Journal of Turkish Language and Literature

SUBMITINFORMATION
EnglishTürkçe

Research Article


DOI :10.26650/TUDED2020-0008   IUP :10.26650/TUDED2020-0008    Full Text (PDF)

A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language

Kenjegul Kalieva

Animal husbandary is one of the traditional foundations of the economy and culture of the Kirghiz people and it still plays an important part in their lives today Kirghiz people name younger and older cattle differently according to their age. This nomenclature depends on the gender of the animal, whether it is female or male. The names of cattle by age may not be the same in all the various parts of Kirghizstan, which suggests that animal husbandry has not developed in the same way throughout Kirghizstan and that, at the same time, Kirghiz people have close ties with their neighbouring countries. This article presents the naming of cattle according to age and it will also offer etymological explanations of the names. The naming of cattle by age will be compared with practices in geographically neighboring Turkic Language areas: the Kazak Turkic language and the Southeast Turkic languages (New Uyghur and Özbek). However, the names will also be compared with Turkish due to the decrease in livestock husbandary in Turkey. The data used in this article, are based on materials provided by shepherds in Turkey. Different etymological dictionaries have also been evaluated in this study. 

Keywords: Age naming, ovine and bovine animals, Kazak Turkic Language, Southeast Turkic Languages, Türkish, Mongolian
DOI :10.26650/TUDED2020-0008   IUP :10.26650/TUDED2020-0008    Full Text (PDF)

Kırgız Türkçesinde Küçükbaş ve Büyükbaş Hayvanlara Yaşlarına Göre Verilen Adların Etimolojisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Kenjegul Kalieva

Hayvancılık geleneği günümüzde Kırgızlarda devam etmektedir. Bu gelenek, Kırgızlar için hem gelir kaynağını hem de hayvancılık kültürünün devam ettirilmesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Kırgızlar küçükbaş ve büyükbaş hayvanları yaşlarına göre adlandırırlar. Bu adlandırma hayvanın fiziksel yapısına, diş sayısına, dişi veya erkek olmasına bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada küçükbaş hayvan olarak koyun, büyükbaş hayvan olarak inek ve at (cılkı) ele alınmaktadır. Kırgız Türkçesinin ağızlarında hayvanların yaşlarına göre verilen adlar aynı değildir, bu da hayvancılığın Kırgızistan’ın her yerinde aynı şekilde gelişmediğini ve Kırgızların komşu halklarla olan kültürel ilişkilerini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada Kırgız Türkçesinde küçükbaş ve büyükbaş hayvanların yaşlarına göre adlandırmaları ve bu adlandırmalar etimolojik yönden incelenecektir. Bunun yanı sıra adlandırmalar coğrafi bakımdan komşu olan Kıpçak grubundan Kazak Türkçesiyle ve Güney Doğu Türk dilleriyle (Yeni Uygur ve Özbek) ve Oğuz grubundan Türkiye Türkçesiyle karşılaştırılacaktır. Çalışmaya, Türkiye Türkçesinin dâhil edilmesinin nedeni Türkiye’de hayvancılık geleneğinin azalmasının sonucu olarak hayvanlarla ilgili adlandırmalarda değişimleri tespit etmektir. Bu çalışmanın yapılmasının önemli olan bir diğer sebebi de, Türk dünyasının yeni neslinin eski Türk hayvancılık geleneğini ve gelenekle ilgili terimlerini unutmaya başlamasıdır. Bu amaçla, Türkiye’de hayvancılıkla uğraşan çobanların bilgilerine başvurulmuş ve elde edilen veriler Derleme Sözlüğü’yle ve etimoloji sözlükleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır.

Keywords: Hayvan Adlandırmaları, Kazak Türkçesi, Güneydoğu Türk Dilleri (Özbekçe ve Yeni Uygurca), Türkiye Türkçesi, Moğolca

