Studies in Psychology

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DOI :10.26650/SP2019-0026   IUP :10.26650/SP2019-0026    Full Text (PDF)

DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık

Elif Yüvrük, Haki Turan, Aycan Kapucu

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) creates strong false memories of critical words that are actually never studied but are associated to a semantically-related studied word list. The fact that the created memory illusion is quite powerful has led to the frequent use of this paradigm to investigate effects of different variables on this illusion and to develop DRM lists in different languages. The present study aimed to develop Turkish emotional DRM lists including positive, negative and neutral words that are matched on arousal and on several other word characteristics. Ten DRM lists were created in each emotion condition (negative, positive, neutral); each list included ten list words related to one critical lure. Recognition memory test was used to measure the magnitude of false memories. Analyses of participants’ hit and false alarm rates revealed that similar levels of false memories were created in each emotion condition. Levels of false memories for each critical lure were then calculated separately. The data showed that each DRM list was able to produce comparable levels of false recognition when compared to previous studies in the literature. Sixty-six percent of the negative critical lures, 65% of the positive critical lures and 58% of the neutral critical lures were recognized by the participants as old words. We believe that these emotional DRM lists would be useful for researchers working in different areas of psychology who are interested in investigating emotion and false memories in native Turkish-speakers.
Keywords: DRM, false memory, emotion, valence, arousal
DOI :10.26650/SP2019-0026   IUP :10.26650/SP2019-0026    Full Text (PDF)

Duygu İçerikli Sözcüklerden Oluşan Türkçe DRM Listelerinin Geliştirilmesi

Elif Yüvrük, Haki Turan, Aycan Kapucu

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigması (Deese, 1959; Roediger ve McDermott, 1995), anlamsal ilişkili sözcük listelerinin ortak olarak çağrıştırdığı ancak gerçekte hiç görülmemiş sözcüğe dair güçlü bir bellek yanılması yaratmaktadır. Gözlenen bellek yanılmasının oldukça güçlü olması literatürde bu paradigmanın sıklıkla kullanılmasını, farklı değişkenlerin bu yanılmaya etkisinin incelenmesini ve farklı dillerde DRM listelerinin geliştirilmesini sağlamıştır. Geliştirilmiş olan mevcut DRM listelerinde bellek yanılmasını etkileyebilecek bazı sözcük özellikleri (Örn., somutluk, sıklık, imgelem gücü vb.) kontrol edilmesine karşın, sözcüklerin duygusal değerlikleri sıklıkla göz ardı edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çeşitli sözcük özellikleri açısından kontrol edilmiş pozitif, negatif ve nötr duygu içerikli sözcüklerden oluşan Türkçe DRM listelerinin literatüre kazandırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla, her üç duygu koşulundan 10’ar adet DRM listesi geliştirmiştir. Listelerin bellek yanılması oluşturma yüzdeleri tanıma belleği görevi kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Tanıma belleği görevinden elde edilen veriler iki şekilde analiz edilmiştir. İlk olarak katılımcıların isabet ve yanlış alarm oranları analiz edilmiş, katılımcılarda her üç duygu koşulunda genel olarak başarılı bir şekilde bellek yanılması ortaya çıkartılabildiği görülmüştür. Ardından, geliştirilen her bir DRM listesinin etkililiği incelenmiştir. Bulgular, her üç duygu koşulunda geliştirilen DRM listelerinin başarılı bir şekilde bellek yanılması oluşturabildiğini, gözlenen etkilerin uluslararası liste geliştirme çalışmalarıyla uyumlu olduğunu göstermiştir. Negatif listeler ortalama %66, pozitif listeler %65 ve nötr listeler %58 oranında bellek yanılmasına yol açmıştır. Çalışmada geliştiren duygusal DRM listelerinin, başta bilişsel psikoloji olmak üzere psikolojinin farklı alanlarında duygu ve bellek yanılmasını inceleyen araştırmacılara fayda sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Keywords: DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995), is frequently used to experimentally create false memories. In a typical procedure, semantically-related word lists are studied, each of which is associated with one non-presented critical theme word, followed by a recall or a recognition test. Participants frequently report non-presented critical words at comparable levels with studied words (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). Even if participants are warned about the nature of the DRM effect, false memories for critical lures are almost inevitable (McCabe & Smith, 2002; McDermott & Roediger, 1998). The fact that the created memory illusion is quite powerful has led to the development of various sets of DRM lists in different languages. 

