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DOI :10.26650/SP2019-0047   IUP :10.26650/SP2019-0047    Full Text (PDF)

Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles

Ömer Taha Sözer, Sinem Öztürk Dursun, Neslihan Yortan, Ülkü Güreşen, Mehmet Şakiroğlu

University adjustment is one of the most common life challenges that freshman encounter. There may be several individual differences that can either positively or negatively affect the adjustment process. Identifying the individual differences and variables that facilitate the adjustment process is significant to an understanding of students' adjustment difficulties and to hereby providing the opportunity for early intervention. For this reason, this study aims to investigate the direct effect of personality and humor styles on university adjustment and the indirect effect of humor styles on the relationship between personality and university adjustment. Behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems, postulated by Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, were taken as a reference to measure personality characteristics. Humor styles were categorized in four different dimensions; self-enhancing, affiliative, self-defeating, and aggressive humor. Participants were 282 freshman students from a public university in Turkey. Of the participants 193 were female and 87 were male. Behavioral Activation-Inhibition Scale, Humor Styles Scale and University Life Scale were applied using a paper-pencil form. The results showed that while university adjustment was negatively predicted by behavioral inhibition, it was positively predicted by behavioral activation. Also, self-defeating humor predicted university adjustment negatively, while self-enhancing and affiliative humor predicted it positively. The results of the mediation analyses revealed that the relationship between behavioral activation and university adjustment was mediated partially by self-enhancing and affiliative humor styles. The mediational role of self-defeating humor in the relationship between behavioral inhibition and university adjustment was also examined, but the result showed that self-defeating humor had no mediational role. According to the results, BIS and self-defeating humor style seem to be risk factors for university adjustment whereas BAS, self-enhancing and affiliative humor styles facilitate this process. Students high in reward sensitivity use positive humor styles when adjusting to university, whereas difficulties in the adjustment process of students high in punishment sensitivity are not due to the use of malignant humor styles. For this reason, recognizing some personality characteristics as risk factors for university adjustment and enhancing positive humor styles as coping strategies may be helpful for dealing with the adjustment process.

Keywords: University adjustment, humor, behavioral activation, behavioral inhibition, personality, coping
DOI :10.26650/SP2019-0047   IUP :10.26650/SP2019-0047    Full Text (PDF)

Kişilik Özellikleri, Mizah Tarzları ve Üniversiteye Uyum Arasındaki Doğrudan ve Dolaylı İlişkiler: Mizah Tarzlarının Aracı Rolü

Ömer Taha Sözer, Sinem Öztürk Dursun, Neslihan Yortan, Ülkü Güreşen, Mehmet Şakiroğlu

Üniversite uyumu, üniversiteye yeni başlayan gençlerin en sık karşılaştıkları yaşam zorlukları arasındadır. Uyum sürecini olumlu ya da olumsuz etkileyebilecek çeşitli bireysel farklılıklar olabilir. Bu farklılıkların ve uyumu kolaylaştırabilecek değişkenlerin belirlenmesi öğrencilerin yaşayabilecekleri zorlukların anlaşılması açısından önemli olacaktır ve erken müdahale imkanı sunacaktır. Buradan hareketle bu çalışma üniversiteye uyumda kişilik özelliklerinin ve mizah tarzlarının doğrudan etkisini ve kişilik özellikleri ile üniversiteye uyum arasındaki ilişkide mizah tarzlarının dolaylı etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kişilik özellikleri Pekiştirmeye Duyarlılık Kuramı doğrultusunda önerilen davranışsal aktivasyon ve davranışsal inhibisyon sistemleri referans alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Mizah tarzları ise kendini geliştirici, kendini yıkıcı, katılımcı ve saldırgan mizah olarak dört farklı boyutta ele alınmıştır. Türkiye’deki bir devlet üniversitesinde birinci sınıf okuyan 282 öğrenci araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların 193’ü kadın, 87’si erkektir. Araştırmada Davranışsal Aktivasyon-İnhibisyon Ölçeği, Mizah Tarzları Ölçeği ve Üniversite Yaşamı Ölçeği kağıt-kalem formu olarak uygulanmıştır. Bulgular davranışsal inhibisyonun üniversiteye uyumu negatif, davranışsal aktivasyonun ise üniversiteye uyumu pozitif yönde yordadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca kendini yıkıcı mizah tarzının üniversiteye uyumu negatif, kendini geliştirici ve katılımcı mizahın ise üniversiteye uyumu pozitif yönde yordadığı saptanmıştır. Yürütülen aracılık analizleri sonuçlarına göre davranışsal aktivasyon ile üniversiteye uyum arasındaki ilişkide kendini geliştirici ve katılımcı mizah tarzlarının kısmi aracı oldukları saptanmıştır. Ayrıca davranışsal inhibisyon ile üniversiteye uyum arasındaki ilişkide kendini yıkıcı mizahın aracı rolü incelenmiş, ancak analiz sonuçları kendini yıkıcı mizah tarzının aracı rolü olmadığını göstermiştir. Sonuçlara göre DİS ve kendini yerici mizah tarzı üniversite uyumu açısından risk faktörleri olarak değerlendirilebilirken DAS, kendini geliştirici ve katılımcı mizah tarzları uyum sürecini kolaylaştırabilir. Ödül duyarlılığı yüksek öğrenciler üniversiteye uyum sağlarken olumlu mizah tarzlarını kullanmakla birlikte, ceza duyarlılığı yüksek öğrencilerin uyum sürecinde yaşadıkları güçlüklerde olumsuz mizah tarzının rolü bulunmamaktadır. Bu sebeple bazı kişilik özelliklerinin üniversite uyumu için risk oluşturabileceğinin farkında olunmasının ve bir baş etme yöntemi olarak olumlu mizah tarzlarının geliştirilmesinin uyum sürecine katkıda bulunabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords: Üniversite uyumu, mizah, davranışsal aktivasyon, davranışsal inhibisyon, kişilik, baş etme