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


Livestock husbandary is one of the traditional foundations of the economy and culture of the Kirghiz people and still takes an important place in their lives. The development of livestock practice is different in the northern and southern regions of Kirghizstan. The reason for this difference is primarily based on differences in geography and climate, as well as the impact of neighboring cultures on Kirghizstan. Nowadays, livestock husbandry is typically well developed in North Kirghizstan. There are high mountains and wide plateaus in North Kirghizstan and it is suitable for developing husbandry. In South Kirghizstan animal husbandry is less developed because of the hot climate and the fields and wide areas are more suitable for agriculture. In Kirghizstan the animals are classified as ovine and bovine. Bovine animals: at “mare or horse”, uy “cow”, topoz “buffalo”. Ovine animals: kozu ‘lamb’, koy ‘sheep’, koçkor ‘ram’ or ečki ‘goat’. Another important factor in livestock husbandary in Kirghizstan is the naming of animals according to age. The ages of animals are generally determined by their physical structure, number of teeth, and gender (female or male). This article presents the naming by age of ovine and bovine animals and it also offers etymological explanations. The naming by age of cattle will be compared with the practices in geographically neighboring Turkic Languages: namely, the Kazak Turkic language and Southeast Turkic languages (New Uyghur and Özbek). However, the names will also be compared with Turkish due to the decrease in livestock husbundary in Turkey. The data used in this article are based on information provided by shepherds in Kirghizstan and Turkey as well as on different etymological dictionaries and articles. Some grammar books have also evaluated. The paper is structured as follows: Section one presents general information about livestock husbandary. Section two concerns the naming by age of ovine animals (sheep) and section three discusses the naming by age of bovine animals (cow, horse). Section four summarizes the results.

Ovine animals (sheep)

- “Sheep”: koy (KirgTur., KazTur., ÖzbTur., N.UygTur); koyun (TTur).

- “Newborn lamb”: kozu (KirgTur), kozı (KazTur), kuzi (ÖzbTur), koza (N.UygTur), kuzu (TTur).

- “One and two year old female lamb who has not given birth”: toktu (in North Kirghizstan and in some regions in South Kirghizstan; toktı (KazTur), tohlu (ÖzbTur), tohli (N.UygTur), toklu (TTur)). Cusak (in South Kirghizstan).

- “One and two year old male lamb”: boruk (KirgTur.), şişek (in South Kirghizstan, TTur.); şişak (ÖzbTur); makak (in some dialects of Turkish).

- “Three year old female lamb”: kunan koy (in some dialects of Kirghiz Turkic), sooluk (in Chuy region); sağlık (N.Uyg).

- “Three year old castrated male lamb”: irik (in North dialects of Kirghiz Turkic).

- “Four year old female and male sheep”: dönön (in South dialects of Kirghiz Turkic; KazTur., ÖzbTur., N.UygTur), tögörök (in North dialects of Kirghiz Turkic), çarı koy (in the dialects of Kirghiz Turkic in Fergana Valley).

- “Five and six year old sheep”: mama /subay koy (in North dialects of Kirghiz Turkic), panc / şaş koy (in some dialects of Kirghiz Turkic in Fergana Valley).  

Bovine animals (cow and horse)

The following terms for naming by age of bovine animals were determined in the dialects of Kirghiz Turkic.

a. “cow” 

- “Newborn calf”: muzoo (in North Kirghizstan), torpok (in some dialects of South Kirghizstan); buzav (KazTur.), buzak (ÖzbTur), topak (N.UygTur), buzağı (TTur.).

- “A calf in its first year (from 6 months)”: torpok (in North and South Kirghizstan); torpak (KazTur.), topak (N.UygTur). The terms körpe “six month old female and male calf” and yaşar “one year old female and male calf” were determined in some villages near the province of Sivas.

- “A calf in its second year”: kunan torpok (in North Kirghizstan and also in some dialects of South Kirghizstan). Tana (in Kirghiz dialects in Kazakhstan), KazTur., ÖzbTur., N.UygTur. In Turkish two terms are used: düve “two year old female calf”; dana “two year old male calf”.

- “Three year old calf which has not given birth’: kunacın (KirgTur., KazTur), ġunucu (N.UygTur).

- “Cow”: uy (in North and South Kirghizstan), sıyır (in some dialects of Kirghiz Turkic in the Fergana Valley), KazTur., sigir (ÖzbTur), kala (N.UygTur.); inek (TTur).

- “Bull”: buka (KirgTur., KazTur., ÖzbTurk), boġa (N.UygTur., TTur).

- “Four year old castrated bull”: noopas (in South Kirghizstan); novvos (ÖzbTur).

- “Castrated bull”: ögüz (KirgTur), ögiz (KazTur); hökiz (ÖzbTur), höküz (N.UzgTur); öküz (TTur). 

b. “Horse” 

- “Newborn foal“: kulun (KirgTur., ÖzbTur., TTur), kulın (KazTur), ġulun (N.UygTur).

