Studies in Psychology

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DOI :10.26650/SP2019-0020   IUP :10.26650/SP2019-0020    Full Text (PDF)

Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings

Aslan Karaaslan, Nour Siakir Oglou, Aycan Kapucu

According to the Object-based Binding Theory, emotional arousal enhances within-object binding, but impairs or does not affect between-object memory binding. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of negative emotional arousal on memory updating of within-object and between-object associations. Negative emotional arousal was expected to cause a higher level of interference in intrinsic associations (within object condition) than in extrinsic associations (between object condition). Angry, sad and neutral facial expressions chosen for emotion conditions are paired with various hats as neutral objects. In the within-object condition, the hat was presented together with a face, while in the between-object condition, the hat was presented as a separate object distinct from the face. First, all participants learned a list of face-hat pairs, then learned a second list with the same faces paired with new hats. In the test phase, the second list of pairs was rearranged into half correct and half incorrect, and the participants decided whether the pairs were correct or incorrect. The data were analyzed on the basis of Signal Detection Theory. We found that higher false alarms were given to angry faces in the within-object condition than in the between-object condition. This high false alarm rate indicates that negative emotional arousal prevented memory updating of within-object associations. According to analysis of memory sensitivity, in all emotion conditions, correct and incorrect pairs were better discriminated in the between-object condition than in the within-object condition. When false alarm rates and sensitivity results are considered together, the hypotheses of the study are supported and it is seen that negative emotional arousal leads to proactive interference in the within-object condition and thus makes it difficult to update memory. These results are consistent with the OBT in that negative emotional arousal exerts an enhancing effect on remembering intrinsic features of objects.
Keywords: Memory updating, proactive interference, associative memory, emotional memory, negative emotional arousal
DOI :10.26650/SP2019-0020   IUP :10.26650/SP2019-0020    Full Text (PDF)

Duygusal Uyarılmışlığın Tanıma Belleği Üzerindeki Ketleyici Etkisi: Nesne içi ve Nesneler arası Bağlantıların Karşılaştırılması

Aslan Karaaslan, Nour Siakir Oglou, Aycan Kapucu

Nesne Temelli İlişkilendirme Kuramı’na göre, duygusal uyarılmışlık bir uyaranın içsel özelliğiyle olan bağlantısının hatırlanmasını kolaylaştırırken, dışsal özelliğiyle olan bağlantısının hatırlanmasını zayıflattığını ya da bu bağlantının hatırlanmasına bir etkisi olmadığını öne sürmektedir. Bu çalışma, nesne içi ve nesneler arası bağlantıların bellekte güncellenmesinde negatif duygusal uyarılmışlığın etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Negatif duygusal uyarılmışlık içerikli içsel (nesne içi) eşleşmelerin dışsal (nesneler arası) eşleşmelere göre daha yüksek düzeyde ileriye ket vurmaya neden olması beklenmiştir. Duygu koşulları için seçilen öfkeli, üzgün ve nötr yüz ifadeleri, nötr nesneler olarak çeşitli şapkalar ile eşleştirilmiştir. Nesne içi koşulda şapka, yüz ifadesinin üzerinde bitişik şekilde nesnenin içsel bir özelliği olarak sunulmuşken, nesneler arası koşulda yüz ifadesinin yanında ayrık dışsal bir özellik olarak sunulmuştur. Katılımcılar ilk önce bir dizi yüz-şapka eşleşmelerini öğrenmişler, ardından daha önce gördükleri yüzler ile yeni şapka eşleşmelerini öğrenmişlerdir. Test aşamasında katılımcılar, yarısı doğru yarısı yanlış eşleştirilerek sunulan ikinci listedeki eşleşmelerin doğru mu, yanlış mı olduğuna karar vermişlerdir. Elde edilen veriler Sinyal Tespit Kuramı temelinde incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar nesne içi koşuldaki öfkeli yüzşapka eşleşmelerinin yanlış alarm (YA) oranının, nesneler arası koşuldaki öfkeli yüz-şapka eşleşmelerinin YA oranına göre daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Yüksek YA oranı, negatif duygusal uyarılmışlık koşulunda nesne içi eşleşmelerin güncellenmesinin zorlaştığına işaret etmektedir. Bellek duyarlılığı (d’) analizi sonuçlarına göre her bir duygu açısından nesneler arası eşleşme koşulundaki katılımcılar, nesne içi eşleşme koşulundaki katılımcılara göre doğru ve yanlış eşleşmeleri birbirlerinden daha iyi ayırt edebilmişlerdir. Hem YA hem duyarlılık sonuçları birlikte ele alındığında, araştırma hipotezlerinin desteklendiği, nesne içi eşleşme koşulunda yüksek uyarılmışlığın ileriye ket vurmaya yol açtığı ve böylece belleğin güncellenmesini zorlaştırdığı görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlar Nesne Temelli İlişkilendirme Kuramı’nın, duygusal uyarılmışlığın nesne içi bilginin hatırlanmasında güçlendirici etki ortaya çıkarttığı açıklamasını desteklemektedir
Keywords: Belleğin güncellenmesi, ileriye ket vurma, bağlantısal bellek, duygusal bellek, negatif duygusal uyarılmışlık

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


A growing body of literature has demonstrated that emotionally arousing items are better remembered than non-arousing neutral items (e.g., Cahill & McGaugh, 1995). However, it is questionable whether the effect of emotional arousal on item memory also extends to associative memory.

