Anacoluthons in Gulistan Tercumesi of Seyf-i Sarâyî
Hayrullah KahyaQipchaqs known as Kipchak/Kifcak in the East, Kuman in the West, and Polovest in Russia, lived in the Qipchaq steppe, the Danube river basin, the Balkans, and the MiddleEast throughout their history. They founded the Mamelukes state (1250–1517) in Eygpt, and they created great Qipchaq literature there. The Gulistan, written by Sa’di al-Shiraziy, one of the greatest Persian poets, was translated from Persian to Qipchaq Turkish by Seyf al-Sarayi, a Qipchaq poet. This translation is one of the most important books among all Qipchaq books in terms of being a reflection of basic Mameluke Qipchaq Turkish features. This book, known as the Gulistan Tercumesi in Turkish, was academically prepared for publishing by Ali Fehmi Karamanlioglu during his associate professorship in 1968 in Turkey. In this study, all of the sentences in the Gulistan Tercumesi prepared by Karamanlioglu have been analyzed in terms of their anacoluthons. All of the anacoluthons in the Gulistan Tercumesi have been placed in three categories in terms of their usage: (a) conversations, (b) translations, and (c) other cases. The most common place for anacoluthons in the Gulistan Tercumesi is in conversational sentences, which are very typical in Turkish languages. Because anacoluthons appear in both spoken and written Turkish languages, they are most often found in conversations. However, it is important to note here that the Gulistan Tercümesi is an original work, although it is a translated book. Regular sentences in the Gulistan Tercumesi are more dominant than anacoluthons, which is quite normal in terms of general Turkish rules. In our opinion, this dominance is a result of Seyf’s Turkish language consciousness and his great knowledge of three languages.
Seyf-i Sarâyî’nin Gülistan Tercümesi’nde Devrik Cümleler
Hayrullah KahyaDoğuda Kıpçak/Kıfçak, batıda Kuman, Rusya’da Polovest olarak bilinen KumanKıpçaklar tarihte Kıpçak bozkıları, Kırım, Tuna havzası, Balkanlar ve Ortadoğu’da yaşamışlardır. Kıpçaklar, Mısır ve civarında Memlükler devletini (1250-1517) kurmuş ve burada zengin bir Kıpçak edebiyatı meydana getirmişlerdir. Kıpçakça eserler arasında asıl Memlük Kıpçakça dil özelliklerini en iyi gösteren eserlerin başında Fars edebiyatının en büyük şairlerinden Sa’di-i Şirazî’nin Gülistan adlı eserinin Seyf adlı biri tarafından Kıpçak Türkçesine yapılmış tercümesi gelir. Eser, bilim dünyasında Kıpçakça Gülistan Tercümesi olarak bilinir. Ali Fehmi Karamanlıoğlu 1968 yılında eserin transkripsiyonlu metnini ve dizinini hazırlamıştır. Elinizdeki çalışmada Gülistan Tercümesi’ndeki cümlelerin devriklik durumları Karamanlıoğlu neşrine dayanılarak incelenmiştir. İncelemede tespit edilen devrik cümleler kullanım yerleri bakımından üç bölümde ele alınmıştır: konuşma cümlelerindeki, tercümelerdeki ve diğer durumlardaki devrik cümleler. Metnin cümle kuruluşu bakımından genel değerlendirilmesi hususunda ifade edilmesi gereken en önemli husus, metindeki kurallı cümlelerin devrik cümlelere oranla nicelik bakımdan oldukça fazla olmasıdır. Bu durum Türkçenin genel yapısına uygundur. Bu da Seyf’in her üç dile vukufiyeti ile beraber Türk diline göstermiş olduğu özenin bir sonucudur.