- “One year old foal”: tay (KirgTur., KazTur., TTur), toy (ÖzbTur), tayçak (N.UzgTur).

- “Three year old foal”: kunan (KirgTur., KazTur), ġunan (N.UygTur), kulan (in some dialects of Turkish).

- “Mare which has not given birth”: baytal (KirgTur., KazTur., ÖzbTur., N.UygTur).

- “Mare”: bee (KirgTur), biye (KazTur), biya (ÖzbTur).

- “Stallion“: aygır (KirgTur., KazTur., ÖzbTur., N.UygTur., TTur).

- “A castrated stallion; horse”: at (KirgTur., KazTur., ÖzbTur., N.UygTur., TTur).

- “The term asıy which is used for a horse up to five years of age”: asıy (KirgTur), ası (KazTur).


PDF View

References

  • Abduldaev, E., Bakinova, G., Beyşekeev, N. (1962). Özbekstandık Kırgızdardın tilindegi cergiliktüü özgöçölüktör. Frunze: Kırgız SSR IA. google scholar
  • Akabirova, S.F. (1959). Uzbeksko- Russkiy Slovar’. Moskva.Ayazlı, Ö. (2016). Eski Uygurca Din Dışı Metinlerin Karşılaştırmalı Söz Varlığı. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. google scholar
  • Bakeev, K. (1952). Nookatskiy govor Oşskoy oblasti. Alma-Ata: AN Kaz. SSR. Bakinova, G. (1953). Kirgizskiy govor Oktyabr’skogo rayona. Frunze. google scholar
  • Bakinova, G. (1955). Isık-Köl govorunun Materiyalınan. Frunze. google scholar
  • Bakinova, G., Konduçalova, S., Sıdıkov, S. (1958). Kırgız tilinin Calal-Abad govorloru. Frunze. google scholar
  • Bakinova, G. (1956). Kırgız tilinin Oş govoru. Frunze.Bakinova, G. (1959). Kırgız tilinin Çüy govoru. Frunze. google scholar
  • Bazin, L. (1967). Noms de la ‘Chévre’ en Turc et en Mongol. Studia Altaica. Festschrift für Nikolaus Poppe zum 60. Geburstag. Wiesbaden: 28-32. google scholar
  • Baskakov, N. A. (1953). Hakassko-Russkiy Slovar’. Ministerstvo Kul’turı SSSR. Moskva. google scholar
  • Baskakov, N. A. (1961). Russko-Altayskiy Slovar’. Sovetskaya Ensklopediya. Moskva. google scholar
  • Bektaev, K. (1991). Kazahsko-Russkiy Slovar’. Alma-Ata.Beyşekeev, N. (1960). Murgabdık Kırgızdardın leksikalık özgöçölüktörü boyunca materiyaldar. Kırgız SSR. IA. TAI. Kabarları 1. Çıgışı. google scholar
  • Beyşekeev, N. (1964). Kazakstandagı Kırgızdardın tildik özgöçölüktörü. Frunze: Kırgız SSR Akademiyasının Basması. google scholar
  • Bläsing, U. (2003). Kalmuck. In: The Mongolic Languages. Ed. Juha Janhunen. London & New York: Routledge. google scholar
  • Çağbayır, Y. (2017). Osmanlı Türkçesi Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Ötüken. Dıykanov, K. (1980). Kırgız Tilinin Tarıhınan. Frunze: Mektep. google scholar
  • Doerfer, G. (1975). Türkische und Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. google scholar
  • Eren, H. (1999). Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü. 2. Baskı. Ankara: A.Ü. Dil ve Coğrafya Fakültesi. google scholar
  • Ercilasun, A.B., Akkoyunlu, Z. (2015). Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi III. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. google scholar
  • Joki, A.J. (1952). Die Lehnwörter des Sajansomjedischen. Helsinki: Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 103. google scholar
  • Kültür Bakanlığı (1991). Karşılaştırmalı Türk Lehçeleri Sözlüğü. Ankara: Kaynak Eserler 54. google scholar
  • Lessing, F. D. (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary. Los Angeles: University of California Press. google scholar
  • Malov, S. Y. (1957). Yazık jyoltıh uygurov: Slovar’ i Grammatika. Alma-Ata. google scholar
  • Munieva, B. D. (1977). Kalmıkscko-Russkiy Slovar’. Moskva: Russkiy Yazık. google scholar
  • Nadjip, E. N. (1968). Uygursko-Russkiy Slovar’. Moskva: Sovetskaya Ensklopediya. google scholar
  • Nadjip, E. N. (1995). Yeni Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü. Çev. İklil Kurban. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. google scholar
  • Oraltay, H. (1984). Kazak Türkçesi Sözlüğü. Ter. Nuri Yüce, Saadet Pınar. İstanbul: Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları. google scholar
  • Ramstedt, G. J. (1935). Kalmükisches Wörterbuch. Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae 3. Helsinki. google scholar
  • Ramstedt, G. J. (1943-53). Studies in Korean Etymology. Helsinki: Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 103. XCV. google scholar
  • Räsänän, M. (1969). Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. Helsinki: Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae XVII. google scholar
  • Schönig, C. (1997). A new attempt to classify the Turkic Languages (1). Wiesbaden: Turkic Languages 1, s. 117-133. google scholar
  • Schönig, C. (2000b). Mongolian Loanwords in Oghuz as indicators of linguistic and cultural areas in Southwest Asia. Wiesbaden: Turkic Languages ed. Lars Johanson, s. 239-252. google scholar
  • Şçerbak, A.M. (1961). Nazvaniya domaşnih i dikih jivotnıh v tyurkskih yazıkah. Moskva: İstoriçeskoe razvitye leksiki tyurkskih yazıkov. google scholar
  • Sevortyan, E. V. (1974, 1978, 1980). Etimologiçeskiy Slovar’ Tyurkskih Yazıkov. Moskva. google scholar
  • Seydakmatov, K. (1988). Kırgız Tilinin Kıskaça Etimmologiyalık Sözdügü. Frunze: Kırgız İlimder Akademiyası. google scholar
  • Shawn, R.B. (2014). Kâşgar ve Yarkend Ağzı Sözlüğü. Çev. Fikret Yıldırım. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. google scholar
  • Sir Clauson, G. (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford. google scholar
  • Türk Dil Kurumu (2009). Derleme Sözlüğü 3. Baskı. Ankara. google scholar
  • Türk Dil Kurumu (2011). Türkçe Sözlük. 11. Baskı. Ankara. google scholar
  • Yudahin, K. K. (1965). Kirgizsko-Russkiy Slovar’ I-II. Moskva: Sovetskya Ensklopediya. google scholar