One of the most frequently used DRM lists was created by Stadler, Roediger, and McDermott (1999). Some researchers have used Stadler et al.’s (1999) DRM lists by translating them into their own language (e.g., Anastasi, Rhodes, Marquez, & Velino, 2005, Spanish; Mısırlısoy, 2004, Turkish; Stein & Pergher, 2001, Brazilian Portuguese; Zeelenberge & Pecher, 2002, Dutch). In fact, translating DRM lists into different languages could potentially impair associations within list words (Anastasi, Rhodes, Marquez, & Velino, 2005). To overcome this problem, researchers have developed various original DRM lists in accordance with unique word characteristics in their own language (e.g., Anastasi, De Leon, & Rhodes, 2005, Spanish; Cadavid & Beato, 2017, Spanish; Göz, 2005, Turkish; Iacullo & Marucci, 2016, Italian). Yet, while some word characteristics (e.g., frequency of use, concreteness, etc.) were controlled in most of the developed lists, emotional valence and arousal of the words have often been ignored. Extensive research has demonstrated that these two dimensions of emotion substantially effect false memories (Dewhurst, Anderson, & Knott, 2012; Gong, Xiao, & Wang, 2016). To our knowledge, currently there are no emotional DRM lists available for use with native Turkish speakers. To this end, we aimed to develop Turkish DRM lists including positive, negative and neutral words that are matched on arousal.

Method

Ninety-two undergraduate psychology students (79% women) with an average age of 21.14 years (SD = 1.83) participated in this study. Participants were not informed about the nature of the DRM task; neither before the study phase nor before the test phase. DRM lists were created by using the word norms of Tekcan and Göz (2005) for imaginability, concreteness, associations, and frequency, and norms of Kapucu, Kılıç, Özkılıç and Sarıbaz (2018) for valence and arousal. Ten DRM lists were created in each emotion condition (negative, positive, neutral); each list included ten list words related to one critical lure. To prevent high memory load, each participant was presented with five randomly selected DRM lists for each emotion condition, instead of all ten lists. All participants studied positive, negative, and neutral DRM lists in a counterbalanced order followed by a recognition test including studied/old words, critical lures and noncritical lures. For each test item, participants decided whether each item was old or new. 

Results

A 3 (emotion: positive, negative, neutral) x 3 (word type: old, critical lure, noncritical lure) two-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted on participants’ “old” response rates (see Figure 1). As expected, false alarm rates (“old” responses to lures) for critical words (X = 0.61, SS = 0.19) were remarkably higher than those for noncritical words (X = 0.20, SD = 0.13), showing false memory for critical words was successfully created in participants in each emotion condition (F(2, 182) = 510.12, p < .001, η2 = .85). We then analyzed levels of false memories created by each DRM list, separately. To this end, we calculated the percentage of participants who gave an “old” response to each test word. A 3 (emotion: positive, negative, neutral) x 3 (word type: old, critical lure, noncritical lure) two-way between-subjects ANOVA was conducted on these old response rates (see Figure 2). Again, the significant main effect of word type (F(2, 138) = 204.09, p < .001, η2 = .74) showed that old response rates for critical lures (X = 0.63, SD = 0.17) were higher than those for noncritical lures (X = 0.20, SD = 0.13). Sixty-six percent of the negative critical lures, 65% of the positive critical lures and 58% of the neutral critical lures were recognized by the participants as old words.

Discussion

Emotional meanings of words are frequently ignored in false memory literature despite well-documented emotion-related effects. To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop Turkish emotional DRM lists including positive, negative and neutral words that are controlled on several word characteristics. Levels of false memories created by these newly developed DRM lists were satisfactory on each emotion condition and were comparable with existing studies in the literature (e.g., Stadler et al., 1999; Ulatowska & Olszewska, 2013). We believe that these emotional DRM lists will be useful for researchers working in different areas of psychology who are interested in investigating emotion and false memories in native Turkish-speakers.


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APA

Yüvrük, E., Turan, H., & Kapucu, A. (2019). DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık. Studies in Psychology, 39(2), 245-266. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026


AMA

Yüvrük E, Turan H, Kapucu A. DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39(2):245-266. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026


ABNT

Yüvrük, E.; Turan, H.; Kapucu, A. DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık. Studies in Psychology, [Publisher Location], v. 39, n. 2, p. 245-266, 2019.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Yüvrük, Elif, and Haki Turan and Aycan Kapucu. 2019. “DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık.” Studies in Psychology 39, no. 2: 245-266. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026


Chicago: Humanities Style

Yüvrük, Elif, and Haki Turan and Aycan Kapucu. “DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık.” Studies in Psychology 39, no. 2 (May. 2024): 245-266. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026


Harvard: Australian Style

Yüvrük, E & Turan, H & Kapucu, A 2019, 'DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık', Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 245-266, viewed 22 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Yüvrük, E. and Turan, H. and Kapucu, A. (2019) ‘DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık’, Studies in Psychology, 39(2), pp. 245-266. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026 (22 May. 2024).


MLA

Yüvrük, Elif, and Haki Turan and Aycan Kapucu. “DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık.” Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2019, pp. 245-266. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026


Vancouver

Yüvrük E, Turan H, Kapucu A. DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık. Studies in Psychology [Internet]. 22 May. 2024 [cited 22 May. 2024];39(2):245-266. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026 doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0026


ISNAD

Yüvrük, Elif - Turan, Haki - Kapucu, Aycan. “DRM, bellek yanılması, duygu, değerlik, uyarılmışlık”. Studies in Psychology 39/2 (May. 2024): 245-266. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0026



TIMELINE


Submitted15.03.2019
First Revision03.05.2019
Last Revision18.07.2019
Accepted29.07.2019
Published Online14.10.2019

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