References

• Archival Sources Türk Tarih Kurumu Microfilm Archive (from Hull University Archive), The papers of Sir Mark Sykes, 1879- 1919 [microform]: with special reference to the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the Middle East, Microfilm 2, DDSY2/4 ForeignAffairs and Travel (1888-1919), 4/1 10 March 1898-1April 1898, Pre-war notebook, Journey from Jericho to Damascus, Contains some drawings. 1-32 (pages of microfilm number in image). google scholar
• Secondary Sources google scholar
• Abdel-Malek, Anwar, ‘Orientalism in Crisis,’ Diogenes, 11: 44 (1963), pp. 103-140. google scholar
• Barr, James, A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle for the Mastery of the Middle East, Simon & Schuster, London 2011. google scholar
• Behdad, Ali, ‘Orientalism and Middle East Travel Writing’, in Orientalism and Literature, ed. Geoffrey P. Nash, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2019, pp. 185-201. google scholar
• __________, Belated Travelers: Orientalism in the Age of Colonial Dissolution, Duke University Press, Durham 1994. google scholar
• Berdine, Michael, Redrawing the Middle East: Sir Mark Sykes, Imperialism and the Sykes-Picot Agreement, Tauris, London 2018. google scholar
• Beauchamp, Michael K., ‘Sir Mark Sykes’, The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, III, ABC-CLIO, California 2010, pp. 1191-1192. google scholar
• Blair-Brysac, Shareen and Karl Ernest Meyer, Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East, Norton, New York 2008. google scholar
• Bridges, Roy, ‘Exploration and Travel Outside Europe, 1720-1914’, in The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing, eds. Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002, pp. 53-69. google scholar
• Dandekar, R. N., ‘The Twenty-First International Congress of Orientalists, Paris 23rd to 31st of July 1948’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 29: 1, (1948), pp. i-xxvi. google scholar
• Davison, Roderic H., ‘The Modernization of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Tanzimat Period,’Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 11 (2000), pp. 862-874. google scholar
• Deringil, Selim, ‘They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery: The Late Ottoman Empire and the PostColonial Debate’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 45: 2 (2003), pp. 311-342. google scholar
• Eldem, Ethem, ‘Ottoman and Turkish Orientalism’, Archit Design, 80 (2010), pp. 26-31. google scholar
• Fromkin, David, ‘Britain, France, and the Diplomatic Agreements’ in The Creation of Iraq, 1914–1921, eds. Reeva Spector Simon & Eleanor H. Tejirian, Cambridge University Press, New York 2004, pp. 134-145. google scholar
• Ginzburg, Carlo, Wooden Eyes: Nine Reflections on Distance, trans. Martin Ryle and Kate Soper, Columbia University Press, New York 2001. google scholar
• Gladstone, William Ewart, Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, Lovell, Adam, Wesson, New York 1876. google scholar
• Gürpınar, Doğan, ‘The Rise and Fall of Turcophilism in Nineteenth-Century British Discourses: Visions of the Turk, ‘Young’ and ‘Old’’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 39: 3 (2012), pp. 347-372. google scholar
• Hallaq, Wael B., Restating Orientalism: A Critique of Modern Knowledge, Columbia University Press, New York 2018. google scholar
• Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2008. google scholar
• Hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Empires: 1875-1914, Vintage, New York 1989. google scholar
• Hourani, Albert, Islam in European Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991. google scholar
• Irizarry, Ashley M., ‘Possessing the Holy Land: The Palestine Exploration Fund and the American Palestine Exploration Society’ (2014). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626767. https:// dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-k1ww-7g39. google scholar
• Irwin, Robert, For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and their Enemies, Allen Lane, London 2006. google scholar
• Kamel, Lorenzo, ‘Artificial nations? The Sykes-Picot and the Islamic State’s narratives in a historical perspective’, Diacronie, 25:1 (2016), pp. 1-20. google scholar