Turkish is a typical subject-object-predicate language with regards to syntax. In almost all Turkish grammar books, the term anacoluthon has been described as a kind of sentence whose predicate is located in the beginning or middle of the sentence. This kind of sentence, anacoluthon, is usually used in colloquial speech, and some specific texts have colloquial speech. There are anacoluthons in every period of Turkish language history. They are rare in Kokturk Turkish, but they began to increase from the period of Old Uighur Turkish. In Turkey Turkish, specifically Nurullah Atac (1898–1957), a famous author in Turkish literature, consciously made an effort to use them after the Turkish Language Revolution, so anacoluthons began to increase comparatively in the Turkish literal language. Qipchaqs known as Kipchak/Kifcak in the East, Kuman in the West, and Polovest in Russia, lived in the Qipchaq steppe, the Danube river basin, the Balkans, and the MiddleEast throughout their history. They founded the Mamelukes state (1250–1517) in Eygpt, and they created great Qipchaq literature there. The Gulistan, written by Sa’di al-Shiraziy, one of the greatest Persian poets, was translated by Seyf al-Sarayi, a Qipchaq poet, from Persian to Qipchaq Turkish. This translation is one of the most important books, among all Qipchaq books, in terms of being a reflection of the basic Mameluke Qipchaq Turkish features. This translation, known as the Gulistan Tercumesi in Turkish, was first published in 1954 in Turkey by Feridun Nafiz Uzluk as a facsimile. After it was published, the Gulistan Tercumesi was academically prepared by two other scholars. One of them, A. Bodrogligeti, published the Gulistan Tercumesi in 1969 in Hungary. However, Ali Fehmi Karamanlioglu already prepared it before Bodrogligeti during his associate professorship in 1968 in Turkey. Karamanlioglu also published an article about the grammatical features of the Gulistan Tercumesi, and the article was added to his new printing of the Gulistan Tercumesi in 1978. In this study, all of the sentences in the Gulistan Tercumesi prepared by Karamanlioglu have been analyzed in term of their anacoluthons. All of the anacoluthons in the Gulistan Tercumesi have been placed in three categories in terms of their usage: (a) conversations, (b) translations, and (c) other cases. The most common place for anacoluthons in the Gulistan Tercumesi is in conversational sentences, which are very typical in Turkish languages. Because anacoluthons appear in both spoken Turkish language and literal Turkish language, they are most often found in conversations. Examples: (a) Bizim cinsimizge layık degül sultan hıdmatında yalgan sözlemek, and (b) Kuvvetim zaif turur anıng kavi manilerine. Some anacoluthons in conversations consisted of some prepositions, such as hatta, illa. Examples: (a) Bu rencning devası degül illa ademîning öti. (b) Men bu sözge ınanman hatta maayine körmeyinçe. An anacoluthon was comprised of the Persian preposition eger. Example: (a) Her kimde bu sıfat bolmasa henüz ol balig degül eger yüz yaşar bolsa. Also, some anacoluthons in conversations consisted of some words such as artukrak, yahşırak, asanrak, and hoşrak, which have the comparison adjective suffix –rak. Example: (a) Kelam-ı Mecid ayetining izzeti ve şerefi andan artukrak turur kim munung bigin yirlerge yazmakdan. It is predictable that these prepositions and adjective suffix -rak caused anacoluthons. On the other hand, it is seen that the word for word translation method has been used in cases of translations of some Arabic verses of the Qoran, hadiths, or poems in the Gulistan Tercumesi. Examples: (a) Yani ay Davud’nıng ehli kılıngız şükrni dagı azdur menim kullarumdan köp şükr kılgıçı. (b) Yani bislending anıng süti bile. Dagı ulgaydın menim katımda. Pes kim haber birdi sanga kim sen böri oglı sen. (c) Kaçan kim bir kimirsening bitişi yaman bolsa fayide kılmas anga edeb kılgıçınıng edebi. It is unsurprising that this method caused anacoluthons. It is also possible to come across anacoluthons in the translation cases of statements such as proverbs, idioms, or phrases in the Gulistan Tercumesi. Examples: (a) Cahiller ara eger hakim ir tüşse hikmet kemerin kirek bilinden şeşse. (b) Kaçan cahil ir til uzatıp sözge kilse aceb degül hakim özre galib bolsa. We should also express here that, in our opinion, there are some elliptical sentences caused by Arabic or Persian influences in the Gulistan Tercumesi. Therefore, these kinds of sentences have not been assessed as anacoluthons in this study. Examples: (a) Ol manga sökti men dagı anga.. (b) Bir kimirsening köngli ilden kitip dagı can terkin urup nazarı helaket yirine tüşüp turur idi. Agzı taamdan közi uykudan kes(i)lip. Ni kündüz sabrı bar idi ni kiçe kararı. It is important to note here that regular sentences in the Gulistan Tercumesi are more dominant than the anacoluthons, which is quite normal in terms of general Turkish rules. In our opinion, this dominance is a result of Seyf’s Turkish language consciousness and his great knowledge of three languages. A book translated from Persian should have contained more anacoluthon sentences if Seyf would have been influenced more from Persian and Arabic syntax.