It should include all sources given in footnotes, captions and appendixes. The bibliography can include separate sections such as archival, manuscript, secondary, and/or electronic sources. Secondary sources are listed after the author’s name. When referring to archival material and manuscripts please note the name of the library and the collection, number and date of the document used if available.Authors who do not have surnames (i.e. Salih Zeki), should be listed according to their first names: Salih Zeki should enter the bibliography under the letter S. Authors with surnames are listed after their surnames (i.e. Adıvar, A. Adnan).Examples:fn (first note), sn (subsequent/short notes), bib (bibliography).Book, one authorfn Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.sn Smith, Swing Time, 320.bib Smith, Zadie. Swing Time. New York: Penguin Press, 2016.Book, two authorsfn Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2015), 12.sn Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind, 37.bib Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2015.Chapter or other part of an edited bookIn a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.fn Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay, ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.Sn Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.bib Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay, edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.fn John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177- 78.sn D’Agata, American Essay, 182.bib D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.Translated bookfn Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words, trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.sn Lahiri, In Other Words, 184.bib Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.E-bookFor books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).fn Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.sn Austen, Pride and Prejudice, chap. 14.bib Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.fn Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.sn Borel, Fact-Checking, 104–5.bib Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary.fn Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.sn Kurland and Lerner, Founders’ Constitution, chap. 4, doc. 29.bib Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.fn Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.sn Melville, Moby-Dick, 722–23.bib Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York: Harper &amp; Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.Journal articleIn a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that beginshttps://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.fn Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.sn Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.bib Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.fn Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.sn LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.bib LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.fn Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.sn Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.bib Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum.” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.fn Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465,https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.sn Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.bib Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1086/691233" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1086/691233</a>.News or magazine articleArticles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.fn Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times, March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.sn Manjoo, “Snap.”bib Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times, March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.fn Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker, April 17, 2017, 43.sn Mead, “Dystopia,” 47bib Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker, April 17, 2017.fn Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox, April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.sn Pai, “History of Peeps.”bib Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox, April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.fn Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post, July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academicsn Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”bib Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post, July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”Book reviewfnMichiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith, New York Times, November 7, 2016.sn Kakutani, “Friendship.”bib Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith. New York Times, November 7, 2016.Encyclopaedia entryfn Mogens Herman Hansen, “Athenian Democracy,” The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996).sn Hansen, “Athenian Democracy.”Bib Hansen, Mogens Herman. “Athenian Democracy.” The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.Interviewfn Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air, NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.snStamper, interview.bib Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air, NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.Thesis or dissertationfn Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.sn Rutz, “King Lear,” 158.bib Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.Paper presented at a meeting of a conferencefn Rachel Adelman, “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition” (paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009).sn Adelman, “Such Stuff as Dreams.”bib Adelman, Rachel. “ ‘Such Stuff as Dreams Are Made On’: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Targumim and Midrashic Tradition.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 21–24, 2009.Manuscriptsfn Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, Istanbul, Istanbul University Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, MS T6833, 48a.sn Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, MS T6833, 51b.bib Feyzi, Muhadarat-ı Feyzi, Istanbul, Istanbul University Rare Books and Manuscripts Library, MS T6833, 1a-70b.fn Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan,Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, MS Ayasofya 3682, 26a.sn Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan, MS Ayasofya 3682, 23b.bib Salih b. Nasrullah, Ghayat al-itqan fi tabdir badan al-insan,Istanbul,Süleymaniye Library, MS Ayasofya 3682, 1a-311a. Copied on 10 Rabi I 1135 (19 December 1722).Archival documentsfn Ottoman Archives of the Turkish Prime Ministry (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, BOA), Cevdet Askeriye (C.AS.) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (7 Nisan 1797).sn BOA, C.AS. 71/3352.bib Ottoman Archives of the Turkish Prime Ministry (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, BOA). Cevdet Askeriye (C. AS) 71/3352, 9 Şevval 1211 (7 Nisan 1920).fn Topkapı Palace Museum Archives(Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi, TSMA), E. 3202-2=597-2-7.sn TSMA, E. 3202-2=597-2-7.bibTopkapı Palace Museum Archives(Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi, TSMA). E. 3202-2=597-2-7.Website contentfnKatie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.sn Bouman, “Black Hole.”bib Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.fn “Privacy Policy,” Privacy &amp; Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.sn Google, “Privacy Policy.”bib Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy &amp; Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.fn “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.sn “Yale Facts.”bib Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.Personal communicationPersonal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.fn sn Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

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