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DOI :10.26650/SP2022-1141974   IUP :10.26650/SP2022-1141974    Full Text (PDF)

Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale

Yusuf Barburoğlu, S. Burcu Özgülük Üçok, Eda Çürükvelioğlu Köksal, Yuvamathi Gandhi, Pamela J. Lannutti

The feeling of belonging to a community that adopts a protective stance for the well-being of its members is an essential human need. It is well known that LGBTQ+ people experience more stress than other social groups because of discrimination, stigmatization, and self-stigmatization. Therefore, their connectedness to the LGBTQ+ community functions crucially in receiving social support. However, no study in Türkiye has yet comprehensively investigated the community connectedness of people identifying as LGBTQ+. Thus, the current study adapted Frost and Meyer’s (2012) LGBT Community Connectedness Scale to Turkish. This scale was designed to measure the connectedness of LGBT individuals to the LGBT community. The present study also tested the scale’s psychometrics with a more wide-ranging sample of LGBTQ+ people by reaching out to a more inclusive group of participants (queer, diverse sexual orientations, and gender identity experiences). The criterion and snowball sampling techniques were utilized to recruit four hundred and fifty participants. Confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the factor structure of the scale for this study’s sample, displaying an 8-item and one-factor structure. The divergent and convergent validity of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale was tested via the instrument’s associations with the Multidimensional Social Support Scale and Stress Subscale. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale was evaluated as Cronbach Alpha .90. Thus, the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale was found to be reliable and valid for administration to LGBTQ+ people living in Türkiye. The LGBT Community Connectedness Scale is a short, one-factor scale that is easily scored and applied. It is expected to improve research outcomes in Türkiye because it is the first measurement tool employed in the national literature to assess the community connectedness of LGBTQ+ people.

Keywords: Community connectedness, LGBT Community Connectedness Scale, scale adaptation, LGBTQ+, minority stress model
DOI :10.26650/SP2022-1141974   IUP :10.26650/SP2022-1141974    Full Text (PDF)

LGBT Topluluğuna Bağlılık Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Sınanması

Yusuf Barburoğlu, S. Burcu Özgülük Üçok, Eda Çürükvelioğlu Köksal, Yuvamathi Gandhi, Pamela J. Lannutti

İnsanın en temel ihtiyaçlarından biri olan ait olmak ve bir toplulukta yerinin olduğunu hissetmek, kişilerin iyi oluşları için koruyucu bir etmendir. LGBTQ+ kişiler genel topluma kıyasla ayrımcılık, damgalama, yakınsak (proximal) stres gibi bu gruba özgü stres faktörlerini daha fazla yaşadıkları için bu kişilerin LGBTQ+ topluluğuna bağlılığı, sosyal destek alabilmeleri açısından önemli görülmektedir. Öte taraftan Türkiye alanyazınında LGBTQ+ topluluğuna bağlılığı doğrudan konu edinen bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu sebeple bu çalışmada Frost ve Meyer (2012) tarafından geliştirilen ve LGBT kişilerin LGBT topluluğuna bağlılığını ölçmeyi amaçlayan LGBT Topluluğuna Bağlılık Ölçeği Türkçeye uyarlanmış ve psikometrik özellikleri ölçeğin orijinalinden daha kapsayıcı bir katılımcı gruba erişilerek (kuir, çeşitli cinsel yönelim ve cinsiyet kimliği deneyimleri) LGBTQ+ bireyler üzerinde sınanmıştır. Ölçüt ve kartopu örnekleme yolu ile ulaşılan 450 kişi çalışmanın katılımcılarını oluşturmuştur. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini sağladığı ve orijinalinde olduğu gibi sekiz maddeden oluşan tek faktörlü bir yapı gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Yaklaşan ve uzaklaşan geçerliği için LGBT Topluluğuna Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin sırasıyla Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği (ÇBASDÖ) ve Stres Ölçeği (DASÖ-21-SÖ) ile ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Buna göre LGBT Topluluğuna Bağlılık Ölçeği yaklaşan ve uzaklaşan geçerlik kanıtlarını sağlamaktadır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlık katsayısı ise Cronbach Alpha formülü ile hesaplanmış ve .90 bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, LGBT Topluluğuna Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin psikometrik özellikleri, ölçeğin Türkiye’de yaşayan LGBTQ+ yetişkinlerde kullanılmak için uygun olduğunu göstermiştir. LGBTQ+ topluluğuna bağlılık konusunda ulusal alanyazında yer alan ilk ölçme aracı olması sebebiyle alanyazına önemli bir katkı sunması beklenen LGBT Topluluğuna Bağlılık Ölçeği, madde sayısının az oluşu ve tek faktörlü bir yapı göstermesi sebebiyle kolay puanlanabilir ve uygulanabilir olarak değerlendirilebilir. 

