Research Article


DOI :10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008   IUP :10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008    Full Text (PDF)

FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Ayfer Erdoğan

The early 20th century witnessed the ideological triumph of Arab nationalism and pan-Arabism in the Middle East with the cultural and literary renaissance that rose in the region leading to a collective consciousness as to the Arab identity among Arab intellectuals. It was the Arab nation-identity rather than the individual Arab states’ identity that shaped the political discourse of the then-Arab regimes. In addition, the political juncture with the advent of anti-colonial movements in the region following the Second World War set the stage for the radicalization trend of the military regimes which aimed to unify Arab nations under one state and carry out sweeping economic programs of modernization and centralization. On the other hand, the defeat in the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 was a defining historic moment in the reconfiguration of Arab politics in the Middle East. Since the war, Arab states moved into a post-nationalist stage in which strict ideological control and authoritarian policies were replaced with a set of limited political and economic openings and the Arab-Israeli treaty. This article investigates the birth and rise of the Arab nationalist movement along with the ideological origins of the radicalization trend of the ruling regimes in the Middle East. The article suggests that pan-Arabism, Arab socialism and anti-imperialism gained momentum in the 1950s and 1960s with a number of political developments under Egypt’s President Abd-al Nasser. Nevertheless, the eventual decline of the radical regimes was witnessed with the 1967 Arab defeat that inflicted a mortal blow to the Arab nationalist movement. From 1967 onwards, the regimes lost both their capability and aspirations to realize Arab nationalist goals and in this era, state nationalism came to the forefront. Cite this article as: Erdoğan, Ayfer, “From the Free Officers Coup to the Arab-Israeli War of 1967: The Rise and Demise of the Radicalization Trend in The Middle East”, Turk J Hist, issue 69 (2019), p.169-194.
DOI :10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008   IUP :10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008    Full Text (PDF)

HÜR SUBAYLAR DARBESİNDEN 1967 ARAP-İSRAİL SAVAŞINA: ORTA DOĞU'DA RADİKALLEŞME EĞİLİMİNİN YÜKSELİŞİ VE ÇÖKÜŞÜ

Ayfer Erdoğan

20. yüzyılın başı bölgede yükselen kültürel ve edebi rönesansın Arap entellektüelleri arasında Arap kimliğine dair kolektif bir bilinci ortaya çıkarmasıyla birlikte Orta Doğu Arab milliyetçiliği ve pan-Arabizmin ideolojik zaferine sahne olmuştur. Münferit Arap devletlerinin kimliklerinden ziyade Arab ulusu kimliği o dönemdeki Arap rejimlerinin siyasi söylemlerine şekil vermiştir. Bunun yanısıra, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası bölgede koloni karşıtı hareketlerin yükselişi ile ortaya çıkan siyasi konjonktür, Arap milletlerini tek bir devlet altında birleştirmeyi ve modernleşme ve merkezileştirmeye yönelik ekonomik programları hayata geçirmeyi hedefleyen askeri rejimlerin radikalleşme eğilimleri için zemin hazırlamıştır. Diğer yandan, 1967 Arap-İsrail savaşı Orta Doğu’da Arap siyasetinin yeniden şekillenmesinde belirleyici tarihsel bir dönüm noktası olmuştur, çünkü bu savaştan sonra Arap ülkeleri, katı bir ideolojik kontrolün ve otoriter politikaların yerini bir dizi sınırlı siyasi ve ekonomik açılımın ve İsrail’le müzakere ve anlaşmaların aldığı yeni bir döneme geçmiştir. Bu makale Arap milliyetçiliğinin doğuşu, yükselişi ve Orta Doğu’da hüküm süren rejimlerin radikalleşme eğiliminin ideolojik temellerini incelemektedir. Makaleye göre, Pan-Arabizm, Arap sosyalizmi ve emperyalizm karşıtlığı Mısır Cumhurbaşkanı Abdülnasır döneminde bir dizi siyasi gelişme ile birlikte ivme kazanmıştır. Diğer yandan, radikal rejimlerin nihai çöküşü Arap milliyetçiliği hareketine ölümcül bir darbe vuran 1967 savaşında Araplar’ın yenilgisi ile gerçekleşmiştir. 1967’yi takip eden süreçte, bu rejimler Arab milliyetçiliği hedeflerini gerçekleştirmek için yeterliliklerini ve isteklerini kaybetmişlerdir ve bu dönemde devlet milliyetçiliği öne çıkmıştır. Cite this article as: Erdoğan, Ayfer, “From the Free Officers Coup to the Arab-Israeli War of 1967: The Rise and Demise of the Radicalization Trend in The Middle East”, Turk J Hist, issue 69 (2019), p.169-194.

