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DOI :10.26650/SP2018-0022   IUP :10.26650/SP2018-0022    Full Text (PDF)

The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women

Sinem Cankardaş

The findings in recent literature indicate that fear of negative evaluation is related to many disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders and social anxiety. Therefore, determining the factors that affect the development of fear of negative evaluation seems important for developing preventive programs in the field of mental health. Although previous studies reported that the fear of negative evaluation is related to low self-esteem and rejecting parental attitudes, our knowledge is still inadequate in this area. The aim of this study was to both test the assumption that the attitudes of parents of women and men differ, and to investigate the role of self-esteem and perceived parental attitudes in the determination of the fear of negative evaluation in women and men. To this end, 230 university students (125 of which were women) completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Perceived Parental Attitudes Scale and the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. The results suggest that perceived emotional warmth and rejection scores were different across genders. While women perceived more emotional warmth, men perceived higher rejective parental attitudes. Two different regression analyses were performed to determine the predictors of fear of negative evaluation in women and men. Low self-esteem accounted for 12% of the variance in fear of negative evaluation among women. Overprotective parental attitudes accounted for 20% of the variance in fear of negative evaluation among men. The findings indicate that gender role expectations should be taken into consideration in the investigation of those factors affecting the development of fear of negative evaluation and in the development of preventive interventions. In light of the findings of this study, it is believed that individual interventions which aim to improve self-esteem in women, and education programs which aim to encourage parents to develop positive parental attitudes could be effective as preventive interventions.
Keywords: Perceived parental attitudes, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, social anxiety, gender
DOI :10.26650/SP2018-0022   IUP :10.26650/SP2018-0022    Full Text (PDF)

Kadın ve Erkeklerde Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusunun Belirlenmesinde Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları ve Benlik Saygısının Rolü

Sinem Cankardaş

Alan yazındaki bulgular olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun beden dismorfik bozukluğu, yeme bozuklukları, sosyal kaygı gibi birçok bozuklukla ilişkili olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu nedenle olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun ortaya çıkışında etkili olan faktörlerin tespit edilmesi, ruh sağlığı alanında önleyici programlar geliştirmede oldukça önemlidir. Olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun düşük benlik saygısı ve reddedici ebeveyn tutumları ile ilişkili olduğuna dair çalışmalar bulunsa da bu konudaki bilgi yeterli değildir. Yapılan bu çalışmada hem kadın ve erkeklerin ebeveynlerinden farklı tutumlar gördüğü varsayımını test etmek hem de kadın ve erkeklerde olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun belirlenmesinde benlik saygısı ve algılanan ebeveyn tutumlarının rolünün araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 125’i kadın olmak üzere 230 üniversite öğrencisi Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği, Kısaltılmış Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları Ölçeği Çocuk Formu ve Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu Ölçeği Kısa Formu doldurmuştur. Yapılan bağımsız gruplar için t testi sonucu ebeveynden algılanan duygusal sıcaklık ve reddedicilik puanlarının cinsiyete göre farklılaştığı görülmüştür. Buna göre kadınlar ebeveynlerinden daha fazla duygusal sıcaklık görürken, erkekler daha fazla reddedici tutumlar deneyimlemektedir. Kadın ve erkeklerde olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunu yordayan değişkenleri tespit edebilmek için iki ayrı regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Kadınlarda düşük benlik saygısının olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusundaki varyansın %12’sini açıkladığı ancak erkeklerde benlik saygısının olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunu belirleyen bir değişken olmadığı görülmüştür. Bunun yerine erkeklerde ebeveynin aşırı koruyucu tutumunun olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu üzerinde etkili bir değişken olduğu ve olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu düzeyindeki varyansın %20’sini açıkladığı bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, hem olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun ortaya çıkışında etkili faktörlerin araştırılmasında hem de önleyici müdahaleler geliştirilmesinde toplumsal cinsiyet rolü beklentilerinin de göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları ışığında kadınlarda benlik saygısını geliştirmeye yönelik bireysel müdahalelerin, erkeklerde ise ebeveynleri hedef alan ve olumlu ebeveyn tutumlarını geliştirmeye yönelik eğitim programlarının etkili önleyici müdahaleler olabileceği düşünülmüştür.
Keywords: Algılanan ebeveyn tutumları, olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu, benlik saygısı, sosyal anksiyete, cinsiyet

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


Recent studies in the field of social anxiety disorder (SAD) show that both individual and environmental factors play a role in the development of the disorder (Spence & Rappee, 2016). In some studies, parenting style is considered a potential moderator in the relationship between social anxiety and temperament (Lewis-Morrarty et al., 2012; Rubin, Burgess, & Hastings, 2002). It could be said that the parent’s positive attitude towards the child can serve as a buffer against genetic predisposition, while his/her negative attitudes may increase the risk of developing social anxiety. 