Keywords: Topluluğa bağlılık, LGBT Topluluğuna Bağlılık Ölçeği, ölçek uyarlama, LGBTQ+, azınlık stresi modeli

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


Belonging to and sensing connectedness with a group and/or society is an essential human need. People strive to achieve this feeling and attain a certain resilience when it is accomplished. Individuals shape their behaviors to satisfy this need throughout their lives because they define themselves in relation to the community to which they feel they belong. Thus, they begin contributing to their community and can construct a self with high self-esteem that is adequate, competent, and useful to the community/society to which they feel they belong (Dreikurs Ferguson, 2020). Moreover, some differences exist in the behavioral, cognitive, and affective dimensions of belonging, and it is believed that addressing them separately can more accurately reflect the current context in Türkiye. Community participation constitutes the behavioral dimension of belonging and includes concrete and measurable behaviors in a person’s relationship with the community (e.g., the number of organizations to which one belongs). Connectedness to the community corresponds to a person’s relationship with the community and thus represents the cognitive and affective aspects of belonging (Frost & Meyer, 2012). In Türkiye, LGBTQ+ people’s participation in their community is limited (ILGA–Europe, 2021). Therefore, using a scale that emphasizes cognitive and affective aspects, rather than behavior, would more accurately capture the LGBTQ+ experience of belonging to Türkiye.

The endeavor to meet such needs could become particularly significant for marginalized groups such as LGBTQ+ individuals who frequently experience social exclusion and segregation because of stigma and discrimination. LGBTQ+ community connectedness has repeatedly been found to act as a protective factor against adverse mental health conditions stemming from stigma and discrimination (Kaniuka et al., 2018; McConnell et al., 2018; Pflum et al., 2015; Rogers et al., 2021; Zimmerman et al., 2015). However, a valid and reliable measure focusing specifically on LGBTQ+ community connectedness in Türkiye, namely, the relationships LGBTQ+ individuals forge with their communities at the cognitive and emotional levels, is non-existent in the national literature. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the psychometrics of the Turkish version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale (Frost & Meyer, 2012). Accordingly, we examined the instrument’s factor structure, convergent and divergent validity, and internal consistency reliability.

Method

The criterion and snowball sampling techniques were employed to enroll the study sample. The following criteria were established for participation in this study: (1) being older than 18 years old, (2) living in Türkiye, and (3) identifying as a sexual and/or gender minority.

The sample comprised 450 individuals aged between 18 and 47 years (M = 22.44, SD = 4.61) and identifying as a gender and/or sexual minority (LGBTQ+). Most participants reported their gender identity as men (N = 159, %35.3), women (N = 134, %29.8), non-binary (N = 19, %4.2), queer men (N = 18, %4), queer (N = 14, %3.1), and gender-fluid (N = 12, %2.7). Most participants reported their sexual orientation as gay (N = 173, %38.4), bisexual (N = 133, %29.6), pansexual (N = 61, %13.6), lesbian (N = 32, %7.1), queer (N = 23, %5.1), and asexual (N = 11, 2.44%).

The current study employed the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale, the Multidimensional Social Support Scale, the stress subscale of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS–21), and a demographic form. First, two assistant professors of psychological counseling and guidance translated the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale into Turkish , and the researchers developed an initial form. A research assistant and an instructor of counseling who were fluent in English back translated this first Turkish version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale. The Turkish version of the back translated LGBT Community Connectedness Scale was confirmed to reflect the original instrument. Subsequently, researchers conducted cognitive interviews with four individuals who identified as a sexual and/or gender minority. Their feedback affirmed that the scale was understandable. The final Turkish version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale was then ratified.

Ethical permissions were obtained from the TED University Human Research Ethics Committee before the data were collected. The informed consent form was also signed before the questionnaires were administered to ensure that the respondents participated voluntarily. The data were collected between August 2021 and September 2021 via an online survey announced through the social media accounts of the researchers (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn) and non-governmental organizations (e.g., KAOS GL, Red Umbrella Sexual Health and Human Rights Association, and Pink Life LGBTI+ Solidarity Association). Each questionnaire took approximately 25 minutes to complete.

Data cleaning and assumption checks were accomplished before the analyses were performed. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to determine the factor structure of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale apropos the sample of the current study. The convergent validity of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale was tested against the Multidimensional Social Support Scale and its divergent validity was calculated by utilizing the stress subscale ofDASS–21. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was considered in the evaluations.

Results

Confirmatory factor analyses were executed to obtain construct validity. The results indicated a mediocre fit with the data (𝜒² (20) = 7.84, p = .00, CFI = .93, GFI = .92, TLI = .90, RMSEA =.12, SRMR =.05). Hence, the modification indices were scrutinized and the errors between Item 7 (You really feel that any problems faced by LGBT community are also your own problems) and Item 8 (You feel a bond with other same-gender similar others), and between Item 6 (If we work together, gay, bisexual and lesbian people can solve problems in LGBT community) and Item 7 (You really feel that any problems faced by LGBT community are also your own problems.) were freely estimated. The outcomes obtained after the modification indices were considered verified the factor structure of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale apropos the sample of the current study (𝜒² (18) = 4.73, p = .00, CFI = .97, GFI = .95, TLI = .95, RMSEA = .09, SRMR = .04).