PDF View

References

  • Askari, Hossesin, John Thomas Cummings, James Toth. “Land Reform in the Middle East: A Note on Its Distributive Effects.” Iranian Studies 10, No. 4 (Autumn 1977): 267-79. google scholar
  • Barnett, Michael N. Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order. Bognor Regis: Colombia University Press, 1998. google scholar
  • Choueiri, Youssef M. A Companion to the History of the Middle East. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. google scholar
  • Choueiri, Youssef M. Arab Nationalism- A History: Nation and State in the Arab World. New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell, 2000. google scholar
  • CIA, Directorate of Intelligence, “Soviet Policy and the 1967 Arab-Israeli War.” (Reference Title: Caesar XXXVIII) March 16, 1970 (declassified June 2007). Accessed December 7, 2018, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/caesar-50.pdf google scholar
  • Cleveland, William L., Martin P. Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder: Westview Press, 2009. google scholar
  • Cook, Steven A. The Struggle for Egypt. From Nasser to Tahrir Square. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. google scholar
  • Dawisha, Adeed. “Requem for Arab Nationalism.” Middle East Political Quarterly 10, no. 1 (Winter 2003): 25-41. google scholar
  • Dawisha, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003. google scholar
  • Devlin, John. “The Baath Party: Rise and Metamorphosis.” The American Historical Review 96, no. 5 (1991): 1396- 1407. google scholar
  • Devlin, John. The Ba’th Party: A History from its Origins to 1966. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institute Press, 1975. google scholar
  • Golan, Galia. Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War II to Gorbachev. Cambridge: Cambridge Russian Paperbacks, 1990. google scholar
  • Haddad, Mahmoud. “The Rise of Arab Nationalism Reconsidered.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 26, no. 2 (1994): 201-222. google scholar
  • Haim, Sylvia. Arab Nationalism: An Antology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962. google scholar
  • Hinnebusch, Raymond. “Authoritarian Persistence, democratization theory and the Middle East: An Overview and Critique.” Democratization 13, no. 3 (June 2006): 373-395. google scholar
  • Kienle, Eberhard. “Arab Unity Schemes Revisited: Interest, Identity, and Policy in Syria and Egypt”, International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 1 (February 1995): 53-71. google scholar
  • Laron, Guy. ‘‘The Cold War and the Middle East, Playing with fire: The Soviet- Syrian- Israeli Triangle, 1965- 1967.’’ Cold War History 10, no. 2 (2010): 163-184. google scholar
  • Lenczowski, George. ‘‘Radical Regimes in Egypt, Syria, and Iraq: Comparative Observations on Ideologies and Practises.’’ The Journal of Politics 28, no. 1 (1966): 29-56. google scholar
  • Lenczowski, George. Soviet Advances in the Middle East. Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1971. google scholar
  • Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. UK: Oxford University Press, 1968. google scholar
  • Osman, Tarek. Egypt on the Brink: From Nasser to the Muslim Brotherhood. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010. google scholar
  • Nasr, Salah. Mozakerat Salah Nasr (Memories of Salah Nasr), Vol. 3. Cairo: Dar Al-Khayal, 1999. google scholar
  • Pfaff, R. H. “The Function of Arab Nationalism.” Comparative Politics 2, no: 2 (1970): 147- 167. google scholar
  • Sorby, Karol. “Arab Nationalism After the Young Turk Revolution (1908-1912).” Asian and African Studies 14, no. 1 (2005): 4-21. google scholar
  • Sorby, Karol. “The Separatist Period in Syria, 1961-1963.” Asian and African Studies 18, no. 2 (2009): 145-168. google scholar
  • Tauber, Eliezer. The Emergence of the Arab Movements. London: Frank Cass, 1993. google scholar
  • United Arab Republic. “Draft of the National Charter Presented by President Gamal Abdel Nasser at the Inaugural Session of the National Congress of Popular Powers on 21st May, 1962.” Cairo: Information Department, 1962. google scholar
  • William Roe Polk, Understanding Iraq. London: I.B. Tauris, 2005. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Erdoğan, A. (0001). FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Turkish Journal of History, 0(69), 169-194. https://doi.org/10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008


AMA

Erdoğan A. FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Turkish Journal of History. 0001;0(69):169-194. https://doi.org/10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008


ABNT

Erdoğan, A. FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Turkish Journal of History, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 69, p. 169-194, 0001.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Erdoğan, Ayfer,. 0001. “FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST.” Turkish Journal of History 0, no. 69: 169-194. https://doi.org/10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008


Chicago: Humanities Style

Erdoğan, Ayfer,. FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST.” Turkish Journal of History 0, no. 69 (Nov. 2024): 169-194. https://doi.org/10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008


Harvard: Australian Style

Erdoğan, A 0001, 'FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST', Turkish Journal of History, vol. 0, no. 69, pp. 169-194, viewed 23 Nov. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Erdoğan, A. (0001) ‘FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST’, Turkish Journal of History, 0(69), pp. 169-194. https://doi.org/10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008 (23 Nov. 2024).


MLA

Erdoğan, Ayfer,. FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST.” Turkish Journal of History, vol. 0, no. 69, 0001, pp. 169-194. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008


Vancouver

Erdoğan A. FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Turkish Journal of History [Internet]. 23 Nov. 2024 [cited 23 Nov. 2024];0(69):169-194. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008 doi: 10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008


ISNAD

Erdoğan, Ayfer. FROM THE FREE OFFICERS COUP TO THE ARAB-ISRAELI WAR OF 1967: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE RADICALIZATION TREND IN THE MIDDLE EAST”. Turkish Journal of History 0/69 (Nov. 2024): 169-194. https://doi.org/10.26650/TurkJHist.2019.19008



TIMELINE


Submitted13.02.2019
Accepted21.06.2019

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.