Citations

Copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the options to export in your chosen format


EXPORT



APA

Kalieva, K. (2020). A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 60(2), 609-627. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2020-0008


AMA

Kalieva K. A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature. 2020;60(2):609-627. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2020-0008


ABNT

Kalieva, K. A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, [Publisher Location], v. 60, n. 2, p. 609-627, 2020.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Kalieva, Kenjegul,. 2020. “A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language.” Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 60, no. 2: 609-627. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2020-0008


Chicago: Humanities Style

Kalieva, Kenjegul,. “A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language.” Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 60, no. 2 (May. 2024): 609-627. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2020-0008


Harvard: Australian Style

Kalieva, K 2020, 'A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language', Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 609-627, viewed 17 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2020-0008


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Kalieva, K. (2020) ‘A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language’, Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 60(2), pp. 609-627. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2020-0008 (17 May. 2024).


MLA

Kalieva, Kenjegul,. “A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language.” Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, vol. 60, no. 2, 2020, pp. 609-627. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2020-0008


Vancouver

Kalieva K. A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature [Internet]. 17 May. 2024 [cited 17 May. 2024];60(2):609-627. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2020-0008 doi: 10.26650/TUDED2020-0008


ISNAD

Kalieva, Kenjegul. “A Study on the Etymology of the Naming of Ovine and Bovine According to Age in the Kirghiz Turkic Language”. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature 60/2 (May. 2024): 609-627. https://doi.org/10.26650/TUDED2020-0008



TIMELINE


Submitted29.05.2020
Accepted23.09.2020
Published Online29.12.2020

LICENCE


Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC)

This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms.


SHARE




Istanbul University Press aims to contribute to the dissemination of ever growing scientific knowledge through publication of high quality scientific journals and books in accordance with the international publishing standards and ethics. Istanbul University Press follows an open access, non-commercial, scholarly publishing.