The convergent validity of the scale was determined by probing its relationship with the Multidimensional Social Support Scale. A weak but positive association (r = .18, p <.01) was found between the two scales. The divergent validity of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale was examined via its relationship with the DASS –21 stress subscale. The results revealed no association between the two scales (r = .04, p > .05). Finally, the internal consistency of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale was examined using the Cronbach Alpha, which was calculated at .90, indicating high internal reliability.

Discussion

This study adapted the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale into Turkish and examined its validity and reliability with a sample of individuals identifying as LGBTQ+ and living in Türkiye. The construct validity of the scale was investigated using CFA. The results revealed a unidimensional structure of the scale with eight items, as in the original form. Evidence for the convergent validity of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale was obtained via the consideration of its relationship with the Multidimensional Social Support Scale. The divergent validity of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale was determined by the proof that no relationship existed between the scale and the stress subscale of DASS–21. Moreover, the scale’s reliability was validated through its high internal consistency. Overall, the findings endorse the sufficiency of the psychometrics of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale for use with LGBTQ+ adults and affirmits application in Turkish culture. The LGBT Community Connectedness Scale is a short and one-factor scale that is easily scored and applied. Its use in Türkiye is expected to enhance the relevant national literature because it is the first measurement tool to assess the community connectedness of LGBTQ+ people.

Future directions for research include testing the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale to ensure its validity across diverse participant profiles such as full-time workers, older adults, and individuals in smaller towns or rural areas. Researchers could employ the test-retest method in future studies to further explore the reliability of the scale. Validity studies could collect data evenly across gender identity and sexual orientation groups to examine the measurement invariance of participant scores on the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale.

Moreover, prospective studies investigating the use of the minority stress model (Meyer, 2003) in Turkish culture could incorporate connectedness as a control variable among the protective factors for the LGBTQ+ community. Mental health professionals working with adults can employ the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale to assess the community connectedness of LGBTQ+ individuals and tailor services based on their evaluated levels of connectedness to encourage their well-being amidst societal discrimination and stigma. Professionals can utilize the scale scores as a reference to help them design individual and group counseling interventions to enhance the well-being of LGBTQ+ clients and evaluate the effectiveness of their interventions in fostering connectedness with the LGBTQ+ community. Such validations would highlight the practical value of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale in therapeutic interventions.


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APA

Barburoğlu, Y., Özgülük Üçok, S., Çürükvelioğlu Köksal, E., Gandhi, Y., & Lannutti, P. (2024). Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale. Studies in Psychology, 44(1), 106-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1141974


AMA

Barburoğlu Y, Özgülük Üçok S, Çürükvelioğlu Köksal E, Gandhi Y, Lannutti P. Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale. Studies in Psychology. 2024;44(1):106-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1141974


ABNT

Barburoğlu, Y.; Özgülük Üçok, S.; Çürükvelioğlu Köksal, E.; Gandhi, Y.; Lannutti, P. Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale. Studies in Psychology, [Publisher Location], v. 44, n. 1, p. 106-124, 2024.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Barburoğlu, Yusuf, and S. Burcu Özgülük Üçok and Eda Çürükvelioğlu Köksal and Yuvamathi Gandhi and Pamela J. Lannutti. 2024. “Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale.” Studies in Psychology 44, no. 1: 106-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1141974


Chicago: Humanities Style

Barburoğlu, Yusuf, and S. Burcu Özgülük Üçok and Eda Çürükvelioğlu Köksal and Yuvamathi Gandhi and Pamela J. Lannutti. “Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale.” Studies in Psychology 44, no. 1 (May. 2024): 106-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1141974


Harvard: Australian Style

Barburoğlu, Y & Özgülük Üçok, S & Çürükvelioğlu Köksal, E & Gandhi, Y & Lannutti, P 2024, 'Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale', Studies in Psychology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 106-124, viewed 5 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1141974


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Barburoğlu, Y. and Özgülük Üçok, S. and Çürükvelioğlu Köksal, E. and Gandhi, Y. and Lannutti, P. (2024) ‘Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale’, Studies in Psychology, 44(1), pp. 106-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1141974 (5 May. 2024).


MLA

Barburoğlu, Yusuf, and S. Burcu Özgülük Üçok and Eda Çürükvelioğlu Köksal and Yuvamathi Gandhi and Pamela J. Lannutti. “Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale.” Studies in Psychology, vol. 44, no. 1, 2024, pp. 106-124. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1141974


Vancouver

Barburoğlu Y, Özgülük Üçok S, Çürükvelioğlu Köksal E, Gandhi Y, Lannutti P. Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale. Studies in Psychology [Internet]. 5 May. 2024 [cited 5 May. 2024];44(1):106-124. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1141974 doi: 10.26650/SP2022-1141974


ISNAD

Barburoğlu, Yusuf - Özgülük Üçok, S. Burcu - Çürükvelioğlu Köksal, Eda - Gandhi, Yuvamathi - Lannutti, Pamela J.. “Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the LGBT Community Connectedness Scale”. Studies in Psychology 44/1 (May. 2024): 106-124. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-1141974



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Submitted14.06.2022
Accepted05.12.2023
Published Online18.04.2024

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Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.