According to Object-based Binding Theory (OBT; Mather, 2007) the effects of arousal on memory binding depend on “whether the elements to be bound are part of the same object as the arousing item or whether the binding has to occur between different objects” (Mather, 2007, p.12). The theory asserts that emotional arousal enhances binding when the items are within the arousing objects (within-object binding). On the other hand, emotional arousal either has no effect on binding, or even impairs it, when the item to be bound is outside the arousing item (between-object binding). 

Besides learning associations, whether between-object or within-object, it is also essential to keep information in memory updated. Novak and Mather (2009) found that arousal impaired memory updating for within-object associations. Another study testing between-object binding showed that arousal enhanced memory updating (Mather & Knight, 2008). The present study, therefore, aims to directly compare the effects of negative arousal on memory updating for between-object and within-object associations. We predicted that high arousing stimuli would either impair updating or have no effect on it for within-object associations, but instead would facilitate updating for between-object associations. 

Method

Seventy-three undergraduate sociology and psychology students (63 women, 10 men) with an average age of 21.7 years, participated in the experiment. The participants were randomly assigned to one of the experimental conditions: between-object and withinobject conditions. In both conditions, photographs of different types of hats were paired with angry (high arousal and negative), sad (low arousal and negative) or neutral female and male faces. Participants in the between-object condition saw the faces and hats on opposite sides of the screen, whereas participants in the within-object condition saw people (faces) wearing the hats. Participants were instructed that they were about to view a series of face-hat pairings and that they should study each pair for a subsequent memory test. At the first learning stage, participants were presented pairs in three emotional categories. At the second learning stage, the same faces were matched with new hats and the participants performed a similar task as in the first stage. In the test phase, half of the pairs of the second learning list were matched correctly, half were matched incorrectly, and participants were asked to decide which pair was correct or incorrect. In addition, a five-minute filler task was used between the learning and test phase. 

Results

Following the analysis of variance for interaction, planned comparisons based on hypotheses were conducted for accuracy, false alarm, sensitivity, and bias measures.1 False alarms were higher for the angry faces paired with hats in the within-object condition than in the between-object condition, F(1, 71) = 5.26, p < .05, ηp 2 = .07. Furthermore, sensitivity results revealed that participants were better able to discriminate between correct and incorrect angry face-hat pairs in the between-object condition than in the within-object condition, F(1, 71) = 5.49, p < .05, ηp 2 = .07. Similarly, sadness pairs in the between-object conditions were better able to be discriminated than in the within object conditions, F(1, 71) = 7.69, p < .01, ηp 2 = .10. And, neutral pairs in the between-object conditions were better able to be discriminated than in the within object conditions, F(1, 71) = 4.93, p < .05, ηp 2 = .07. In addition, participants showed a more conservative response bias (were more likely to respond with the word “incorrect”) towards sad face-hat pairs compared to angry face-hat pairs in the within-object condition (p < .05). 

Discussion

This study investigated the effects of negative high and low emotional arousal on the updating of memory for between-object and within-object associations via a proactive interference paradigm. As predicted, participants gave more false alarms to high arousing stimuli (hats paired with angry faces) in the within-object condition than in the betweenobject condition. At the same time, in terms of each emotion category, participants were better able to discriminate between correct and incorrect pairs in the between-object condition than in the within-object condition. These findings are consistent with OBT’s prediction (Mather, 2007) that remembering the internal properties of an object is more affected by emotional arousal. In addition, it has been shown that emotional arousal leads to memory impairment caused by proactive interference. Unexpectedly, there were no significant differences among emotion categories in the within-object or between-object conditions.


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APA

Karaaslan, A., Siakir Oglou, N., & Kapucu, A. (2019). Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings. Studies in Psychology, 39(2), 293-320. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0020


AMA

Karaaslan A, Siakir Oglou N, Kapucu A. Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39(2):293-320. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0020


ABNT

Karaaslan, A.; Siakir Oglou, N.; Kapucu, A. Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings. Studies in Psychology, [Publisher Location], v. 39, n. 2, p. 293-320, 2019.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Karaaslan, Aslan, and Nour Siakir Oglou and Aycan Kapucu. 2019. “Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings.” Studies in Psychology 39, no. 2: 293-320. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0020


Chicago: Humanities Style

Karaaslan, Aslan, and Nour Siakir Oglou and Aycan Kapucu. “Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings.” Studies in Psychology 39, no. 2 (May. 2024): 293-320. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0020


Harvard: Australian Style

Karaaslan, A & Siakir Oglou, N & Kapucu, A 2019, 'Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings', Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 293-320, viewed 22 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0020


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Karaaslan, A. and Siakir Oglou, N. and Kapucu, A. (2019) ‘Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings’, Studies in Psychology, 39(2), pp. 293-320. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0020 (22 May. 2024).


MLA

Karaaslan, Aslan, and Nour Siakir Oglou and Aycan Kapucu. “Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings.” Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2019, pp. 293-320. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0020


Vancouver

Karaaslan A, Siakir Oglou N, Kapucu A. Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings. Studies in Psychology [Internet]. 22 May. 2024 [cited 22 May. 2024];39(2):293-320. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0020 doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0020


ISNAD

Karaaslan, Aslan - Siakir Oglou, Nour - Kapucu, Aycan. “Interference Effects of Emotional Arousal on Recognition Memory: Comparison of Within-object and Between-object Bindings”. Studies in Psychology 39/2 (May. 2024): 293-320. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0020



TIMELINE


Submitted04.03.2019
First Revision04.03.2019
Last Revision12.07.2019
Accepted19.07.2019
Published Online06.12.2019

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