• Karaca, Taha Niyazi, Büyük Oyun: İngiltere Başbakanı Gladstone’un Osmanlı’yı Yıkma Planı, Timaş İstanbul 2018. google scholar
• _____, ‘İngi̇ltere’ni̇n Osmanlı Devleti̇’ni̇ Koruma Poli̇ti̇kasını Terk Etmesi̇’, International New Tendencies Congress in Ottoman Researches (INOCTE), 7-9 (October 2016), Sarajevo 2016, pp. 519-528. google scholar
• Kedourie, Elie, ‘Sir Mark Sykes and Palestine 1915-16’, Middle Eastern Studies, 6:3 (1970), pp. 340-345. google scholar
• _____, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations 1914- 1939, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010. google scholar
• Keyman, Fuat, Mahmut Mutman and Meyda Yeğenoğlu, eds., Oryantalizm, Hegemonya ve Kültürel Fark (Orientalism, Hegemony and Cultural Difference), İletişim, Istanbul 1996. google scholar
• Lewis, Bernard, ‘The Question of Orientalism’, New York Review of Books, 29:11 (1982). google scholar
• Lockman, Zackhary, The Contending Vision of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism, Cambridge University Press, New York 2010. google scholar
• Makdisi, Ussama, ‘Ottoman Orientalism’, The American Historical Review, 107: 3 (2002), pp. 768–796. google scholar
• Moscrop, John James, Measuring Jerusalem: The Palestine Exploration Fund and the British Interests in the Holy Land, Leicester University Press, Leicester 2000. google scholar
• Ortaylı, İlber, İki̇nci̇ Abdülhami̇t Dönemi̇nde Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Alman Nüfuzu, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara 1981. google scholar
• Pflanze, Otto, Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Volume III: The Period of Fortification 1880- 1898, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1990. google scholar
• Polat, Ü. Gülsüm, ‘Türk-Alman Propagandası Karşısında Arap Bürosu’nun Kuruluşu’, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, 26: 76 (2010), pp. 97-132. google scholar
• Roderic, H. Davison, ‘The Modernization of Ottoman Diplomacy in theTanzimat Period’, Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 11 (2000), pp. 862-874. google scholar
• Said, Edward, Orientalism, Vintage, New York 1978. google scholar
• Salhi, Zahia Smail, ‘The Maghreb and the Occident: Towardsthe Construction of an Occidentalist Discourse’, in Orientalism Revisited Art, Land and Voyage, ed. Ian Richard Netton, Routledge, Abingdon 2013, pp. 254-279. google scholar
• Schneer, Jonathan, The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Random House, New York 2010. google scholar
• Shane, Leslie, Mark Sykes: His Life and Letters, Cassell, London 1923. google scholar
• Sykes, Christopher Simon, The Man Who Created the Middle East: The Life of Sir Mark Sykes, Collins, London 2017. google scholar
• Sykes, Mark, The Caliphs’ Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire, Macmillan, London 1915. google scholar
• _____, ‘Narrative of a Journey East of Jebel Ed-Druze’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 31: 1 (1899), pp. 47-56. google scholar
• Şirin, İbrahim, ‘Seyahatnamelerin Sosyal Bilimlerde Kullanım Değeri: Seyahatname Metodolojisi Geliştirmenin Zorunluluğu’, Türk Yurdu Dergisi, 33: 310 (2013), pp. 38-43. google scholar
• ‘Palestine Exploration Quarterly,’ https://www.pef.org.uk/publications/palestine-exploration-quarterly accessed 7 May 2020. google scholar
• Türkgeldi, Ali Fuat, Maruf Simalar, prepared by Mehmet Kalpaklı and Sina Akşin Somel, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 2013. google scholar
• Wilcox, Andrew, Orientalism and Imperialism from Nineteenth-century Missionary Imaginings to theContemporary Middle East, Bloomsbury, London 2018. google scholar
• Yavuz, M. Hakan, ‘The Transformation of ‘Empire’ through Wars and Reforms: Integration vs. Oppression’, in War and Diplomacy The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin, eds. M. Hakan Yavuz and Peter Sluglett, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City 2011, pp. 17-55. google scholar
• Yavuz, M. Hakan and Peter Sluglett, eds., War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the Treaty of Berlin, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City 2011. google scholar

Citations