Research Article


DOI :10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004   IUP :10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004    Full Text (PDF)

Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae

Alper Çağrı Yılmaz

Recently, many states have started to develop programs that facilitate the citizenship applications of wealthy individuals investing in their adopted countries. In comparative law, some states entitle the investors to reside in the country, and the acquisition of citizenship comes after the usual requirements for residency and other conditions are met. On the other hand, in some of the other state and administration practices, investors are allowed to acquire citizenship directly, without going through the normal naturalization procedures. The main criticism of the doctrine toward investor citizenship concept is the lack of a genuine link, based on the notion of the Nottebohm case of the International Court of Justice, between the individual and the state and society. The regulation enabling foreign investors to acquire Turkish citizenship has recently been approved in Turkish law, by means of the sub-paragraph (b) added to the first paragraph of Article 12 of the Turkish Citizenship Act No. 5901. The main point of criticism in the doctrine is also valid for Turkish law, in terms of certain types of investment, which are enshrined in the aforementioned Act.

DOI :10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004   IUP :10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004    Full Text (PDF)

Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Yatırımcı Vatandaşlık Olgusu: Ius Pecuniae

Alper Çağrı Yılmaz

Günümüzde pek çok devlet, ülkelerinde yatırım yapan varlıklı bireylerin, o devletin vatandaşlığını kolaylaştırılmış biçimde kazanmasına imkân tanıyan bazı programlar geliştirmektedir. Mukayeseli hukukta bazı devletlerin hukuk nizamlarında yatırımcılara, öncelikle ilgili ülkede ikamet etme hakkı verilmekte, vatandaşlığın iktisabı ise söz konusu ikamet şartı ve öngörülen diğer şartların karşılanmasından sonra gündeme gelmektedir. Buna karşılık başka bazı devlet ve yönetim uygulamalarında ise ikamet ve diğer şartlar aranmaksızın, yatırımcıların doğrudan vatandaşlık kazanabilmelerine imkân tanınmaktadır. Yatırımcı vatandaşlık olgusuna ilişkin doktrindeki eleştiri noktasını, temeli Uluslararası Adalet Divanının Nottebohm kararına dayanan, birey ile devlet ve toplum arasında gerçek bir bağ kurulamaması oluşturmaktadır. Türk hukukunda yabancı yatırımcıların Türk vatandaşlığını kazanmalarına imkân sağlayan düzenleme, yakın zamanda, 5901 sayılı Türk Vatandaşlığı Kanununun 12. maddesinin birinci fıkrasına eklenen (b) bendiyle kabul edilmiştir. Doktrindeki temel eleştiri, Türk hukukunda söz konusu düzenlemeyle uygulamaya konan bazı yatırım türleri bakımından da geçerlilik arz etmektedir.