According to DSM-5, one of the key determinants of SAD is excessive worry about being evaluated or criticized by others (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Although there are some studies suggesting that fear of negative evaluation (FNE) is related to body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders and shyness (Gilbert & Meyer, 2005a; Gilbert & Meyer, 2005b; Menatti, Deboer, Weeks, & Heimberg, 2015 ; Miller, 1995; Trompeter et al., 2018); Levinson and Rodebaugh (2012) stated that all these disorders may arise as a result of SAD. 

In the literature, there are few studies pointing to the cultural factors and gender expectations in terms of the etiology of the FNE. The aim of this study was to examine the role of parental attitudes and self-esteem on the FNE. 

Method

Participants

The study sample consisted of 230 undergraduate students (125 of which were women) who participated voluntarily. Participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 30 with a mean age of 21.1 (SD = 1.9) and 98.3% of the participants were single (N = 226). 

Measures

In the study, the participants’ age, gender, and marital status were found using a demographic questionnaire. The Perceived Parental Attitudes Scale (Arrindell et al., 1999; Dirik et al., 2015), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965; Çuhadaroğlu, 1986) and the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Çetin, Doğan, & Sapmaz, 2010; Leary, 1983) were used. 

Results

The research was conducted in two stages. In the first step, perceived parental attitudes of men and women were compared. In the second step, the predictors of the FNE for women and men were tested by regression analysis. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the perceived emotional warmth (t(228) = 2.18, p < .05) and rejection (t(228) = 2.76, p < .05) of women and men. It was seen that women perceived more emotional warmth (M = 41.75, SD = 7.95) than men (M = 39.42, SD = 8.26). Furthermore, men perceived more rejective paternal and maternal attitudes (M = 20.14, SD = 6.31) than women (M = 18.15, SD = 4.58). The results showed FNE and self-esteem (r(228) = .30, p < .001); rejective attitudes (r(228) = .25, p < .001) and overprotective attitudes (r(228) = .20, p < .05) were positively correlated. Multiple regression analysis showed that while self-esteem predicts FNE significantly for women (R2 = .12, F(3, 121)= 5.69, p < .01); the only significant predictor was overprotective attitudes for men (R2 = .17, F(3, 101)= 7.02, p < .001). 

Discussion

In this study, it was observed that the variables which affect the development of FNE are different for women and men. While low self-esteem increased the risk of FNE fourfold in women, self-esteem did not appear to be a determinant of FNE in men. For men, overprotective parenting was the only significant predictor of FNE. According to traditional gender norms, men are expected to be independent and strong. Thus, autonomy supressing and over controlling parental attitudes would affect men negatively who were expected to be more independent. 

The effect of self-esteem on FNE for women can also be explained in the context of gender roles. In terms of gender roles, the self-concept of women and men differs according to the way they define themselves (Biolcati, 2017). While women define themselves in relation to others; men define themselves by focusing on how they are independent from others (Cross & Madson, 1997; Marcic & Grum, 2011). This study was conducted with an adult population which required participants to recall childhood memories. It is believed that longitudinal studies on the adverse effects of parental attitudes would help more to explain the relationship between the development of self and FNE. This is the first study which highlights gender role differences in the etiology of FNE in the field. It is hoped that this study will lead to further studies addressing the effect of gender roles on the development of FNE. The results of this study indicate that performing different interventions to prevent the development of the FNE in women and men would be more appropriate. It is believed that education programs which aim to develop positive parental attitudes among parents can be effective for men. Women on the other hand, might benefit more from individual interventions to improve self-esteem.


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APA

Cankardaş, S. (2019). The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women. Studies in Psychology, 39(1), 79-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0022


AMA

Cankardaş S. The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women. Studies in Psychology. 2019;39(1):79-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0022


ABNT

Cankardaş, S. The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women. Studies in Psychology, [Publisher Location], v. 39, n. 1, p. 79-97, 2019.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Cankardaş, Sinem,. 2019. “The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women.” Studies in Psychology 39, no. 1: 79-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0022


Chicago: Humanities Style

Cankardaş, Sinem,. “The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women.” Studies in Psychology 39, no. 1 (Jun. 2024): 79-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0022


Harvard: Australian Style

Cankardaş, S 2019, 'The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women', Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 79-97, viewed 26 Jun. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0022


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Cankardaş, S. (2019) ‘The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women’, Studies in Psychology, 39(1), pp. 79-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0022 (26 Jun. 2024).


MLA

Cankardaş, Sinem,. “The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women.” Studies in Psychology, vol. 39, no. 1, 2019, pp. 79-97. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0022


Vancouver

Cankardaş S. The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women. Studies in Psychology [Internet]. 26 Jun. 2024 [cited 26 Jun. 2024];39(1):79-97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0022 doi: 10.26650/SP2018-0022


ISNAD

Cankardaş, Sinem. “The Role of Self-Esteem and Perceived Parental Attitudes in Determining Fear of Negative Evaluation in Men and Women”. Studies in Psychology 39/1 (Jun. 2024): 79-97. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2018-0022



TIMELINE


Submitted08.09.2018
First Revision23.10.2018
Last Revision08.04.2019
Accepted10.04.2019
Published Online20.05.2019

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