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


According to Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, approach and avoidance motivations are two basic biological personality characteristics (Gray, 1982). These motivations are derived from the behavioral activation system (BAS) and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) in the brain. BAS is activated by the presence of cues for reward and is responsible for positive emotions, whereas BIS is activated by punishing stimuli and is responsible for negative emotions, specifically anxiety and fear. Recent studies show that these two systems are not only related to daily emotions, behaviors and cognitions, but also to pathological conditions such as externalizing and internalizing disturbances (See, Bijttebie, Beck, Claes, & Vandereycken, 2009).

College adjustment is a highly important issue for students, especially for freshmen. The first year of university life may be challenging for some students, but not all of them adapt to this situation to the same degree. Students’ personality may shape the adaptation process via some coping strategies (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010). So, in stressful conditions individuals may utilize some coping strategies compatible with their personality. Thus, some strategies may facilitate the adaptation process.

Coping strategies are a broad concept in the psychology literature but some strategies like humor have not been investigated as much as others. Coping humor was found to be correlated with less stress (Fritz, Russek, & Dillon, 2017), with less depression (Overholser, 1992) and even with long-term physical health outcomes such as enhanced adjustment to cancer, better physical health and reduced mortality (Romundstad, Svebak, Holen, & Holmen, 2016).

Humor has been categorized into four distinct styles (Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray, & Weir, 2003). Two of them (self-enhancing and affiliative) are beneficial for oneself and for relationships with others, while the other two (self-defeating and aggressive) are harmful in those areas. Self-enhancing humor provides a support for persons even in stressful conditions by maintaining a humorous outlook on life. Affiliative humor is also a benign humor style in that people joke, act and speak in a humorous way to enhance their relationships with others. Self-defeating humor is a harmful humor style in which people disparage themselves to amuse others in order to gain approval or connection. Aggressive humor is used for establishing superiority over others by means of teasing and ridiculing others.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the direct effect of BAS/BIS and humor styles on university adjustment. Secondly, the study aims to examine the mediating role of humor styles between BAS/BIS and university adjustment.

Method

The participants in the study were 282 freshman students from a state university in Turkey with the mean age of 19.56 (SD = 1.36), and their ages ranged from 17 to 29 years. 193 of the participants were female (68.5%) and 87 participants were male (30.9%). Students were provided with the Turkish version of the BIS/BAS Scale, Humor Styles Questionnaire and University Adjustment Scale. IBM’s software SPSS for Windows was used for all analyses. Mediational analyses were conducted by the Model 4 of PROCESS for SPSS (Hayes, 2016).