PDF View

References

  • ARMSTRONG Chris, The Price of Selling Citizenship, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01. google scholar
  • BARBULESCU Roxana, Global Mobility Corridors for the Ultra-Rich The Neoliberal Transformation of Citizenship, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01. google scholar
  • BAUBÖCK Rainer, What is wrong with selling citizenship? It corrupts democracy! Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01. google scholar
  • BUCHANAN James Michael, An Economic Theory of Clubs, Economica, New Series, Vol. 32, No. 125, 1-14, February 1965 (https://www.jstor.org). google scholar
  • CARRERA Sergio, How Much Does EU Citizenship Cost? The Maltese Citizenship-for-Sale Affair: A Breakthrough for Sincere Cooperation in Citizenship of the Union? CEPS Papers in Liberty and Security in Europe, No. 64, April 2014. google scholar
  • ÇELİKEL Aysel, Yabancılar Hukuku, Yenilenmiş 23. Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, Mart 2017 google scholar
  • DEMİRKOL Berk, Uluslararası Hukukta Dikkate Alınan Vatandaşlık: Gerçek Kişilerde “Etkin Vatandaşlık” Sorunsalı, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 159-193, 2015/2. google scholar
  • DOĞAN Vahit, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, Savaş Yayınevi, Güncellenmiş 14. Baskı, Ankara, Eylül 2017. google scholar
  • DOĞAN Vahit, Türk Yabancılar Hukuku, Yenilenmiş 2. Baskı, Ankara, 2017. google scholar
  • DZANKIC Jelena, Investment-Based Citizenship and Residence Programmes in the EU, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, RSCAS 2015/08. (Investment-Based Citizenship) google scholar
  • DZANKIC Jelena, The Maltese Falcon, or: My Porsche for a Passport!, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01. (The Maltese Falcon) google scholar
  • DZANKIC Jelena, The Pros and Cons of Ius Pecuniae: Investor Citizenship in Comparative Perspective, EUI Working Papers, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, RSCAS 2012/14. (Ius Pecuniae) google scholar
  • ERDEM B. Bahadır, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 3. Baskı, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, Ekim 2013. google scholar
  • EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Resolution on EU citizenship For Sale - 2013/2995 (RSP). google scholar
  • GÜNGÖR Gülin, Tabiiyet Hukuku Gerçek Kişiler-Tüzel Kişiler-Şeyler, Yetkin Yayınları, 5. Bası, Ankara 2017. google scholar
  • http://homepage.univie.ac.at/ google scholar
  • http://workpermit.com/immigration/united-kingdom/tier-1-investor-visa google scholar
  • http://workpermit.com/immigration/united-kingdom/tier-1-investor-visa google scholar
  • http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ google scholar
  • http://www.icj-cij.org/ google scholar
  • http://www.sef.pt/ google scholar
  • http://www.sknsidf.org/ google scholar
  • http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/ google scholar
  • https://ab.gov.tr/files/pub/antlasmalar.pdf google scholar
  • https://www.eui.eu/Projects/EUDO/ google scholar
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-canada-residence/ google scholar
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-switzerland/ google scholar
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-united-kingdom-res-cit/ google scholar
  • https://www.henleyglobal.com/residence-united-states-overview/ google scholar
  • https://www.jstor.org google scholar
  • https://www.nvi.gov.tr/ google scholar
  • KOCHENOV Dimitry, Citizenship for Real: Its Hypocrisy, Its Randomness, Its Price, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01. google scholar
  • NOMER Ergin, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku, 23. Bası, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul, Kasım 2017. google scholar
  • OCHOA Paulina, What Money Can’t Buy: Face-to-Face Cooperation and Local Democratic Life, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01. google scholar
  • ÖZKAN Işıl, Avrupa Birliği Kamu Hukuku Lizbon Antlaşmasındaki Son Değişikliklerle, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara 2011. google scholar
  • PARKER Owen, Commercializing Citizenship in Crisis EU: The Case of Immigrant Investor Programmes, Journal of Common Market Studies (JCMS), Vol. 55. No. 2, 332-348, 2017. google scholar
  • SCHNEIDER Jeffrey C./ Diaz-Cortes Marcelo, The Bitter Side of Ius Pecuniae in the United States: Risks Facing EB-5 Investors, Miami, International Law Quarterly, 37-40, Vol. XXXIII, No. 2, Spring 2017. google scholar
  • SHACHAR Ayelet, Dangerous Liaisons: Money and Citizenship, Should Citizenship be for Sale?, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, EUI Working Paper, Ed. Ayelet Shachar/ Rainer Bauböck, RSCAS 2014/01. google scholar
  • STERN Joachim, Ius Pecuniae - Staatsbürgerschaft Zwischen Ausreichendem Lebensunterhalt, Mindestsicherung und Menschenwürde, Migration und Integration - Wissenschaftliche Perspektiven aus Österreich, Vienna University Press, 55-74, Jahrbuch 1/2011. google scholar
  • SUMPTION Madeleine/ HOOPER Kate, Selling Visas and Citizenship: Policy Questions from the Global Boom in Investor Immigration Report, Migration Policy Institute, Washington DC, October 2014. google scholar
  • SURAK Kristin, Global Citizenship 2.0 The Growth of Citizenship by Investment Programs, Investment Migration Working Paper, IMC-RP 2016/3. google scholar
  • TEKİNALP/ TEKİNALP; Avrupa Birliği Hukuku, Güncelleştirilmiş 2. Bası, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul 2000. google scholar
  • TURAN Turgut/ TANRIBİLİR Feriha Bilge, Vatandaşlık Hukuku, Yetkin Yayınları, 4. Baskı, Ankara 2017. google scholar
  • WALZER Michael, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality, Basic Books, 1983 (Dzankic, 2012, 2 ve 3’ten naklen). google scholar
  • XU Xin/ EL-ASHRAM Ahmed/ GOLD Judith, Too Much of a Good Thing? Prudent Management of Inflows under Economic Citizenship Programs, IMF Working Paper, May 2015. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Yılmaz, A.Ç. (2018). Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 38(1), 191-216. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004


AMA

Yılmaz A Ç. Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae. Public and Private International Law Bulletin. 2018;38(1):191-216. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004


ABNT

Yılmaz, A.Ç. Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, [Publisher Location], v. 38, n. 1, p. 191-216, 2018.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Yılmaz, Alper Çağrı,. 2018. “Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae.” Public and Private International Law Bulletin 38, no. 1: 191-216. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004


Chicago: Humanities Style

Yılmaz, Alper Çağrı,. Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae.” Public and Private International Law Bulletin 38, no. 1 (Apr. 2024): 191-216. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004


Harvard: Australian Style

Yılmaz, AÇ 2018, 'Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae', Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 191-216, viewed 18 Apr. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Yılmaz, A.Ç. (2018) ‘Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae’, Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 38(1), pp. 191-216. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004 (18 Apr. 2024).


MLA

Yılmaz, Alper Çağrı,. Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae.” Public and Private International Law Bulletin, vol. 38, no. 1, 2018, pp. 191-216. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004


Vancouver

Yılmaz AÇ. Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae. Public and Private International Law Bulletin [Internet]. 18 Apr. 2024 [cited 18 Apr. 2024];38(1):191-216. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004 doi: 10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004


ISNAD

Yılmaz, AlperÇağrı. Investor-Citizenship Concept in Comparative Law and Turkish Law: Ius Pecuniae”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 38/1 (Apr. 2024): 191-216. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2018.38.1.0004



TIMELINE


Submitted01.07.2018
Accepted24.07.2018

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.