Results

The results of the Pearson correlation indicated that both BAS and BIS were associated with university adjustment (r(280) = .18 and r(280) = -.15, respectively). Of all the humor styles, affiliative humor showed the strongest relation with the outcome (r(280) = .31). Selfenhancing and self-defeating humor were correlated with university adjustment, (r(280) = .18 and r(280) = -.19, respectively). Direct effects of personality and humor styles on university adjustment were calculated by multiple linear regression analyses. Results showed that the model was significant (R2 = .24, F(5, 276) = 17.82, p < .001). University adjustment was negatively predicted by behavioral inhibition (B = -0.72, SE = 0.48) while it was positively predicted by behavioral activation (B = 0.97, SE = 0.40). Furthermore, self-defeating humor negatively predicted university adjustment (B = -1.25, SE = 0.22) and the two positive humor styles, self-enhancing (B = 0.77, SE = 0.26) and affiliative humor (B = 1.43, SE = 0.27), positively predicted it. According to the results of the mediational analyses, while both selfenhancing and affiliative humor styles partially mediated the relationship between BAS and university adjustment, self-defeating humor did not mediate the relationship between BIS and university adjustment.

Discussion

In this study BAS/BIS and humor styles independently predicted university adjustment. According to the results, BIS and self-defeating humor style seem to be risk factors for university adjustment whereas BAS, self-enhancement and affiliative humor styles facilitate this process. Students who are high in reward sensitivity adjust to university partly via using positive humor styles, whereas difficulties in the adjustment process of students who are high in punishment sensitivity are not due to the use of malignant humor styles. In the light of the positive features of humor (Ruch & McGhee, 2014), incorporating a positive humor style as a coping strategy into counseling or orientation programs may be helpful for students.

Although this study has contributed a new understanding to the adjustment literature, methodological limitations of the study should be taken into consideration in interpreting the results. The cross-sectional nature of this research prevents making inferences about causal relationships. Longitudinal and, in particular, daily diary writing or experience sampling studies would be helpful to understand the humor processes in real life situations and to draw causal inferences regarding adjustment.


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Citations

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APA

Sözer, Ö.T., Öztürk Dursun, S., Yortan, N., Güreşen, Ü., & Şakiroğlu, M. (2020). Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles. Studies in Psychology, 40(2), 533-559. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0047


AMA

Sözer Ö T, Öztürk Dursun S, Yortan N, Güreşen Ü, Şakiroğlu M. Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles. Studies in Psychology. 2020;40(2):533-559. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0047


ABNT

Sözer, Ö.T.; Öztürk Dursun, S.; Yortan, N.; Güreşen, Ü.; Şakiroğlu, M. Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles. Studies in Psychology, [Publisher Location], v. 40, n. 2, p. 533-559, 2020.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Sözer, Ömer Taha, and Sinem Öztürk Dursun and Neslihan Yortan and Ülkü Güreşen and Mehmet Şakiroğlu. 2020. “Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles.” Studies in Psychology 40, no. 2: 533-559. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0047


Chicago: Humanities Style

Sözer, Ömer Taha, and Sinem Öztürk Dursun and Neslihan Yortan and Ülkü Güreşen and Mehmet Şakiroğlu. “Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles.” Studies in Psychology 40, no. 2 (May. 2024): 533-559. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0047


Harvard: Australian Style

Sözer, ÖT & Öztürk Dursun, S & Yortan, N & Güreşen, Ü & Şakiroğlu, M 2020, 'Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles', Studies in Psychology, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 533-559, viewed 17 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0047


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Sözer, Ö.T. and Öztürk Dursun, S. and Yortan, N. and Güreşen, Ü. and Şakiroğlu, M. (2020) ‘Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles’, Studies in Psychology, 40(2), pp. 533-559. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0047 (17 May. 2024).


MLA

Sözer, Ömer Taha, and Sinem Öztürk Dursun and Neslihan Yortan and Ülkü Güreşen and Mehmet Şakiroğlu. “Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles.” Studies in Psychology, vol. 40, no. 2, 2020, pp. 533-559. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0047


Vancouver

Sözer ÖT, Öztürk Dursun S, Yortan N, Güreşen Ü, Şakiroğlu M. Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles. Studies in Psychology [Internet]. 17 May. 2024 [cited 17 May. 2024];40(2):533-559. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0047 doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0047


ISNAD

Sözer, ÖmerTaha - Öztürk Dursun, Sinem - Yortan, Neslihan - Güreşen, Ülkü - Şakiroğlu, Mehmet. “Direct and Indirect Relationships Between Personality Characteristics, Humor Styles and University Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Humor Styles”. Studies in Psychology 40/2 (May. 2024): 533-559. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0047



TIMELINE


Submitted04.07.2019
Accepted11.06.2020
Published Online18.11.2020

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